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The Evolution Of Correction Philosophy
The Evolution Of Correction Philosophy
There is need for correctional systems within every society that assists in the maintenance of integrity within the society. These correctional practices are useful in enforcing behavioral norms within the society. In every existing surrounding at any time, society can be drained by peace or war. These conditions may have an influence on the views of the public that can be associated with crimes and the punishments they are related to. There has been a slow transformation that has been witnessed from personal vengeance to the orderly procession of rules and standard of justice that are observed in the present day.
In the European history there is a stage when all acts of justice on a personal level had been left and society had come up with a subculture behind bars this was used to deal with elements found within society who do not follow the stipulated format of identifying right from wrong. An offender could no longer flee from justice by moving to their family stronghold so that they can get united protection as it was done in days before. Retaliation from an individual’s family was no longer acceptable as a form of justice. Public offenders in medieval Europe had to go through extreme punishment like torture to death. The justice system had a dark age and has slowly progressed with minor improvement (Parish, 2012).
During 17th century, criminals were staged in open view of the public in an effort to shame them and hence discourage them from a repeat of similar behavior. It included pillory and whipping in public. It was quite normal for even small offenses to get death penalties. In Europe early prisons were just holding rooms where offenders were placed as they waited for trail and punishment they lacked proper maintenance and they were home for disgusting diseases, the inmates often died from diseases they contacted while in there. There was a great leap when a house of correction was established that held petty offenders or disorderly.
In the 18th century, death penalties were slowly being outlawed. There was also imprisonment with hard labor. there was a motion set by John Howard in 1777 to end barbaric conditions in house of corrections (Parish, 2012).there was transformations that saw the use of paid staff as opposed to volunteers. In the 19th century saw the repelling of capital punishment save for hideous crimes. Imprisonment was now replacing capital punishment slowly.
This history has had a great influence on today’s American corrections practices since it was concluded that capital punishment was not an effective form of punishment. Hence in the 20th century there have been various reforms registered that advocates the separation of the youth and adult offenders. There has also been abolishment of hard labor and custom flogging. This also led to better treatment requirements for the offenders in America
As mentioned the correction practices today and in 1800s is quite comparable; in both practices the aim of corrections is to contain, control, punish, restrain, to rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders in the society. In both past and present times there are prisons that are put in place where offenders are held and are confined there where they face punishment and rehabilitation.
There is however a difference between correctional practices in the 1800s and the present time. First in the 1800s the main aim of correctional practice was punishment that was often accompanied by hard labor and beating of the offenders. This is in contrast to the current correctional practices that aim for rehabilitation of the offenders. Basically we can see that there has been a shift from physical punishment to psychological punishment of offenders. In the 1800s prisons were simple rooms were the offenders were held but in recent times the prisons have been improved greatly with the addition of many programs, farms, shops, classes and also recreational facilities that have led to better control of the prisoners. There has also been the introduction of parole in judicial proceedings that did not exist in correction facilities in the early times. There has also been the separation between child offenders and adult offenders with the introduction of juvenile systems that enable this. This is a new evolution that did not exist in the 1800s (O’Connor, 2012).
References
Parish, J. (2012). The Evolution of Corrections Philosophy. Retrieved January 18,2013 from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Evolution-of-Corrections-Philosophy&id=7307184O’Connor, T. (2012). Early History of Corrections. Retrieved January 18,2013from http://www.drtomoconnor.com/1050/1050lect01.htm.
the evolution and significant role that social media plays in globalization and changing demographics as a public issue.
