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Maurizio Viroli on patriotism
Political Science
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Maurizio Viroli on patriotism
Maurizo Viroli has vital information to people who are interested in matters concerning nationality. He believes that people should not waste their time trying to find out the nature and scientific definitions of nationalism and patriotism. Instead, more focus should be on what it means to love a country. This crucial information will be obtained from prophets, agitators, poets and scholars. The different views, which are presented, by people has made the words nationalism and patriotism not be known by many people. The view point on internal hermeneutic is responsible for ensuring that global citizenship is achieved. The republic is of valuable concern to many patriots and has various reasons to support this notion. For example, the republican life allows people to have a lot of freedom and thus a reason why it is popular.
On the other hand, cultural and spiritual unity among people is valued as well as upheld by those in support of nationalism. The nature of republican life is an issue, which is not treated as it deserves most times. There are different love types that exist and are often expressed by nationalists and patriots. According to patriots, love is meant to be generous as well as charitable. This means that people who are well off should be helped as a result of the republican love, which exists. Political freedom is an issue that needs to be addressed as it is related to patriotism. Values of a nationalistic nature should be banned as they are a determent towards achieving a republican status. Citizens of a country should always aim at achieving loyalty that is univocal.
An antidote, which is powerful in solving the matter concerning nationalism, is patriotism among republicans. The former often leads to directing, strengthening and resuscitating people’s passions. It lays emphasize on people’s historical and cultural identity, as opposed to approving rational agents that are interpersonal. It can be claimed that as the world is being affected by globalization, people are aware about their obligations as well as rights. This means that matters concerning patriotism are being ignored as they are of no value. People should aim at embracing patriotic republicanism, which is contemporary. According to Nathanson, people should obey the power, which rules and governs them. They should only question it if their lives are being threatened. This concept is similar to that, which is presented by Maurizo Viroli.
The writer Martha Nussbaum is known for being a classicist as well as influential. According to her, patriotic people owe their loyalty to other citizens and their country. This means that patriotism is against the fundamentals of cosmopolitanism. The latter encourages individuals to think in a globalised manner. They are often taught to be world citizens, and Nussbaum is a firm believer of this notion. She believes that patriotism is required if cosmopolitanism is to succeed. The power of legitimacy is upheld by the states, and its citizens have to abide by it. When people are, required to approve of the political legitimacy it does not mean that they are being patriotic. Rather, they are following what their power has established, and authority dictates that they do so. This means that the love they have for the state is not voluntary, but rather it is forced. This love is known to be induced as citizens are subjected and persuaded to follow their political authorities.
Citizens should at all times demonstrate that they are capable of expressing their collective responsibility. They have to be aware of what it means to be patriotic and mostly on matters concerning justice. People who are patriotic are often informed on matters concerning justice. Forms of justice, which exist in society, should bring effective racial relations that are distributive and productive. Citizens should always make decisions that are of high quality as well as ones, which are moral. The democratic ideals, which exist in society, should be upheld by various citizens. Cosmopolitan considerations should always be made as it comes with various distinct responsibilities. People have a duty of being cosmopolitan in order to deal with the problems that exist concerning patriotism.
As a result of using the same reasoning as Socrates, it will be possible to find out more about Nussbaum’s reasoning. Globalization has ensured that people believe in the same ideologies but convincing them will be extremely difficult. In higher institutions of learning, students are being taught on how they can become liberal. In order to solve errors and excesses, cosmopolitan pluralism must exist. In conclusion, the arguments presented by Maurizio Viroli demand that patriotism is in need of being revived, and this is true. Furthermore, globalization has affected people’s perceptions concerning citizenship and patriotism. Moreover, Nussbaum’s arguments on the needs to have citizens who are cosmopolitan is extremely true as well as beneficial. Indeed, republicanism should be enhanced so that people are aware about the need to attain political freedom.
References
Viroli, M. (1999) .Republican Patriotism. Oxford: oxford University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (2002). Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism. New York: Beacon Press.
Heater, Derek. (1999). What is Citizenship. New York: Polity.
Nathanson, S. (2001). Should We Consent to Be Governed 2nd Ed. New York: Wadsworth.
