Recent orders
Tourism Impacts and Types of tourism
Tourism Impacts
Presented by
Institution
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u 1.0 Types of tourism PAGEREF _Toc400960474 h 31.1 Dark tourism PAGEREF _Toc400960475 h 31.2 Community-based tourism PAGEREF _Toc400960476 h 31.3 Virtual tourism PAGEREF _Toc400960477 h 32.0 Introduction: Tourism impacts PAGEREF _Toc400960478 h 43.0 Discussion PAGEREF _Toc400960479 h 43.1 Positive economic impacts of tourism PAGEREF _Toc400960480 h 43.1.1 Impact I: Contribution to foreign exchange earnings PAGEREF _Toc400960481 h 43.1.2 Impact II: Creating employment opportunities PAGEREF _Toc400960482 h 53.2 Negative economic impacts of tourism PAGEREF _Toc400960483 h 53.2.1 Impact I: Enclave tourism PAGEREF _Toc400960484 h 53.2.2 Impact II: High costs of infrastructure PAGEREF _Toc400960485 h 64.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc400960486 h 7References PAGEREF _Toc400960487 h 8
1.0 Types of tourism1.1 Dark tourismDark tourism is a type of visit where people travel to tourism destinations historically associated with evil. People who previously travelled to these sites either died or faced tragedies that made the sites get associated with evil spirits. Dark tourism sites are commonly found in thick forests, rivers, or any other lonely place like islands. People also refer these areas as black tourism sites. They form the most fearful and scary sites in the world. People love dark love dark tourism sites because of the suspense nature of the areas and the curiosity of discovering tragedies associated with dark sites.
1.2 Community-based tourismA community-based tourism forms a type of tourism organized by local habitats who design specific tourist attraction activities and invites people from different corners of the world to their destination. Economically marginalized, rural and poor people commonly organize community-based tourism whereby they offer their visitors accommodation in their attraction sites. Community-based tourism helps tourists understand local communities in terms of their cultures, rituals, and beliefs. On the other hand, community-based tourism creates job opportunities for locals and makes them develop into modern lifestyles.
1.3 Virtual tourismInternet users love browsing different tourist destinations, tour through various attractive sites and even interact with tourist guides virtually. Virtual tourism defines this type of touring where individuals visit sites of interest without any physical contact with the tourist site. In the past, people got involved to virtual tourism by using video and slideshow that explored their areas of interest. Presently, people use the internet to navigate their ways to tourism destination websites and get a clear view of the site.
2.0 Introduction: Tourism impactsThe tourism industry generates substantial economic impacts to both the host country and the source of tourists either positively or negatively. Tourism contributes positively to the country through foreign exchange earnings and creating employment opportunities. On the other hand, tourism’s negative impacts include enclave tourism and high cost of infrastructure (Matias, Nijkamp, & Sarmento, 2011). The following paper aims at gaining an in-depth understanding of both positive and negative tourism impacts. In addition, the paper analyses the role of the tourism industry in influencing major economic decisions of the host country. Tourism involves people moving away from their usual environment for leisure, recreation, family and individual business purposes. The economic factors of a country affected by tourism include labour, distribution of resources, and capital. Many developing countries in the world currently participate in the global economy through development of international tourism (Richardson, 2010). 3.0 Discussion
3.1 Positive economic impacts of tourism3.1.1 Impact I: Contribution to foreign exchange earningsTourism enables international transactions involving the exchange of currencies between different nations. Tourism contributes to foreign exchange earnings through world exports and international trade in services because it forms one of the largest industries in the world. Tourists incur a lot of expenditure associated with accommodation, food, and fees charged on various tourist attraction sites. The income generated from tourism contributes to the advancement of the host country’s economy through financing investments that stimulate economic growth. For example, Kenya is one of the leading tourist destinations in Africa. The tourism sector forms the major contributor to Gross Domestic Product through the foreign exchange (Republic of Kenya: Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, 2006). Countries should encourage tourism in their areas in order to enjoy tremendous economic advancement through foreign exchange earnings.
