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The field of Human Resource Management
Introduction:
The field of Human Resource Management is a challenging area as every individual is unique and characterized by one’s own set of attitudes, behavior, skills, perceptions and abilities. This problem gets complicated as companies globalize and geographically diversify their HR base to include human resources from a range of economies that differ from each other on the levels of development, labor laws, language and method of communication along with cultural perceptions. Managing these diverse resources in an effective manner so as to play down on the challenges and capitalize on the advantages is a very complicated task. Star Corporation faces number of issues in deciding upon how to tackle the issues which arise out of cultural and institutional differences in doing business with China. Though majority of star corporation’s workers are Chinese little is known about how the Chinese do their businesses and would Star corporation’s Chinese workers accept the working in Chinese mainland is a critical issue especially when it is seen that :
1. Chinese do not plan, they implement.
2. Chinese workers are not concerned with strategies or growth drivers.
3 there is no performance management or evaluation system.
4. Decision making is centralized
5. Business dealings are very cultural and traditional and have to do a lot with humility and language.
Economic cultural and institutional factors:
The economies around the globe are characterized by different cultures and each culture cluster has its own unique set of ideologies, values, beliefs, thought patterns etc. The individuals in the society acquire these cultural attributes through the process of socialization and these play a major role in shaping their behavior and personality as a whole. As Star Corporation globalizes, the workforce gets diversified geographically and culturally and managing diversity has always been a challenging issue on account of varied perceptions and ideologies. The problem gets even further accentuated when the labor laws differ. Doing business in China is a very difficult affair as there is a culture shift. It is often said that the complications that arise when companies operate in different economies and provide employment to varied and different categories of people from different cultural and economic background is the most critical component in trying to estsblish a Chinese entity in China with Chinese workers of American origin . These workers have never been to china and hence would find it not only difficult to culturally accept Chinese functioning. It has been also see that the management of human resources is very critical factor for Star corporation Another key issue for Star Corporation would be to manage the cultural and economic diversity arising out of Star corporation’s expansion plans .
Costs and benefits of the venture location
One of the primary challenges that confronts global companies pertain to the need to balance the dual conflict between the thrust on implementing globally standardized practices across the geographically diversified operations of the company while being responsive, at the same time, to the national conditions
The benefits of setting up operations in China would be very high as everything is localized including the resources. The Americans will have to supply the technical knowhow to the Chinese and all other factors will be taken care of by the Chinese The localization of Star corporation’s venture in china will bring in high cost advantages as seen.. Star will provide the management and technical expertise to run the plant, and the Chinese government will provide the workers and be responsible for paying for all output. Star will receive an annual fee of $1 million and 5 percent of all sales. The most inhibitive factor of localization will be getting the Chinese workers to work in the American style which is known for its equity and performance management styles. Star Corporation will have to turn the Chinese workers to work the American way which could be a great source of worry as language and etiquette have to be mastered. This could involve heavy training costs. The problem can be tackled if there are certain functions which can be laid down as being typically American where the Chinese workers will not be called for. The technical heads will be American and know the style of functioning.
The benefits of getting into this alliance are seen as being much more than the cost of setting up operations and training workers. Though the cost involved in getting the Chinese workers to work in the American style cannot be ignored, the initial learning period could come up with challenges but will settle down as one production period is over .(Ferner a et al 2004)
Recruitment, selection and training the expatriates.
The firm is looking for Chinese expatriates. As companies seek to transfer the style along with the associated HR practices of the parent company to other countries, the existence of the fact that primary strategic decisions pertaining to the subsidiary are taken mainly by nationals from the home country of the company directs the complete behavior of the company operating at the global level. It has been seen in the case of several MNCs that this tradition gives rise to a ‘country of origin effect’ which gets transferred to the foreign subsidiaries of the company in part by the process of deployment of the expatriate staff from the home country in the foreign subsidiaries. However, the transfer of cultural influence is not an easy task. Training on latest technology methods could be one of them as critical factors. Technology tools processes and deployment of Chinese expats could come in for high levels of documentation ad purpose. The compensation should be above industry norms as the success of Star corporation’s Chinese venture would depend upon the Chinese expats. The Chinese expats know exactly how business is done in china and hence the expat should be compensated based on bench mark processes of international human resources as they will fit into the Chinese environment well. They would be the face of the American Star Corporation. Compensation strategies for the Chinese expats must be designed so well that the Chinese expats are not only rewarded for bringing in the very important fit to the organizations but also help in solving so many cultural barriers. Hence the Human resources should look at a totally different reward system for the specialized expats.
