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Treatment of psychosis
Treatment of psychosis
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Treatment of psychosis
Introduction
Psychoses are people that have severe mental disorders and their contact with the reality is missing or at times completely distorted. They do suffer from various disorders and their testaments are complex. They have special drugs that are used in their treatments. Some of the drugs are called; Fluspirile, Loxapine and Pimozide among others. These drugs are normally used in the treatment of psychosis, hypomania and schizophrenia among other severe conditions1.
The medicines are usually used in the management of confusion, dementia, problems associated with the characters, and individual disorders. These dugs can also be used in the treatment op other conditions like tension, anxiety and even agitation when they are used in little quantities. They do have delusions hallucinations with decrease in the normal social routine. Some can also be used in treatment of others like dizziness and vomiting. It has been revealed by the study of brain that in psychosis patients, development of part of brain called cerebrum is affected. There has been a question regarding the place for best assistance for the psychosis. That is why a research was conducted to examine where actually the best place for treating such disorders is2.
The paper critically analyses on emotional involvement with patients affected by serious and long mental disorders and their best treatment place.
The research was conducted to determine if was to find out if such disorders like psychosis can be effectively treated is gender specific wards.
Research and findings
A case study was taken in two various hospitals. One was in gender specific wards and the other was normal hospital. To enhance the validity of the research two different normal and two different gender specific wards were sampled. The patients that were examined suffered from psychosis alone. This aided in a fair comparison regarding psychosis and not other general functions of the two hospitals. The following variables we determined and then analysis proceed. The fundamental reason of the research is to assist the mentally ill to achieve the greatest achievable quality of their lives. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
1 this as addressed by and given définitions by Stedman’s Medical Dictionary
2. This is from ‘Handling the mentally ill’ by Toto P 2006 Pert Publishers
This is by means of retrieving their emotional, bodily, public and logical skills that are required to accommodate in the community.3
This is by means of retrieving their emotional, bodily, public and logical skills that are required to accommodate in the community.3
The same medication was found in the two and their prescriptions were also similar. There lack differences found that exists between the way the two hospitals do their supportive counseling, cognitive-behavior therapy and care that the two hospitals give to the patients4.
The responses and the number of patients that visit the hospitals
The feedback that the patients of the affected individuals have regarding the improvement of their patients.
Comparison of medications in the two hospitals. This was determined from the two hospitals one after the other.
The frequency in which the patients visit the two hospitals.
The following table was used in the comparison and analysis of the data obtained.
The medication was compared based on the types and the amount of the drugs that are used in dealing with the condition. The folow2ng table was then filled up and analyzed
No of patients over three years Feedback regarding patients improvement Medications Frequency of the patients in the hospital % of the total over other patients
gender specific wards good 71.25% 3 per week 23%
Other hospitals Bad 42.01% 1 per week 11%
Findings and analysis
The study and the summary that was obtained revealed that beneficiary effect connected with gender specific wards was about 23% and the beneficiary effect connected with the other hospitals was 11%.5
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3 This is as per Anthony 2006 and Huxley 2000.
4 this is according to Wing and Left 2005
5 this is the experience of the patients who experienced long-tem outcome of significance of the hospital
Though it is quiet evident from the data that more patients visited gender specific wards but the percentage was still low. The low percentages were from the fact that abut 3% of the total population in the sampling area were affected by psychosis.6
However, there was no significant difference that was fund in the way the doctors use and prescribe the medicines in the two types of hospitals. The modem improvement has been noted in the pharmacological administration of the mentally ill; even though, various studies indicate that prognosis of effective disorder is like psychosis is not up to mark. This is more so in the cases of lapse
About twenty nine percent of the patients have poor response to pharmacological medications. This is with the evidence nonstop symptoms of persistent impairment7
It has been noted that schizophrenia patients got only pharmacological treatment has indicated important improvement in social functioning. These conditions are being improved by gender specific wards more than other medication centers. It has been noted by the researchers that significant correlation between the mentally ill and the doctors mostly occur in gender specific wards than other medication centers 8.