Introduction
There has been an evolution in recent times when it comes to the era of technology and socialism which is a reflection of the social media explosion within the society. A major part of this moderation has been due to the incorporation of social media as well as its awareness in the society, culture and generally in the world. President Franklin Roosevelt presents the American culture as being based on the shared values that comprise of individualism and work ethics together with the freedom of speech. It is also made up of factors like religion, fear, and subculture that constitutes of various elements that include race, age, lifestyle and ethnicity. In many cases, it is a representation of immigrants that face two crucial perspectives of assimilation and social acceptance. Culture is an important aspect as it shapes a society in terms of practices, perceptions, and beliefs. Therefore, culture plays a significant role in globalization (Szeman, 71). In recent years, social media has been integrated into people’s lives in such a way that it molds cultural values, beliefs, and practices. The technology has brought about an improvement in relationships and created awareness around the world. However, it has a negative impact on a personality in making people believe in false things that they can see. It means that social media plays a crucial role in the process of cultural growth. The paper reflects on the evolution and significant role that social media plays in globalization and changing demographics as a public issue.
Thesis
Social media has pushed sociologists into exploring facts on changing demographics, like improving relationships while creating false beliefs putting into consideration the positive and negative influences it has on the society.
Globalization involves an evolution through social communication, correspondence and acceptance that comes with a great independence culturally, politically and economically. In the current technology age, social media is fastest when it comes to spreading news all over the world, and it is faster compared to newspapers, news channels, and other sources. The rapid spread of news around the world is important in terms of the interest that is developing towards the technology ultimately leading to its increased use in different agencies. The impact has resulted in a decline in using newspapers, magazines and other print forms for news with time.
Social media plays a crucial role in cultural demographics. Culture is a lifelong process based on learning and internalization that provides the society with different positive and negative elements. It is as a result of nurturing factor carried by this process in order to form a human identity within the community. Teaching agents include peers, family, school, media, plays and workplace ((Szeman, 80). From the Mead’s Theory of socialization, we learn that an individual adopts the distinction between self and social life through the environment a person has grown up together with the personal traits they carry. These factors are all important in bringing up a social self from the self. Social media has led to such platforms developing like twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn. These platforms allow people connect personally and professionally through sharing communicative and expressive content that promotes building of careers and enjoy social life with family and friends all over the world (Dijck, 114). In recent times, using social media for learning and communication is evident at every stage in life by children, adults and the old. An individual’s social life greatly influences the individual’s personal aspects and also the society hence it reflects in the society that the individual is part of the entire world. Social media is like a weapon that can be used in either shutting a crime or raising it hence its results are dependent on the user. There are numerous laws and restrictions in place on some negative prospects of the tool. However, there are still web crimes such as hacking of people’s profiles and using them as threats, children quickly accessing PG_18+ content, and racial hatred from discrimination blogs created. Therefore, it is important to establish policies and plans that will help in stopping the spread of negative vibes (Rantanen 150).
Social media explosion has also influenced changes in personality and behavior in people around the world. A person is easily influenced by those around them hence the company a person keeps greatly affects their social behavior. Social networking has enabled people to bond and it bridges the gap between different people all over the world hence leads to global socialization. These social connections are necessary since the influence and support either strengthens or weakens the ties binding societies through behavior. Platforms like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter have reduced the difficulty in social connection since they have a great influence in building up social ties around the world (Bryfonski, 198).
Social media has a significant role to play in the advancement of technology in globalization and socialization through changing organizational structures. Social media and technological advancements have led to the improvement of the global economy in a quick pace. It has also resulted to in an increase in employment and a better global connectivity of different nations all over the world. Social media has increased relationships and cross-cultural perspectives all over the world through social networks like Twitter and Facebook. It has also increased the awareness of global taboos and global crimes (Dijck, 127). Social media has impacted every life aspect such as culture, relationships, religion, organizations, business and other practices and norms within the society. Despite the positive improvements, there has also been negative aspects have been raised in globalization through social media. Therefore, it is important to explore the technological advancements that are improving the social world rapidly in order to make out most of it for the welfare of the society.