Abusive Customers Cause Emotions Run High (3)
Abusive Customers Cause Emotions Run High
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Abusive Customers Cause Emotions Run High
Dealing with customers, especially of late, has had its ups and downs. This is one of the jobs which can mess up a person’s emotional stability in a horrible manner since customer service involved dealing with all types of people as long as they are customers. This exposes a person to kind, humble, angry, irritated, and other categories of people who never allow the customer care even to talk or express the company’s stand. Some of these customers can be humiliating to think of and more so to deal with. Therefore, customer care service providers must always be prepared for anything and not always take what is said to them personally. The challenge of dealing with customers who are not considerate also comes with the burden of preparing for emotional “dryness” or merely the inability of a person to be adversely affected by what they are told. Therefore herein discussed is how dealing with an abusive customer leads to burnout and stress, personalities best acquainted with the ability to handle any customer and the role of emotional intelligence when it comes to dealing with customers (Gnewuch et, al. 2017).
Stress and burnout are everyday experiences of many people since almost everyone gets tired at some point in their lives. The stress of knowing that a person has to get back to the same kind of job daily and to go and deal with a particular person or people be it, customers, work-mates or boss, can cause a lot of emotional instability since a person keeps on thinking the worst that can happen and this never makes them do their job in the right manner. This stress ad burnout is even more critical to the individuals responsible for operating at the customer service desk in any company or organization. This is because people have different tissues which they go through every day, and life to the customer service providers becomes a mixture of every kind of person. The customer service providers experience the challenge of abusive language from the customer to the customer service agents. This is never seen as a good thing but rather as a way of being rude.
However, since the companies and organizations do not exist for the emotional, behavioral, and spiritual direction of a person’s life, it becomes tough to help some of their clients because of emotional instability and their issues which they amplify to the companies even for the smallest mistake done by the company or organization. This makes it very difficult not only for the company but especially for the customer care who receives this. Therefore, it is always essential for a company to train their customer service members on how they can do away with this issue of getting emotionally frustrated and how to channel these bitter feelings and anger caused by clients and customers.
Therefore it is true that dealing with abusive customers can lead to burnout and stress. Stress in the first place comes up with trying to please the customer who is not willing to be pleased and who is not willing to listen to the situation as it is. Therefore this already makes the customer service provider stressed about how he/she can put it for the customer to understand. This mostly happens when customers call to complain and give out their problems about a specific issue they do not like about that particular company or organization. This makes life difficult for the customer service providers and makes it at times unbearable as the customer service providers get too much emotional luggage they have to deal with. It is even made more difficult because most businesses value their customers and clients more than their employees. Therefore the customer care has to make sure that they accommodate and never show emotional anger or dislike.
This, even though intended for the company to retain its customers, brings a lot of emotional damage to the employees, especially the customer care people. From the continuous streams of stress, the customer acre personnel develops burnout as they do not have a way to deal with what they are going through. This is one of the undesired effects of working as a customer service personnel.
Deciding the person supposed to fill a certain position is always difficult unless a person has been close all through. Therefore this is a common challenge and it is the challenge I could face if I had to decide the people to get into a customer call center. The difference in people’s behaviors and traits makes it difficult or easy for them to be indifferent to situations, some of which are viewed as challenging and others viewed as suitable for anyone. Therefore it also follows that some individuals fit best for a customer service call center than others.
These differences come in from their personalities or experiences. A job of a customer service call center requires a person who can redirect his anger and thoughts and the anger and frustration that come along with the clients positively and make sure that it does not affect him or her negatively (Alkahtani, 2016). Therefore, if I were the hiring human resource manager at a call center, I would mainly check a person’s personality and traits and how much they can withstand emotional frustration.
The major personalities for consideration of this job include; the hard worker, empathizer, innovator, controller, the rock, the competitor, and the accommodator. From a general perspective, an agent of a customer service call center should overcome the emotional baggage thrown at them. Other qualities include their ability to solve problems creatively, empathy, proper organization, calm under pressure, good memory, optimism, team player among other factors which would make them perform very well in dealing with the customers. The empathy and intelligence of the one being employed should be used not only for the customers who call but also for the whole working environment (Herzig et, al. 2017).
Of the seven types of personalities present among service delivery among individuals, companies and working environments of late have a large number of empathizers. Even though this personality works well and empathizes with the customers if they are undergoing a problem, controllers are still the best choice and therefore this means I would choose a controller over an empathizer. This is because controllers use less energy in helping clients while the empathizers take more time to empathize with the client or customer which is unnecessary.