Star corporation should look at the following expat salary and compensation suggested
Hardware Development
Manager
Positions based in China 43,500 – 60,000 RMB
Engineering Manager
R&D
Positions based in China 82,000- 109,000 RMB
Operations Manager Positions based in China 32,500-55.000 + incentives
VP of
SCM
Positions based in China 80,000- 105,000 RMB
Lean Manager
–
Electronics
Positions based in China 87,500 + incentives
Project Director
Construction Positions based in China 87,500-113,000
Corporate Secretary Positions based in China 43.00-60,000
VP Human Resources
Positions based in China 76,500- 84,000
GM Sourcing Positions based in China 109,000
Finance & Admin Manager
Positions based in China 22,000 – 46,000+ incentives
( source: http://www.gemini.com.hk/assets/doc/survey_china.pdf)
Conclusion:
The field of HRM is a challenging area as every individual is unique and characterized by one’s own set of attitudes, behavior, skills, perceptions and abilities. This problem gets complicated as companies globalize and geographically diversify their HR base to include human resources from a range of economies that differ from each other on the levels of development, labor laws, language and method of communication along with cultural perceptions. The basic functions of workforce procurement, allocation and effective utilization accentuates as companies expand their operations from one economy to other economies all across the globe.
The field of International Human Resource Management is characterized by an even greater number of issues and challenges as individuals from diversified backgrounds need to be effectively managed so as to achieve the organizational objectives and coordination of the culturally and geographically diversified workforce is a difficult task.
References:
Ferner, A., Almond, P., Clark, I., Colling, T., Edwards, T., Holden, L. and Muller, M. (2004) ‘The Dynamics of Central Control: Transmission and Adaptation of “American” Traits in US Multinationals Abroad: Case Study Evidence from the UK’, Organization Studies, 25(3): 363–91.
Hannon, J., Huang, I. and Jaw, B. (1995) ‘International Human Resource Strategy and its Determinants: The Case of Subsidiaries in Taiwan’, Journal of International Business Studies, 26(3): 531
Kristensen, P. and Zeitlin, J. (2001) ‘The Making of a Global Firm: Local Pathways to Multinational Enterprise’. In Morgan, G., Kristensen, P. and Whitley, R. (eds) The Multinational Firm: Organizing Across Institutional and National Divides. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Laurent, A. 1986. The cross-cultural puzzle of international human resource management, Human Resource Management, 25: 91–102
Private and Public Culture
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Private and Public Culture
Public perception exerts a lot of influence and pressure on people. Individuals may change certain aspects of themselves while in public to fit in better with societal norms and expectations. The question as to whether there is a distinction between the public and private self is an intriguing one. Can a person behave the same way both in public and private? Many people tend to hide a part of their private selves in public. Richard Rodriguez’s story ‘Aria’ sheds some light on this issue as the author reflects on his struggle with bilingualism.
Rodriguez suggests that there is a distinct difference between private and public culture, an idea that is quite accurate. Rodriguez grew up speaking Spanish at home with his family, but his teachers felt that this impeded his English. He was not as confident as his classmates, and this led some nuns from school to ask his parents to only speak to their children in English at home. From that moment, Rodriguez felt that his family lost its intimacy as they no longer spoke their familiar language. He thought that English was a more public language, and speaking it at home intruded upon their private culture. The story begs the question as to why Rodriguez could not be allowed to grow up bilingual. He had to give up his private persona to grow into the public one.
The short story ‘Aria’ as well as Bambara’s ‘The Lesson’ pose serious questions to educated college students. Should we desire more than we have at home? In ‘The Lesson,’ the narrator and her classmates were taken on a visit to a more expensive part of town. The purpose of the trip lead by Miss Moore was to expose the children to a different way of life, away from the poverty and oppression they were used to. Sylvia, the narrator, and her classmates were stunned at how expensive the toys were, making them aware of their poverty. This story, along with Rodriguez’s, prompts students to strive for a better life, and never settle for the things they have at home. However, this is not to say that we should be controlled by society and our peers’ ideas. We should take time to think of the things that will benefit our lives. For example, if our peers motivate us to work hard for a better life, we should follow this. However, people must not follow others blindly. Our family is still our foundation, and we must stay true to the principles we learn from them.
In reflecting upon societal expectations, it is clear that sometimes we do not have information to guide us. Public perception is a strong motivator for most people, and many cave to public expectations over what is best for them. For example, college students desire to graduate, buy homes, expensive cars, and go on expensive vacations. This is what the public expects of us. However, most times, we are not armed with enough information that we do not have to conform to public expectations, and that we also have the chance to carve our own paths. The life that an individual chooses to live is ultimately their choice, but often this is based on the things we have been taught, for example, by our families. While taking this into consideration, adults need to weigh the lessons that benefit their life and use them, leaving behind those that could be harmful, toxic, or detrimental to their wellbeing.
In conclusion, many people struggle to strike a balance between their private and public personas. Rodriguez shows this in his struggle with bilingualism, as shown in ‘Aria.’ Sylvia experiences similar struggles after being exposed to a different life in ‘The Lesson.’ She wants to appear aloof and unaffected by the trip to the city, but she later reflects on how different her life is. Private and public culture are quite distinct, but people must be careful not to lose their identity in conforming to public culture.
Works Cited
Bambara, Toni Cade. “The lesson.” Gorilla, my love (1972): 85-96.
Rodriguez, Richard. “Aria: A memoir of a bilingual childhood.” The American Scholar (1981): 25-42.