3.1.2 Impact II: Creating employment opportunitiesTourism sector contributes to a bigger percentage of employment opportunities in the country. Employment rates act one of the measures of economic growth of the nation. High rate of employment leads to more people earning salaries and contributing to the growth of their economy through revenues collected from money utilized by the public. The increased growth of international tourism leads to significant jobs creation. For example, the accommodation industry composing of hotels offers more than 1 million jobs worldwide. Other areas where tourism creates job opportunities include restaurants, recreation areas, taxis, and direct or indirect supply of goods and services in tourism-related activities. Community participation in tourism through community-based tourism approaches creates potential avenues for poverty reduction and ends up stabilizing the economy of the country by eliminating poverty (Richardson, 2010).
3.2 Negative economic impacts of tourism3.2.1 Impact I: Enclave tourismIn some instances, tourists visit one specific site or occupy one cruise ship that offers them everything they want including accommodation, food, and entertainment. These form of spending benefits few local businesses that see a chance of earning more from tourists. Enclave tourism leaves less opportunity for other businesses to make profits from tourism-related activities. In addition, all inclusive hotels generate large amounts of revenues but they contribute less to the economic development of the nation. Moreover, enclave tourism contributes to poor allocation of economic gains in a country where private businesses offer package tours.
Enclave tourism makes a nation lose much revenue because tourists pay for services in advance in their countries of origin. The money paid does not contribute to the economy of the destination country. A study conducted on social-economic impact of tourism in Zanzibar revealed that tourists involved in enclave tourism spent less of their money on issues like accommodation, food, and site-visits. The situation led to the reduction of daily spending per tourist from US$119 to US$28.92 (Anderson, 2011). Destination stakeholders are recommended to develop tourism into a strong, viable industry by ensuring all tourism spending remains at the destination through strong local linkages.
3.2.2 Impact II: High costs of infrastructureIn an effort to ensure the comfort of people visiting the country, local government improves the infrastructure using local taxpayers’ money. Attractive tourist destinations should be accompanied by a well-maintained infrastructure in order to make tourists more confidence of their safety and security. Governments spend huge sums of country revenues improving facilities such as roads, airport, and other infrastructure for the purpose of promoting tourism. In order to generate finances needed for these improvements, the local government increases taxes on goods that negatively affect local people. High taxes leads to people earning less salary and spending less. In addition, funds spent by the government on subsidized infrastructure stagnates other critical development areas like health and education that have a direct impact on the economy. Tourist hosting countries are recommended to balance government spending on tourism sectors in order to spend more on areas that promote economic growth.
4.0 ConclusionBased on the information gathered about tourism impacts, this paper concludes that tourism creates significance benefits and shortcomings to the economy of the host country. The main benefits of tourism as discussed in the paper are creation of employment opportunities and contributing to foreign exchange earnings. On the other hand, the literature showed that tourism causes losses to the economy through enclave tourism and high costs of infrastructure. Hosting nations have the responsibility of promoting tourism in their destinations by achieving less negative outcomes. The best solution to negative impacts of tourism involves doing away with enclave tourism and spending less on infrastructure maintenance. Moreover, destination managers should devise better mechanisms of dealing with problems affecting the tourism sector in order to encourage more visitors and reduce negative impacts.
ReferencesAnderson, W. (2011). Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impact in emerging
destinations. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(3), 361-377
Matias, A., Nijkamp, P., & Sarmento, M. (2011). Tourism Economics. Dordrecht: Springer.