Controllers’ ability to keep calm under pressure, optimism, good memory, and other factors that qualify them for the job also makes them worthy of making peace reign among the employees and everyone around them. Controllers have different qualities within them and some of these include; Emotional intelligence, talkative and their ability to let their feelings be known to the other side of the talk. Therefore hiring this kind of person becomes a very crucial asset to the company. Therefore I would dismiss the other types of personalities or maybe cooperate with a few of them but rather concentrate and focus on controllers. Through this, the call center would be the most favorite of all people, and it would also be respected for quality service (Alkahtani, 2016).
Emotional intelligence means a person can put aside their emotions when dealing with the customer or rather be ready enough to face the customers from a very mature level whereby the customer is swayed back to what should be happening rather than beginning to talk with the same amount of anger which the customer uses. Therefore emotionally intelligent people remain calm and take time to think critically and respond to issues. This can help a lot in dealing with abusive customers. The nature of talking is that if a person is angry and I don’t get angry but rather keep calm and talk to them, I will make them calm. However, it is responding to a person with the same amount of anger which they use to attack me that means I would only accelerate and make the anger more and these areas always awkward instances whereby a customer and a customer care provider both are arguing over very few things which do not matter very much. (Kaptanoğlu, 2017).
By using emotional intelligence, a controller can sense what the customer is feeling. Therefore, they try to bring in solutions to the customers because they know what they want from afar. Through this, an emotionally intelligent customer care agent will express empathy to the person going through an issue, and in this case, the person is the customer. Here, the apprehension skill can be stated to be handling other people’s emotions. Along with this other apprehension skills which are essential and which emotionally intelligent people use are; dealing with personal emotions more readily, ability to push forward in the face of setbacks, sensing what the others are feeling, etc. therefore, through these dimensions, an emotionally intelligent person can deal with the others around them and in this case to deal with customers and clients.
Therefore, in conclusion, I can say that it is true that the work of customer service is considered difficult by most people. However, suppose a person is ready to be formed on how to deal with and handle different people. In that case, this is an opportunity for a person to get to know how much they can be social and what that they can make the world a better place by utilizing their strengths and recognizing their weakness however never allowing themselves into them and therefore through this it becomes possible for achievement to be realized and in this case for customer service to be made better.
References
Alkahtani, A. H. (2016). The influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment: The moderating effect of emotional intelligence. Business and Management Studies, 2(1), 23-34.
Gnewuch, U., Morana, S., & Maedche, A. (2017, December). Towards Designing Cooperative and Social Conversational Agents for Customer Service. In ICIS.Herzig, J., Shmueli-Scheuer, M., Sandbank, T., & Konopnicki, D. (2017, September). Neural response generation for customer service based on personality traits. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Natural Language Generation (pp. 252-256).Kaptanoğlu, R. (2017). An application on organizational commitment and emotional intelligence. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences,(IBANEZ), 3(3).
Latif, H., Majoka, M. I., & Khan, M. I. (2017). Emotional intelligence and job performance of high school female teachers. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 333-351.
Business Intelligence and Data Analytics of Wal-Mart
Business Intelligence and Data Analytics of Wal-Mart
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Abstract
The report offers data analytics and business intelligence plan for Wal-Mart. In recognition of the competitive nature of the retail industry, Wal-Mart must have accurate and actionable information generated from different data that is collected from the firm to promote its value chain’s activities effective and efficient. The blueprint proposes that the company should implement different data analysis systems such as, Sisense, analytical CRM, and GEP software to help generate information that can help improve business efficiency. Additionally, the management of data analytics and business intelligence data should be guided by the AckOff hierarchy of data. Data should be processed through the five phases to ensure that it is valuable and actionable.
Business Intelligence and Data Analytics of Wal-Mart
In the competitive retail industry business environment, where prompt response o market changes and needs are essential, collection and storage of data regularly are very important. The major requirement in the retail sector is the ability to extract valuable information from the collected data. Attaining such a goal needs significant resources and can take a huge time unless business intelligence and data analytics are used. Nonetheless, it is important to note that some of the information collected and interpreted may be incorrect and misleading. Therefore, to enhance the accuracy of information drawn from collected data, businesses such as Wal-Mart must invest in the Business Intelligence and Data Analytics by deploying updated approaches that generate and deliver the right abilities to meet the wants of a given user group. In this view, this report offers business intelligence and data analytic blueprint to help Wal-Mart attain effectiveness and high performance in its value chain.
