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Globalization and the Ethical Implications for Management
E-Commerce and E-Business:
Globalization and the Ethical Implications for Management
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Outline
1) Introduction
2) Literature review
3) Risk management in Google
4) Process of risk management
5) Risk intensity
6) Conclusion
1) Introduction
Most people have used use e-business and e-commerce interchangeably, though the two have separate notions. Electronic- commerce ICT is employed in transactions among various organizations or businesses and extends to transactions of business-to-client. Contrary, in e-business, ICT is used in enhancement of individual businesses. It is composed of businesses that firms/organizations (of any form) carry out above computer-mediated system. In the rising of international markets, e-business and e-commerce are progressively turning to an essential constituent of business stratagem and a sturdy economic growth catalyst. The mergence of connections and information machinery (ICT) in business has transformed and enhanced relations in different associations and the ones amid firm/organizations and persons. Globalization of business operations have resulted due to e-business and e-commerce. The organizations that benefits mostly from e-business and e-commerce are internet based and few are non-internet based. However, regardless of the significance of e-business and e-commerce plus the great success that various companies and their achievements, they are faced by numerous risks and challenges. The paper chiefly illustrates the processes that are used to identify risks, their management and reductions. It looks deeper into the internet company (Google), the risks that it is exposed to, there management and reductions to less dangerous levels. The paper as well deals with the drawbacks that Google has faced in expanding into a global milieu with far reaching principled insinuations to their responses of management and eventually, their brand of business.
2) Literature review
Google have taken a golden opportunity in internet business. It is one of the mostly visited sites in the whole world. However, for its success, it depends on other resources as it gets support from these areas. Particularly, ICT use has improved its yield, promoted better client involvement, and permitted mass customization, as well has decreased expenditures that Google might have incurred without ICT. We can hence say that without ICT Google would have not been in existence. With Web-based and Internet skills improvements, peculiarities amid former markets and international electronic market places are steadily being lessened. Google has so far utilized strategic position; it has utilized emerging internet marketing and operation chances. And presently, the revolution of a firm’s operations to give extra value to consumers by the know-how applications has been the main concern of major global business Google being a perfect example.
The internet based supporters (ICT) that Google relies on has enhanced exactness in it information, excellence in performance and reduced time wasted as it (internet) is first and convenient. One can imagine what would be the world without the internet! Most of the businesses would have not been in place. Electronic business has facilitated connections and information acquisition. As if not enough, it has contributed to the expansion of client base and development in market prospects. Electronic business is accompanied by many advantages and demerits in relation to management implications.
On the other hand (though internet has numerous advantages) but the managers have found it quite hard to compete with the dynamic conditions of the customers and the effects it is associated with. Risks have increased to very high levels as the technology expands to global markets. This has caused numerous changes in Google Company among other internet-based companies. Most companies have failed due to lack of risk management. This can be in numerous ways and due to various reasons.
It is either they are unable to identify the risks or are not able to deal with them.
In the case that a new project is developed but the risks that are affecting it are too heavy for it, the project ends up failing. For the globalization of the Google Company, risks have been managed appropriately and reduced. This can be one of the strategies that it is using to improve its services and increase its customer base as they are confident of Google. Less information is mishandled by wrong hands. This is implication of good management of its perils. Technology has contributed greatly to Google risks. Advance in technology has enabled numerous individuals to infringe into and tamper with Google operations.
3) Risk management in Google
Risk Management targets at the enhancement of information exchange and knowledge athwart organizations and customers. The reason of management of risk is to produce views and encourage better performs for the people concerned with the action of managing of uncertainties in various businesses like Google. Risk management can be regarded as the process where firms and associations systematically deal with the dangers that are likely to affect the smooth running of their operations and connections with the clients.
The loose in the connection acts as drawback in their objective achievements and operations. Good management of risk is the location and dealing with the risks. Good risk management that involves risk taking and reduction aids in the increment of organization operations and activities. This is what has been applied in Google Company. Management of risks raises the chances that of success and decreases the chance that the company will fail and the dangers of getting the firm’s aims not fulfilled.