Republic of Kenya: Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife. (November 2006). Statistical analysis
Of tourism trends (Globally and locally). Available at
http://www.tourism.go.ke/ministry.nsf/doc/tourism_trends_oct2006_revised.pdf/$file/tourism_trends_oct2006_revised.pdf
Richardson, R. B. (2010). The Contribution of Tourism to Economic Growth and Food
Security. USAID for the American People. Retrieved October 13, 2014 from
http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/promisam_2/Tourism_and_food_security_in_Mali_A4.pdf
Tourism Destination Marketing
Tourism Destination Marketing
Presented by
Institution
Destination
General overview
The city of Orillia is located in Ontario along the shores of Lakes Simcoe and Couchiching. Orillia is just an hour drive North of Toronto and approximately 200 KM from Canada. Orillia The city of Orillia offers a wide variety of features that attract many people from different parts of the world. Two main highway corridors, highway 11 and highway 12 provide convenient access to the South, East and West of Orillia attracting about 130 million customers yearly (Orillia, 2012). The figure in appendix I show the location of Orillia destination. Many economic activities take place in the city. These include art and culture, education & training, healthcare services, and tourism. The Economic Development Committee (EDC) realized that tourism in Orillia attracted a lot of revenues and decided to improve the sector. The city offers various tourism related business activities that include events, cultural opportunities and attractions, and various festivals all year round. In addition, the development facilitates the provision of necessary resources that ensure quality tourism related services. Moreover, they encourage the community in enhancing tourism through various activities and promotions (Regional Tourism Profile, 2009).
Because of the increased number of tourists in Canada, Ontario should design a perfect marketing strategy that ensures more people continue visiting the Orillia destination. Tourism industry incurs many losses in case the destination management fails in designing the best features that attract more visitors (Jackson, 2003). Orillia has an advantage because it possesses a variety of tourism attraction activities. The destination also offers attractions to scholars and educationists since it contains beautiful libraries and archives hosting historical documents. Tourists interested in natural attractions find it fun in Orillia. The place has beautiful beaches, water bodies, parks and gardens where tourists can comfortably relax and enjoy their stay. Finally, Orillia has excellent sports and entertainment places that host many visitors from different parts of the world. These sporting activities include quality casinos, fitness and recreational centers, markets, and movie theatres.
Two proposed tourist attraction activities/events.
Understanding marketing characteristics ensure the success of any business because they have full details about competitors. Most tourist destination centers in Canada provide beautiful sceneries and high standard hotels for their visitors. The destinations have not realized the importance of selecting few activities of events that would increase the percentage of visitors. Orillia has many tourist attraction activities and events but improving these would improve its number of visitors.
First, the destination should focus on improving the quality of games offered. Most tourists travel for fun and requires mind refreshing games. Investing on both indoor and outdoor games would improve the tourism market increase earnings. The destination has an advantage because its location falls near water bodies. The beautiful beaches offer excellent sites for playing outdoor games like boat riding, hiking, and kayaking. Sustainable development strategies play a significant role in planning and growth of a tourist destination centre. In addition, the destination should introduce more indoor games to be played mostly in the evening. Casino Rama is built with modern technology and offers excellent services for tourists.
Second, most visitors love cultural events in order to learn more about other communities’ cultures. Introducing dancing competitions from different ethnic groups visiting the destination would encourage more tourists in Orillia. The main motivating factors for this tourist event is the way many people love attending these festivals. In addition, tourist department receives festival repeat requests from customers all over the world. Currently, Orillia stages various cultural festivals and events every month. During these months, the city records the most number of tourists showing the level of attraction they create. Understanding people’s lifestyles would ensure the destination offers the best events that are similar to those performed during the ancient times. Moreover, culture days are very crucial because visitors like getting tastes of different events, foods, and activities making the functions more enjoyable. On the other hand, the festivals would ensure more revenues are collected improving the country’s economic status (Fox, 2012).
These two events ensure the success of tourism business in Ontario, Orillia and place the city in a better position of winning the market competition. Orillia has a high potential of introducing more tourist attracting activities since the area is not fully utilized. The big beaches would form beautiful lands for construction more sporting grounds, and structures for indoor games. Moreover, Canada has professional engineers and architectures for designing and constructing such structures. These would include modern theatres and entertainment sites for cultural events and festivals. On the other hand, African countries are known for their interesting cultural events. Orillia should contract people from African countries, especially Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, to offer entertainment during these cultural events. In addition, Orillia destination management should incorporate high technology in their activities to enable fat and effective access of potential visitors’ to their website. This includes opening a customer support website whether customers give their views and recommendations.