Objectives
The main objective of this blueprint is to enhance the automation and improvement of information-intensive elements of business planning, variance analysis, performance management, and root cause analysis. It also aims at promoting automation and acceleration of correct and timely generation of business-unit and enterprise KPIs and dashboards to focus the attention of the company on Key customers and primary channels that drive the business’ desired results. The blueprint also seeks to improve the automation of trade promotion through enhancing its analysis effectiveness to cope with the trade promotion’s volume. His will enable a surgical approach to changing the trade support to customer-based marketing and advertising. Through the implementation of Business intelligence tools, the company will be able to offer comprehensive and standardized historical business facts and information for several enterprise budgets and plans. Besides, this blueprint will ensure that there is a cost-effective and timely monitoring of the company’s business operations through a standardized and dynamic view. It shall enhance the generation of business information and analytics in a manner that suits the utilization preferences of various components of the business.
Benefits of BI at Wal-Mart
The implementation of Data analytics and business intelligence in Wal-Mart will enhance the performance of the business since it has many benefits. These components will integrate relevant operational and financial information from different sources to boost their effective management. Besides, these technologies track several multiple aspects of business performance against the established performance metrics. It tracks customer behaviors and offers insightful information that can improve customer relations with the company. It offers multidimensional analyses of different customer traits to generate informative marketing and stocking information that enhances the efficiency of the business on the customers’ end. Furthermore, it offers a sophisticated decision making support since its information is directly based on historical information of business and decision-makers can make decisions from an informed point of view (Sato & Huang, 2015).
Ackoff’s Hierarchy of Data
Ackoff’s knowledge hierarchy of data also known as Knowledge hierarchy or pyramid illustrates different levels of data including wisdom, understanding, knowledge, information, and data. The pyramid was developed with the focus that managers require not more relevant information but little irrelevant information. Knowledge is illustrated as the know-how resulting from learning from experiences, instructions, and adaptation. Therefore, the process from the data to knowledge and wisdom requires an analysis of different issues, why they occur and how to improve them. As such, there is a need to automate information systems within Wal-Mart to generate information from different data that is collected. This will ensure that people can draw knowledge from this information since the systems only apply the knowledge created by people and do not develop it by itself. Besides, it wisdom of the users of the information will add value to the knowledge acquired to ensure that it is effective and applicable (Sleep et al., 2019). In this view, the Ackoff hierarchy of data will be the primary guide of the implementation framework of business intelligence and data analytics in Wal-Mart.
Business Intelligence and Data Analytics Tools for Wal-Mart
Primary Activities
Logistics and Operations
It is recommended that Sisense should be used in data analytics and business intelligence concerning logistics and operations. The system will intelligently manage Wal-Mart’s logistics and operations with analytics that offer accurate and complete insights into various data sources. The system accelerates the process of decision making with operational analytics. With the system, Wal-Mart will get almost real-time visibility into the vital operational performance indicators and maintain the speed of the business through capturing, analyzing, manipulating, and delivering relevant information for operation. The system can be customized into different categories. In the case of Wal-Mart, the system will be categorized to capture and analyze data of three different but inter-twined categories including inbound logistics, operations, and outbound logistics. The system will capture real-time data of in-progress and inbound inventory data. The data can be analyzed based on the location and number of tracks within the company. A combination of analysis with the outbound logistics will ensure that there is effective management of feet to ensure that there is not the truck that comes or leaves the company’s warehouses empty. Besides, these will ensure swift and fast deliveries to the customers and warehouses. The system will also enhance the analysis and generation of actionable information relating to the operations within the company. It will continuously analyze the activities within the company to ensure that similar operating concepts are applied in the company (Sisense.com). Through comparison to other companies and technologies in the market, Wal-Mart can use the system to identify the best operational practices that enhance efficiency and productivity within the company.