The management of risks should not terminate any time a specific risk is identified and managed. This can be seen in Google Company which faces numerous risks but deal with them successfully. It is supposed to be a progressive action that is throughout the strategies of that organization and its implementation. New risks occasionally unexpectedly chip in. the risks have various origins but in the case of Google, IT is more and more being used to commit scam and burglary. The internet and systems of the computers are daily exploited in many ways. They are exploited by automating former ways of scam and new ones.
Frauds are done by both the individuals in the system and the people that come from elsewhere. The rate of committing scam by insiders is relatively higher as they are aware of the operation system of Google. This is due to the fact that they are fully inside and are quite aware of the operation programs and system of the organization. This type of risk becomes very difficult to note, deal with or control. It is born in the business and affects the people who create it plus the customers. It is one of the most expensive and difficult to deal with risk. Not only scam and burglary but there are several risks that the companies that trade online like Google are exposed to.
Another danger is suppose there is control systems that are online which can be ruined occasionally. As the world advances, so does the risk. In the modern world, lights, powers, in many regions are controlled by computers. This has extended to even the movement of commodities from one place to the other.
This is risk because the system can become defective. At times they are hijacked or diverted to other areas. Their delivery is also dependent on the operation of that respective computer (system) and any fail will cause their late delivery or being not delivered. Google is based on the services that are offered by internet and incase, internet fails so does Google. This is the greatest risk it faces.
4) Process of risk management
There isn’t one single formula that is applicable (universal) in all conditions and all types of risks. The risks are reduced using numerous methods. All the aspects and suggestions are very vital in the management or risks. Decrease of the Resources that are subjected to that risk is one of the methods. This might engage terminating resource entrée by other people but only the concerned personnel. Taking example with Google company, some resources and sites should be accessed by specific people but not the whole employers and employees. The multiple accesses often create errors as corrections are made by everyone. The good example in this case is Wikipedia. All the sites and data are exposed and anybody can change them at any time in the whole world. This reduces risk though cannot eliminate it.
In the recent past, there has been a great change in the way different companies’ and Google manage their risks. The roles of risk managers have been double worked in finding the appropriate method and practices. Risk being, unpredictable interference on a given companies objectives, the managers hence undergo difficulties in identification, evaluation and prioritization.
The numerous methods used in management of risks that involves their transfer are not valid in other organizations. Risk avoidance is both difficult and at times cannot happen, but risk reduction is more applicable and accepted.
This is after the affected individuals have accepted all the consequences associated with that particular risk. Apart from consequences of acceptance of risks is to create value, portion of making decisions, clearly address uncertainty, among many more.
Risk management has been dealt with differently in various companies and organizations. The process starts with identification and analysis and consequences management. The management of risks entails numerous steps. The steps have can be employed at diverse junctures in the process of management. The process starts at the point where planning is made regarding the project.
The example of such projects is when Google wants to create anther site. In the process, the scope of the project (new site) should be well defined, and issues that might affect it identified. This is followed by analysis of risks that it is exposed to. The risks should include even profits and possible loses. Suppose it is exposed to risks, the respective risks are listed. The probabilities of the identified risks are identified and the impact each has on the progress and success of the organization. All the risks cannot have the same effect and chances of occurrences as same will be minor and others major and so the minor are discarded. The examples of minor risks in development and launching of new sites are lack of customer notification of the new site.
These minor risks, the organization can go plus as it knows that soon they will either be absorbed and reduce their effects. The major ones need immediate attention and should be addressed as soon as they are identified. The way the major hazards are responding to management should be viewed.
This will aid in choosing the appropriate method and strategy in future if the same risk affect the company or organization later. The most appropriate method that gives maximum response sis to be selected and employed. The preventable should be prevented, the other that cannot be stopped, should be accepted and dealt with after acceptance. Suppose they can be transferred this should be done.
The process of managing risk is a repeating adaptable cyclic course and practical at a variety of phases of life of that project. Risks identification begins with the identification of the activity and assessing it. At this juncture, it is true that the risks identified are the major ones.
Suppose risks level large, the project might not go on. It is to be terminated and the less risky one looked for. This is because when the progress is made while the level of risk is high, the project might turn into loses instead of profits. If the project is to progress, the given company must be aware of all the risks, their consequences and prevention. The company should be able to manage the identified risks appropriately for the implementation of that project. At the start, there should be thorough assessment of risks and early management without which no project can proceed.