Conclusion
From the study, we can conclude that social media plays a significant role in determining different aspects of the society, behavior and globalization. In recent years, using social media has led to an improvisation of aspects of life like culture, family life, organizations, individual’s social life and process of learning and running businesses. Many companies have been started using social websites like Google, Facebook, and Twitter without the need of physical space. On the other hand, the crime rate of different kinds like racial killings, cyber crime, and others has increased due to an adverse abuse of the technology. It is important to use the technology for the betterment of the world and protecting it from different crimes using web technology. Sociology is a science of practices and perceptions hence it puts a lot of responsibility on the people involved to explore changing aspects in the world. It requires them to come up with ideas that are positive and beneficial that will be used for the welfare of the world in the future. Technology is better used to better the society as opposed to destroying the society.
Works cited
Bryfonski, Dedria. The Global Impact of Social Media. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven, 2012.
180-209. Print.
Rantanen, Terhi. The Media and Globalization. London: SAGE, 2005.
124-170. Print.
Dijck, Jose. “The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media.” Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 114-133. Print
Szeman, Imre. “Cultural Theory: An Anthology. Vol. 2 Chichester” Wiley-Blackwell, 2011 70-84. Print
Various topics in management; Organizational behavior, Theories of motivation and designing a motivating work environment for
Title: Management Handout
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Date: August 29, 2013
This paper is a topic review in the field of Management. The paper examines various topics in management; Organizational behavior, Theories of motivation and designing a motivating work environment for cultural diversity. Organizational behavior creates an understanding of how workers tend to behave in an organization and what makes workers behave in certain ways. Through organizational behavior a management student will understand behavior by workers and how to approach behavioral changes from a manager’s perspective.
Theories of motivation highlight studies by management scholars on motivation of workers from diverse cultural backgrounds. Through theories of motivation a student is exposed to case studies conducted by different scholars on the field of workers motivation and conclusions from the studies. The topic develops a basis of understanding on what motivates workers.
Designing a motivating work environment is a topic that presents guidelines and knowledge to the students on how to motivate workers. This is important to a management student; it helps the student understand how to create a motivating environment that maximizes on workers’ productivity at the same time provides suitable working conditions.
Organizational Behavior
Through organization behavior we are introduced to the concept of organizational behavior by understanding what it is. The topic provides knowledge on why organizational behavior is important to every management student. Research methods for the field are also covered in this topic. Management students are guided through this topic on how to understand people in their workplaces.
Workers relations are well covered in the topic; relations between worker to worker and worker to manager. This provides human resource management skill to a management student who studies topic by understand different aspects regarding workers. The topic places the student as a future manager into a level of understanding challenges in communication and power between subordinates and superiors. This area of study reveals why groups are formed within an organization, the different types of groups in any organization and benefits of joining groups.
Organizational behavior matters because it covers everybody within the organization; an individual worker, a group formed by workers (whether formal or informal) and the entire organization. Studying this topic therefore proves to be important, not only to a future manager but also to a future employee who should have sound understanding of the organizational structure and how to interact with other colleagues at work.
Learning organizational behavior is not just common sense as many would think; the learning process opens up the mind of a student with case study to understand different practical situations that show how groups within an organization work. At the end of learning, a student is well equipped with terms used in research of organizational behavior and can conduct research to broaden their understanding of the topic. Trends and changes in organizational behavior and he modern workplace are well covered and learners gin knowledge on how to approach and deal with changes in organizational behavior.
Article Review:” Leadership and Organizational Behavior” organizational behavior is an area of study that equips managers and students of management with knowledge of groups and individuals in an organization. Organizational behavior plays a role in understanding and improving groups in an organization. The role of groups within an organization cannot be overlooked as they solve the social and intuitional needs of individuals in an organization. Workers who join groups or are part of a group are better placed to address challenges they face at work.
The two articles can be related by how they address the issue of need for workers to be in groups. Both articles provide a basis for understanding on the importance of groups in an organization and how individuals’ behavior affects the organization.
Theories of motivation
The topic highlights various theories of motivation that have been arrived at after studies by different scholars in the field of management. Each of the theory is stated and analyzed with an aim of providing knowledge to the learners. Theories of motivation as a topic cover the role of motivation in relation with workers performance, a classification of workers’ needs and the application of theories of motivation in the workplace.