Marketing and Sales
The analytical CRM is the best system that can enhance the business intelligence of Wal-Mart. The system is the most viable because it gathers information about customers, stores, and analyzes it to enhance business operations internally and externally. The analytical CRM always collects huge data and processed to generate valuable insights. These insights help the marketing and sales team to make more informed and strategic marketing plans for Wal-Mart. The sales and marketing departments move from the insights to tangible actions which can streamline business process such as the sales pipeline. The system is the most appropriate for data analytics and business intelligence because it offers a systematic aid to decision making in the business. It aggregates customer information to create customer behavioral knowledge via data analysis and scouting for new sales opportunities. The benefits of this system are that it ensures that Wal-Mart discovers new forecasting and trends. It allows the company to conduct sales trends predictions and forecasts including geographical location and speeds at which they are created. The system not only creates an opportunity to develop effective sales and marketing plans but also informs online and warehouse analytics. The reports that it generates includes, customer analysis, sales analysis, market analysis, and service and channel analysis (Crm.com). These reports will ensure that the management and the concerned users add their value to make them actionable and promote low prices and tailor product categorization based on communities and the layout of the stores.
Services
The analytical CRM software shall be used to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of services within Wal-Mart. The system tracks the behaviors of the customers and provides analysis to ensure that the needs of the customers are satisfied. The customer satisfaction category of CRM focuses on the collection and analysis of customer information to build customer profiles and enhance understanding of their preferences, values, and determine geographic as well as demographic information. Indeed, being able to acknowledge the customer life cycle based on quantitative data creates a holistic opportunity to understand how to engage leads, convert them to customers, and also retain them. The system generates a service analysis report which combines information from customer sentiments, polls and other channels to identify customer satisfaction rates and perceptions (Crm.com). This allows Wal-Mart to work on its customer service offerings and directing efforts and resources to the right places. This can also allow the management to breakdown the cost of service and work on the balance between revenues earned and the service costs.
Support Activities
It is recommended that Wal-Mart incorporate Sisense software in its operations to help in deriving important information about the support activities of the company. The software enhances the cleaning of data without changing the original data; thus, it facilitates error-free analysis. The system also generates information which users can share to collaborate then, the goals of the company, and KPIs. The system uncovers actionable insights since it analyses the trends of collected data and identifies patterns that can be used by the users to make business decisions and predictions (Selecthub.com). The system can improve the firm’s infrastructure practices since it streamlines business efficiency. However, the system can only generate actionable insights that help managers to draw knowledge from them. It is, therefore, important that the managers add their wisdom, insights and what they know to ensure that the information becomes more actionable. The system will ensure that there is information that can boost the integrations of activities and enhance a balanced scorecard in the value chain.
The system is highly recommended because it is considered as fast and secure. Sisense delivers its analysis fast through single-stack technology which eliminates bottlenecks between data and the analysts. Besides, the system stores data securely using the advanced learning machines which detect anomalies in the data and instantly transmits an alert. These components are very important since there is a need for the data and information generated to be remitted fast and in a secure manner to benefit Wal-Mart’s business. The system has in-chip analytics which combines the smart algorithms, and columnar database as well as a combination of either ram or disk as opposed to disk or ram only. This feature allows the processing of other tasks and improves speed. The software also enhances the ability of users to blend big datasets from various sources promptly. Users can do dicing, slicing, and exploration of data in an accessible interface. After analysis of data, the system organizes it into visual information, for instance, line graphs, pie charts, and bar charts to facilitate easy interpretation. It has machine learning abilities that allow the system to learn previous analysis patterns and actions to provide a suggestion for performing recurring reports (Selecthub.com).
The system will enhance the overall operations of the business, particularly in the support activities because it is effective in collecting and analyzing data on operations of businesses. The system has an API framework that allows users to customize and standardize the platform to meet their business wants to ensure that they attain their expected results out of it. In this view, the software can be customized to gather and analyze information on different components including firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development, and procurement. The system can offer information concerning different infrastructures of the company visa via its competitors and new infrastructures in the market to enhance efficiency in its management. It shall help create an efficient management process of employees through the collection of their reviews and feedbacks to understand their needs and deliver on them promptly (Kocakoç & Erdem, 2010). Besides, it will enhance the analysis of the compensation strategies of the employees to ensure that they are remunerated well. It shall facilitate the comparison of different technologies in the market to ensure that the most efficient ones are utilized within the company.