It has also been found that the patients treated with medication have indicated good feedbacks in when comparing them with the patients that are attended to under psychodynamic therapy. According to this study it was found out that percentage of medication is high in normal hospitals but high in gender specific wards. This can be a good reason to conclude that gender specific wards handle the mentally ill better. All in all the study has revealed that the combination of the two works better than one.9
The other factor that makes gender specific wards better is the training that its officers undergo. They are trained specifically to handle the mentally ill and they major there and minor in other areas. This is not always the case in other hospitals where general knowledge is given regarding handling of the patients. They deal with all types of patients and their effectiveness is watered down lower percentages10
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6 This was determined from the total patients in the two hospitals and then the people affected calculated and their percentages got
7 this is from mentally ill by Yieno, K. 2006
8 this is according to the research that was curried by global medical team on 2008 in Pakistan
9 This is according to Fanton and Malmberg research 2009
10 according to ‘solving social problems’ by Alaska, P. and Loire, T. 2006 analysis
Conclusion
Though the two hospitals cannot provide one hundred percent of the satisfaction that the mentally ill have but thee is greater percentage of the satisfaction in gender hospitals. However, in the gender specific wards there should be a thorough training of the officers in handling such cases. This will improve the condition.
References
Ward, E. (2007). ‘Father-daughter rape’ Publisher Grove Press,
Santiago, V. (2006) ‘Medicalizing ethnicity: the construction of Latino identity in a psychiatric setting’Publisher Cornell University Press,
Tamblin, L. et al (2006), ‘The smart study guide: psychological techniques for student success’ Publisher Wiley-Blackwell,
Stephens J , (2009) ‘The Significance of sibling relationships’ Publisher Popular Press,
Victoria, J. (2000) ‘The skin we’re in: teaching our children to be emotionally strong, socially smart, spiritually connected’ Publisher Free Press,
Colleen, A. (1995). ‘Attitudes toward rape: feminist and social psychological perspectives’Publisher SAGE,
Frangou, S. & Murray, R. (2000). Psychosocial interventions. In S. Fangou (Ed.), Schizophrernia (pp. 61-65). London:
Eells D. (2000). Psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 9(4): 250-254.
Thornicroft, G. & Susser, E. (2001). Evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions in the community care of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178: 2-4.
McCarthy, E. et al 2000. ‘Randomised controlled trial of intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia’. British Publisher.
Tarrier N., Wittkowski A., Kinney C., McCarthy E., Morris J. & Humphreys L. (1999). ‘Durability of the effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: 12-month follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174: 500-504.
Lenior M.E., Dingemans P.M., Linszen D.H., De Haan L. & Schene A.H. (2001). Social functioning and the course of early-onset schizophrenia: Five- year follow-up of a psychosocial intervention. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179: 53-58
Leff, J., & Wing, J. (1971). Trial of maintenance therapy in schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 3, 599-604. Cited in Linszen et al., 1998.
Linesmen, D. et al. 2001, ‘Early recognition, intensive intervention and other protective and risk factors for psychotic relapse in patients with first psychotic episodes in schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13 (suppl. 1), S7-S12.
Hayward Pet al 2005, ‘Compliance therapy in psychotic patients’: British Medical publisher.
Kemp R., et al (2009). Randomized controlled trial of compliance therap. British Journal of Psychiatry,
Cormack, I. (2002). ‘Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia ‘Oxford publisher
Whitty P (2006). ‘The Influence Of Psychosocial Rehabilitation On Patients With A First Episode Of Psychosis.’ International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation.
Rendall, M. (2000). ‘Psychosocial treatments in schizophrenia. A review of the past 20 years.’ Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Scherman, L. (2002). ‘Ethical issues in psychosocial interventions research involving controls. Ethics and Behaviour, Royal publishers.
Baker, J. G. (2001). Engaging community mental health stakeholders in pharmacy cost management. Psychiatric Services, 52(5), 650-653.