Motivation is a push to work towards achievement of a set goal; where a worker is motivated, he/she works to the fullest of their ability under suitable conditions to achieve a set goal. Workers in an organization perform at their best having an understanding of what good results translate to. Motivation is an internal force where a person is under no external pressure to perform and is aware of the benefits of providing good results for him and the organization. This is two-way traffic; management should ensure that the workers are motivated to do their work to maximize on productivity and workers who are well motivated provide high quality services and performance to appreciate their sources of motivation.
There various factors that leads to the motivation of workers, these could be referred to as “a motivating workplace”. A motivating workplace is provided by the employer, employees also have a role in maintaining a motivating workplace. The employer must ensure that the environment and work conditions are suitable to all workers, address all situations that bring stress to workers within the workplace. On the other hand, once a conducive environment to work has been created by the employer, employees have a role to play too, by ensuring that they work to the interest of the organization. Employees should embrace diversity in culture and all aspects of the organization to ensure the well-being of other workers.
A look at Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provides a different approach to motivation. It provides stages of individual needs from bottom; physiological needs to the top, Self-actualization. A self-actualized individual, according to the theory, is one who has passed all stages and achieved all human wants and is at self-realization. Other human needs on the hierarchy are; safety needs social needs and self-esteem needs. The hierarchy forms a ladder, where an individual achieves one need after the other. You cannot achieve self-actualization if you haven’t fulfilled your self-esteem needs.
Article review: “The Hierarchy of Needs”. Physiological are basic human needs, shelter and food. These are the first level of needs and are also known as universal needs; every individual has to fulfill them. Safety needs include need for security and peace; individuals require a feeling of satisfaction in the levels of security. Social needs are needs of interaction, having people around you who love you. After the satisfaction of social needs, esteem needs open up; a person has the desire to feel appreciated and recognized by the society. Finally self-actualization, these are needs to achieve to the fullest of one’s potential and desire.
The article provides deeper understanding on theories of motivation, with a focus on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The relationship between human needs and motivation is highlighted; satisfaction of human needs beginning with basic needs is an important aspect in motivation of employees. The more needs an employee is able to satisfy, the more motivated he/she is. A worker who is at the self-actualization level is highly motivated and more productive.
Designing a motivating work environment
The topic provides ways of creating a favorable work environment which motivates the workers. It highlights the importance of a motivating work environment and provides the basic aspects of a favorable work environment. The concept of SMART goals is introduced in this topic.
There are various tools that a company should use to ensure that workers are motivated. The tools that help in developing a motivating work environment are obtained after understanding the theories of motivation. Creating and providing a motivating work environment should be the aim of every organization and can only be achieved when the management understands the employees and all theories of motivation.
Implementation of a motivating environment can be achieved using different strategies; job specialization, job rotation and career advancement. This ensures that an individual does not work in one position for a long time; this eliminates chances of low motivation brought about by monotony at work performing the same tasks every day.
Article: “Creating a motivating environment for work”. Understanding the employees is the first step to creating a motivating environment. Other than payment of good wages according to the labor market, understanding other factors that motivate employees enables an organization to create a motivating environment.
The article provides for factors that make a work place motivating. Understanding and taking care or individual interests and the interests of all groups in an organization create a motivating environment for work. Workers are more productive when they are well motivated.
Conclusion
Management is a broad field of study that exposes learners to different aspects of organizations. This course incorporates both practical and theory approaches to management; practical approach by providing case studies and theory approach by providing theories stated by other scholars in the field. A student is well equipped in management with skills and knowledge on how to approach different situations from a manager’s perspective.
References
Clark, R. M. (2009). Are We Having Fun Yet? Creating A Motivating Work Environment. Industrial and Commercial Training, 41(1), 43-46.
Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., & Menon, S. T. (2000). Charismatic Leadership And Follower Effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(7), 747-767.
Terry, G. R. (1977). Principles of management (7th ed.). Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin.
Zalenski, R. J., & Raspa, R. (2006). Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs: A Framework For Achieving Human Potential In Hospice. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9(5), 1120-1127.