For procurement, the GEP software is most appropriate since procurement entails the generation of a huge and specific volume of data. The software offers both ongoing and hoc analytics in different areas. The software is essential because it offers self-service analytics as well as reporting to enable procurement to create reports and analyze different components of procurement. It has predictive analytic features that ensure a forecast of procurement spending and requests based on anticipated changes and previous business history. It also has an offer scorecard that helps monitor the performance of procurement based on the established efficiency and effectiveness metrics. This promotes instantaneous and informed decision-making processes in the procurement sector. The system also identifies risks to the suppliers, including compliance and pricing risk (Gep.com). Therefore, this system will ensure that there is a real-time association between suppliers and store inventories and best company-supplier relations.
Application of Ackoff’s Hierarchy of Data
The recommended systems are only data analytics and business intelligence tools that collect and analyze data of Wal-Mart to help in decision making. However, the generation of actionable reports entails a process that moves beyond these systems. In this case, Ackoff’s hierarchy of order will help the company in converting the information collected into valuable knowledge and actionable information. The data analytic systems and software that are proposed above only offer insights and information that can help the company make critical business decisions. The information generated from the recommended system is often contextualized (Sleep et al., 2019). In this view, it covers the data and information category in the hierarchy of data.
In the knowledge pyramid, knowledge sits above information. In this case, after data has been analyzed and information generated by the system it is upon the users to extract important knowledge from them. Knowledge from the information that is generated by the different systems shall be done by experts in different fields (Sleep et al., 2019). For instance, the marketing and sales personnel shall interpret the information from the analytical CRM to create establish the know-how and convert the information into actionable instructions or plans.
Using the knowledge gained from the interpretation of the generated information from the system; the experts in different departments will develop appropriate and strategic plans to improve on the areas that are identified to have inefficiencies and also strengthen the primary and secondary activities of the Wal-Mart to improve its productivity and profitability (Erickson & Rothberg, 2019). For instance, the logistics and operations personnel use the knowledge gained from the information generated by the Sisense to create operational plans that enhance effectiveness and efficiency in the management of truck fleets and inventories.
The wisdom which is defined as the knowledge that is applied in action is at the peak of the knowledge hierarchy. It is the process through which individuals make comparisons of the proposed actions (Sato & Huang, 2015). Experts at this stage will have to further analyze the proposed actions and determine the reasons why they implement a given action. Besides, the review will determine the best possible actions to be implemented to ensure not only effectiveness but efficiency in different activities within Wal-Mart.
Conclusion
Overall, it is important to acknowledge that the main component of the blueprint which will ensure that there are efficiency and effectiveness in all activities at Wal-Mart is the adoption of Ackoff’s knowledge hierarchy in the analysis and interpretation of data analytics and business intelligence data. The major software that is recommended includes Sisense for support activities, GEP software for procurement activities, Sisense for operations and logistics, and analytical CRM for services, sales, and marketing. These systems will help collect and analyze data that can be used by the management to make key decisions that will improve effectiveness and efficiency. Consequently, the systems will facilitate the creation of actionable plans that can help improve the business operations at Wal-Mart.
References
Crm.com. ‘Analytical CRM Software-Definition and Key features.’ Retrieved from https://crm.org/crmland/analytical-crmErickson, G. S., & Rothberg, H. N. (2019). Big data, knowledge, and business intelligence. In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Business Operations and Management (pp. 569-577). IGI Global.
Gep.com. ‘Big Data Analytics for procurement.’ Retrieved from https://www.gep.com/big-data-analytics-procurementKocakoç, I. D., & Erdem, S. (2010). Business intelligence applications in retail business: OLAP, data mining & reporting services. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 9(02), 171-181.
Sato, A., & Huang, R. (2015, December). From data to knowledge: A cognitive approach to retail business intelligence. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Data Intensive Systems (pp. 210-217). IEEE.
Selecthub.com ‘Sisense Software.’ Retrieved from https://selecthub.com/business-intelligence-tools/sisense/?from_category=258Sisense.com. ‘Agile to Build Powerful Analytic Apps.’ Retrieved from https://www.sisense.com/why-sisense/Sleep, S., Hulland, J., & Gooner, R. A. (2019). THE DATA HIERARCHY: factors influencing the adoption and implementation of data-driven decision making. AMS Review, 1-19.