Evaluation of Strategic Options and Recommendations
Evaluation of strategic options
Tourism has a significant contribution to the cultural, social, and economic growth of a nation. The increasing market in the tourism industry makes countries improve their tourism activities in order to receive a bigger share. Developing sophisticated marketing strategies ensures a country receives more visitors and maintains them. Two strategies were proposed for increasing tourism activities in Orillia. In ensuring that these strategies meet the required demands, the management alternative options should be devised. The significance of planning is so important during urbanization, in the sense that it cuts across all departments within the government system. Most destinations possessing high profiles and busy travel routes always enjoy a big percentage of customers’ turn over. In some cases, customers fail to give details of their destination since they are not aware of what the destination has to offer. Orillia has a big tourism potential because the management has a clear understanding of the tourism industry, and possess the skills and knowledge of dealing with tourists.
To start with, tourists are very sensitive to the environment of any destination. Orillia should carry out promotions and teaching the surrounding communities on the need for welcoming visitors as they travel in different sites. Moreover, the management should come up with a perfect consultation services that communicate any implementation, or changes within the industry. Full participation in all the programs developed by the organization gives it success acquire the necessary resources aimed at achieving total customer satisfaction. A firm tourism consulting department ensures visitors have an idea of where they are going and the activities they expect to find. According to Weaver & Lawton (2010), a well planned tourism marketing strategy gives an organization an opportunity to build firm foundations for consultation, and development of an excellent relationship with other potential partners (Weaver & Lawton, 2010).
On the other hand, Orillia is a stable city that faces no crisis giving tourists a comfortable environment to enjoy themselves and learn more about the nature. The city should use this as a weapon to encourage people to invite their friends and relatives in the destination. People travel for different purposes, and depending on the reason, the destination should design attractive activities for different purposes. Orillia has well management hotels with big rooms for accommodating even conferences of more than 500 attendants. The destination should consider improving their communication channels so that visitors could easily follow the processing as they relax in the beaches. Moreover, tourism has become very competitive, and Orillia should ensure it offers unique services in order to outdo the emerging destinations in Canada. Global competition also affects the destination due to the presence of other established areas like Tourism Queensland in Australia. The development of more sports activities would be more appropriate because most destinations concentrate with catering activities.
Orillia tourist destination should go in the pace of the advancing technology. The destination should develop a website that sells its services to the potential visitors. DMO websites will play a great role in improving communications among customers and organizations from different locations all over the world. With the latest introduction of many social communication channels like Face Book, Twitter, My Space, and many others, communication will be enhanced. In addition, a program that allows visitors to compete with people from other destinations would be a perfect proposal. Through this program, tourists can register themselves with Orillia team and compete with others online. Moreover, the destination should introduce internet connectivity everywhere within the location. Internet connection will ensure tourists communicate with their friends and relatives, and carry on with their businesses.
Orillia should encourage brand positioning strategy, which ensures they offer only services that are pleasing to their customers in order to attract potential visitors. Moreover, Tourism destination branding provides a significant gap in conducting tourism services. The brand theory plays a significant role in marketing a DMO through critical decision making processes (Pike, 2004). Orillia should put into consideration the functional destination attributes, like the cultural events and sporting events. Moreover, the destination should ensure customers get travel motivation benefits in order to sell the DMO services to their friends and relatives. The marketing manager should focus on functional activities that ensure the DMO faces no political and financial constrains.