Mehl, , J. (2000). ‘Pakistan Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Esdy publisher.
treatment of criminals
Treatment of Offenders in Dealing with the Social Problem of Crime
Student’s Name
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Treatment of Offenders in Dealing with the Social Problem of Crime
The state’s law courts issue judgments day in day out. Some states have justice systems that are rehabilitation oriented while some others are retribution oriented. The belief that the pain inflicted on the offenders during punishment should be commensurate to the pain they inflicted onto the victims is retribution. Rehabilitation is however the belief that to make an offender a productive member of the society, social, spiritual and biological influences should be addressed. USA is a perfect example for a state that believes in retribution while Ireland has structured its justice system to be a reflection of a state that upholds rehabilitation.
These two elements can be deemed to be two opposing forces. First of all, retribution insists that the only morally accepted response to criminal activities would be to punish the offenders and so it seeks to punish them whereas rehabilitation seeks to offer assistance to offenders by changing their circumstances. The circumstances of the offenders can be changed through therapy, individual counseling, training and family intervention.
Secondly, retribution is based primarily on the behavioral premise that most offenders can be dissuaded from committing crimes by the relative likelihood of punishment as they are rational decision makers while rehabilitation is based on the behavioral premise that criminal offences are determined by social structures to a significant effect particularly psychological influences or individual circumstances. Lastly, retribution generalizes punishment to a minimum possible in the given circumstances but regardless of individual needs of offender while rehabilitation is forward-looking, that is, insists that punishment should be customized to the needs of an individual offender. CITATION Iva14 l 1033 (Bacik, 2014)Rehabilitation and retribution though words whose meanings are by far worlds apart interestingly have some similarities. To begin with, both rehabilitation and retribution are aimed at repairing harm. This is so since in both cases provision is made so that the victims are compensated for the offences done to them be it cash compensations or medical covers. Another jaw dropping similarity is the fact both elements advocate for seclusion of the offender from the general public. In both cases if the crime committed is either a felony or misdemeanors, the offender risks serving time behind bars. If rehabilitation is to be administered then this will happen if the offender is under house arrest or if he or she is behind bars.
The offender is secluded because he or she is considered a potential threat to the general population. Until such a time that the prisoner is rehabilitated (in the case for rehabilitation) or such a time that the right time behind bars is served (in the case for retribution) the offender remains secluded. Lastly, in both cases, they strive to ensure no repeat of occurrence of crime. The system either tries to rehabilitate the offender so that he or she shies away from committing crimes or inflicts pain upon the offender so as to discourage them from repeating their previous crimes. The pain infliction is purposed to remind the offender of the suffering he will go through in case he or she repeats the crime.
Human rights activists have been on the forefront on the verge of posing arguments that are meant to support rehabilitation in the justice system. One argument is that rehabilitation is in line with the fundamentals of human rights. The punishment system should only deprive offenders of the right to liberty. It shouldn’t by any chance restrict them from enjoying other human rights such as right to live. Rehabilitation condemns death sentences and in some countries that practice rehabilitation the maximum sentence is twenty one years in prison and nothing more. Another argument is that it is a permanent fix in deterring crime.
Rehabilitation is believed to have a more lasting effect as there is community supervision whereby the community guides and moulds the offender into a new being. The offenders are deterred from committing crime since they get to learn how to adapt in the society mostly by acquiring either or both academic and trade skills. They then become relevant in the job market and can score themselves employment instead of resolving into crime. The independence changes their criminal attitude leading to a reduction in the number of inmates behind bars and in the long run saving the tax payer’s money that would have been used to feed and clothe the offenders in prison. CITATION AKL06 l 1033 (Larrabee, 2006)Social arguments have also been made in support for retribution. For instance it has been argued that a just society should impose a death penalty to those individuals who commit murders or manslaughters. After a life is unlawfully taken, balance of justice can only be restored if the life of him or her who took that life is taken. Unless this happens, the society will eventually succumb to the rule of violence, and trust me nobody wants that. Taking the murderer’s life helps restore balance allowing the society to show both practically and convincingly that murder is indeed an intolerable crime and it is punished in kind.