Private and Public Criminal Investigation
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The private and public criminal investigation displays a number of differences and similarities. The public criminal investigation is conducted by law enforcement officers sworn to be public agents. The officers are government employees paid by the government to conduct the public duties of investigating crimes as they are wrong against the state. A private criminal investigation is conducted a private professional investigators licensed to carry on the business of a detective agent. The private investigators in all aspects a private citizen and owes no duty of care to the public. Public investigations are conducted within constitutional law constraints. Criminal private investigations are constitutional law constraints such as the Miranda of giving warning before a statement is made (Levine 1997). The public criminal investigation is done on behalf of the public whereas the private criminal investigation is done on private person who request any manner of work. The public investigator is bound b the law to report the criminal violations uncovered to the law enforcement while the private investigator is not bound to report criminal violations uncovered to the law enforcement. The public criminal investigations are done by pubic agents who hold public offices and have different levels of chain of command. For example there is the senior public investigating officer who monitors the work of the junior investigating officers. Thus for the public criminal investigation, there exist a chain of command officers. In private criminal investigation there is no chain command and the private person could be sole owner of his business (Krehbiel 2003). The private criminal investigation could also be conducted by company owners and there is no chain of command. The public criminal investigations have access to the government equipments for use in the investigation whereas the private investigations provide their own equipments including offices and employees. The public investigators have free access to the government forensic labs where the private investigators pay for services in the government or private forensic labs. There are also private securities who are agents are paid to perform protective duties to prevent loss which duties are not performed by police. The public agents on the other hand only work maintain public order.
There are also similarities in both the private and public criminal investigations. The first obvious similarity relates to the nature of their work which seeks to establish facts regarding what transpired in crime scene to be able to identify the criminal. Both the private and public criminal investigation use forensic science in the investigations to figure out what happened in the crime scenes based on the items found which include fibers from clothing, footprints finger prints and drops of blood. They both help in maintain law and order in the society by uncovering criminal and subjecting them to the law. Another similarity is that both are bound to ensure that the freedom and rights accorded to the individual are not trampled on. For example they can’t do arbitrary searches and entries during the investigations. They use the same methods of investigation which include matching the DNA and analyzing the finger prints (White 2004).
There are also situations where the pubic and private criminal investigations interact. The most important is when they seek law enforcing by seeking warrant of arrest. After they both uncover crimes and criminals, they need the law enforcement officer to foresee that the person responsible for the crime is brought to justice. In most of the cases the public investigating agent are the same law enforcement officer and thus the private need to go them to ensure arrest of the criminals. The private investigators can be given the warrant of arrest while the public prosecutor has access to warrant of arrest. Both types also interact during prosecution whereby they may both hand over to the public prosecutor who conducts the prosecution process. The private investigator is not bound however to report to the la enforcement agencies once they uncover crimes. thus the common scientific method used by both private and public criminal investigator are identification of substances in the crime scene, collecting the substances from the crime scene and carrying them to the scientific labs where an analysis is done. For example they collect, analyze and identify finger prints which are unique for each person.
Most Cases that that are highlights aspects of both private and public criminal investigations relate to theft. A victim of a housebreaking may have private reasons for hiring a private investigator. For example the victim could be suspecting his close friends to have been involved in the matter. In this case he would want to protect the friendship by not revealing anything to the police until he ascertain the suspicions. Thus he will hire a private criminal investigate who is professionally qualified to do the investigation to ascertain if his case friends could be involved. This matter would also be subject to public criminal investigation. Any crime committed is committed against the state. Thus if the police were in called to the scene of the crime after the house breaking they will start their own investigations since a wrong as been committed against the state. They will call for the people who were there to make statements which would help them with the investigations. They do this in pursuance of the duty to maintain law and order in the society. The private investigator on the hand will be seeking to establish if the friends of his clients were involved and only reports to the client whatever he uncovers.
The public investigators cross their jurisdiction if they don’t act within the constraint of the constitution. For example if they don’t give the Miranda warning to a person before they take statements they are crossing jurisdiction. They may also cross jurisdiction if they act in excess of powers. There is a chain of command for public investigators and thus the public agents must work with the authority bestowed to them. They may cross even physical boundaries when they are not authorized by their seniors and this amounts to crossing jurisdictions (Smith 2008). Both public and private investigators cross jurisdictions when during the investigation they limit the freedom and rights that their suspects are accorded in the constitution. For example they would be crossing jurisdictions if they did arbitrary search. The private investigators may cross their jurisdiction if they do what is beyond their client have hired them to do. For example they may be hired to investigate if specific person was involved in a crime yet they go ahead and act in excess of their powers and investigate other person. They cross jurisdictions if they investigate crimes other than which they were authorized by the client.
References
White, H (2004). The scientific methods of criminal investigation. United States. Rowman and Littlefield.
Krehbiel, T. (2003). Differences and similarities of private and public criminal investigations. Upper Saddle River. Prentice Hall.
Smith, K. (2008). A study of criminal investigation. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Levine, D. (1997). The criminal procedure. New York. Irwin.