Recommendations
Focusing on the future of the tourism industry Orillia should develop innovative marketing strategies. Orillia tourist destination aims at providing quality services to their customers as they enjoy their stay in Canada. The destination has a good value for customers and this gives it an advantage of recording more visits in the future. Improving the customer relationship through tackling customer needs in a more friendly and convenient manner would increase travelling interests. However, the community has not yet achieved its full market potential because tourists still complain of lack of some activities and events. The DMO should implement a tourism network review that caters for all their needs and ensure quick respond to any demand. This will entail coming up with new structures that cater for the future tourism industry. The management at Orillia should aim at having the best managed DMO by the year 2014 in order to cope with the challenging environment.
References
Fox, J. (2012). Culture Days Events in Ontario. Retrieved from:
http://www.orilliapacket.com/2012/09/19/culture-day-events-in-ontario
Jackson, R.T. (2003). VFR tourism: Is it underestimated? The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14
(1), 17–24
Orillia. (2012). Location. Retrieved from:
http://www.orillia.ca/en/doingbusinessinorillia/location.asp
Pike, S. (2004). Destination brand positioning slogans – towards the development of a
set of accountability criteria. Acta Turistica. 16(2): 102-124.
Regional Tourism Profile. (2009). RTO&: Bruce Peninsula, Southern Georgian Bay and Lake
Simcoe. Retrieved from:
http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/research/rtp/2009/RTO7/index.htm
Appendix I: Orillia Destination
Multinational Enterprises and several aspects of multinational enterprises were learned
Multinational Enterprises name
Course
Tutor
Date
The advent of globalization has led to emergence of many multinational enterprises. The multinational enterprises are firms that operate in more than one continent with several operational bases across the globe.
From the chapter studied, several aspects of multinational enterprises were learned. I managed to learn that though multinational enterprises are international companies that are headquartered in a given country, they try to shed the notion that they are foreign held in the countries where they operate. I also learnt that United States is the single country that has the highest number of multinational enterprises, 139 in number followed by Japan with 71. European Union has a combined number of 160 multinational enterprises. These data are for the year 2009. From the chapter, I managed to get a better understanding of the features of the multinational enterprises. The multinational enterprises have affiliates that are pseudo independent and have to design their own unique ways to deal with the local environmental forces that affect their operations. However, they have a common strategic global goal. Also, the multinational enterprises have a common pool of resources for their operations. Another unique lesson from the chapter is the process and techniques of internationalization. Different strategies are used to enter the new markets, with setting up of a subsidiary being the most expensive and tricky one. The strategies that I discovered are foreign direct investment, having a representative, local assembly, licensing and having a distributor.
From the chapter, I got new knowledge that is relevant in internationalization. The knowledge is related to the OLI strategy. To enter the foreign markets and survive the competitions and risks, firms need to analyze the ownership factors (O). These are firm specific factors (FSAs) that can be managed and controlled. There are the Location factors (L) that are Country Specific Factors (CSAs). They are largely difficult to control. Lastly, there are the Internalization factors (I). These are FSAs and entail strategies developed by the firm.
However, from the chapter, I found it difficult to understand some reasons for internationalization. For example, the argument those multinational enterprises go international as a response to foreign competition. Before doing more research, I could not understand how going to foreign market would limit local competition. Also, I found it hard why multinational enterprises go international as a cost reduction strategy. That is, in my view, going international entail additional costs such as human capital, marketing and operational costs.
The chapter is very important for the business that wants to go international as well as those that are already multinational enterprises. The chapter outlines the steps of internationalization and the various strategies that the firms can adopt. The chapter can help the managing to decide when and how to enter a foreign market. By looking at the reasons for internationalization, businesses are able to justify why they need to internationalize. Another important element of the chapter entails the building blocks of international business. Before designing internationalization strategy, the multinational enterprises should look at their specific factors and factors that are specific to the targeted country. The chapter is thus helpful for the management, since they can use the information to draw CSA-FSC matrix and look at their strategies and weaknesses in each quadrant. In the process, they can make strategic decisions that would guide their operations and ensure competitive advantage and survival in the markets.