Retribution also helps reduce crime rates in a society. When corporal punishment is offered to the offenders they will learn from this experience. Meanwhile those who are contemplating joining the band of misfits will think twice as no one would like to be dealt with by the arms of the law. These factors would greatly, if not tremendously, lead to a decrease in crime rates within a society as new offenders will convince themselves not to enter into crime while the veterans are caught up[ with and encouraged top end their criminal careers after brushing their shoulders with the law.
Does the prison system work? This is one of the social issues that could be used to support this entire analysis. In as much as the importance of the correctional facilities in the society can never be overstated, we must ask ourselves if the system really works. Does it cost too much? Feeding and providing the basics to the offenders behind bars costs a lot of money. Is the cost worth it? And all those inmates who were wrongly accused of committing crimes couldn’t defend themselves and are now behind bars. What about them? Is the system fair to them or are they meant to be hit by the stray bullets.
Does the prison system prevent reoffending among those enrolled into the so called magical transformation bus? 1700 children end up in local authority care every single year because their mothers have been taken to prisons. CITATION Erw13 l 1033 (James, 2013) What is the probability that these kids raised under the care of the local authority would end up responsible law abiding citizens? Is this not a means of manufacturing new prospective clients for the prison system? Does the prison system really work? The repetition is meant for emphasis.
Is it okay to take another man’s life? Of course it is not. That is why according to the constitution life is a state owned property hence no one, not even your mother, has any right whatsoever to take your. The only time one is allowed to resolve to such acts is when one is protecting his own life or when one is protecting his property. Self defense that is. This begs the question does anybody have the right to take a life if not for the sole purpose of self defense or protection of one’s property. Judges in my opinion should have a moral obligation to not issue death sentences to offenders on trial. Then there is the issue of the jungle/mob justice.
No group of people should be allowed to lynch another citizen. They do this so ferociously that the victim more often than not succumbs to death CITATION Aku14 l 1033 (Akure, 2014). Investigations might be carried out and the already dead victim found to be innocent a group of people lynching somebody is considered a gang and not concerned citizens. So it is really not okay that a judge or a mob would hold the fate of an individual’s life and they get to decide whether or not the person gets to live or die.
Lastly, this social issue keeps raising moral dilemmas every single day. Why does a murderer continue to live? Is it not proper that if you take another man’s life then your life should be taken too? Last year a man slaughtered a baby right in front of its mother and then he proceeded to slaughter the mother. Should this man face the death sentence of should he be sent to prison and be provided with a bed and clean sheets to spend the rest of his life in? Some people would argue that it is not okay to take another man’s life while others would argue that a murderer should not continue to live. The debate would be as endless as that debate of between the egg and the chicken which came first. These are just some of the physical or rather social issues that would arise from this subject. This puts emphasis on how complicated and important the judicial system is.
References
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct. Elsevier.Smart, C. (2013). Women, Crime and Criminology (Routledge Revivals): A Feminist Critique. Routledge.Morris, T. (2013). The criminal area: A study in social ecology (Vol. 4). Routledge.
My interest in industrial engineering began in my early youth years and I wish to pursue this course all through to the Maste
Letter of Admission
My interest in industrial engineering began in my early youth years and I wish to pursue this course all through to the Masters level. Specifically, I am interested in admission at Georgia tech, as I believe the college provides a comprehensive curriculum in industrial engineering. Georgia Tech’s Corporate program allows students to take on practical applications of what they learnt in their classrooms, thus allowing proper professional performance in the field. After admission to the college, I hope to pursue my life-long dream as a successful entrepreneur in the field through the acquisition of a minor in leadership studies together with membership in LeaderShape and the Young Entrepreneurs Society. Georgia Tech’s Shanghai initiative will also play a great role in the achievement of my life goals and dreams, as it will widen my entrepreneurial and international outlook in the field. Networking with other students and affinity groups will also assist in the fulfillment of my future endeavors. I also intend to join other educative clubs such as the debate club, the national MUN club, as well as, the Georgia Tech community service council. In addition to gaining membership in clubs, I also intend to take up various games such as, basketball, volleyball, cycling, and paintball. Coming from country with a strong cultural and ethical background, I believe that I will add to the miscellany of the student college community, thus making the college a rich cultural society.