Though all the risks, Google is able to deal with but it has become a great problem when it comes to fraud. It is therefore essential for future researchers to do appropriate research and address this issue in details. This will aid inline companies in managing their businesses as well as protecting them.
5) Risk intensity
The approach given to the management of risk can vary from one risk to the other. The risks do not have same intensity and effects on the organization. The approach that is used by Google comprises of numerous sections.
It includes four sections, which are setting of the objectives to be reached after a given time, appropriate preparation, plan/project implementing, and business performance controlling.
It is appropriate tom commence by setting the objectives of the business as it gives track, as well the remaining three elements give description of the business management process to obtain the set goals. Management of risk is an element of arrangement and implementation. It is vital for all the managers of businesses to know the type, effects and intensity of the risks that are facing the organization.
When all this are done, the outcome will be the obtaining of the goals ands objectives that are set by that given organization. It also helps top prepare for the future coming risks and design the moist appropriate method for their maintenance.
This entails understanding the risk origin, and the effects that that particular risk is accompanied with, the events that gives loophole to the emergence of that risk and the desirable method of control or transfer. This will in the long run aid the administrators/managers in turn to give an identification of the gaps in their present program of peril management and will to gear them towards the setting of menace management precedence. It is comparatively uncomplicated to identify and classify a number of perils and talk about management strategies in broad perspectives.
Even though, the expansion of strategies of managing risk is essential but the effects that a given peril adds will result to extra expenditure and as well creates additional stress on the time of administrators. This is what has deprived Google from first development and enlargement.
Without this it would have moved numerous steps ahead and advanced it operations to offer other services as well. The other risk that is faced by this site is the copying and competition that other sites have. Their services are reproduced or offered by other sites. The best example is seen with other email providing sites that offer it competition. The end result is the spread of customers to these other sites. This is a risk and requires management. The possible management that can be offered to this kind of risk is the production and development of their services. They should check that they are up to date and satisfy the client’s utilities. This is also a form of marketing. For these reasons, precedence has to be placed amid management of risk and further functions of management in Google Company
6) Conclusion
In a nut shell, running a business in a perilous atmosphere puts a lot of manager’s time, power and perseverance. The cautiously created risk management policies are the solitary ways for the enhancement of the probability of business success. All the risks have to be identified and given appropriate management for the smooth running of that given organization. In the organizations where perils are poorly managed, they end up not fulfilling their objectives.
References
Brehmer, B., et al. (1994). Future risks and risk management. Volume3 , 2nd edition, pg
156- 176. Publisher Springer.
Crouhy, M. et al. (2006). The essentials of risk management. Pg 45-56. Publisher
McGraw-Hill Professional.
Kendrick, T. (2009). Identifying and Managing Project Risk: Essential Tools for Failure-
Proofing; pg 102-113.Edition2, Publisher AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.
Wideman, R. (1996). Project and program risk management: A guide to managing
project risksand opportunities. 6th edition, 2nd volume, pg 209-234. Publisher
Project Management Institute.
Globalization and the Digital Media
Globalization and the Digital Media
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Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc408491398” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc408491398 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc408491399” Globalization of media PAGEREF _Toc408491399 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc408491400” The Global Media PAGEREF _Toc408491400 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc408491401” Digital Media PAGEREF _Toc408491401 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc408491402” Discussion PAGEREF _Toc408491402 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc408491403” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc408491403 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc408491404” References PAGEREF _Toc408491404 h 8
IntroductionGlobalization of media is not a term of worldwide nature. As Iwabuchi (2010) has contended, no media is really worldwide in nature. Likewise, the supposed worldwide media’s gathering of people is ‘excessively little, excessively rich and excessively English-identifying with be viewed as comprehensive.’ There is little confirmation that backings the presence of a worldwide open circle and the general population circle remains to a great extent state-arranged. There is no doubt that all these globalizing patterns are made conceivable with the assistance of mass media at both the household and worldwide level. This methodology of” globalization” is frequently depicted as a positive power which is binding together generally distinctive social orders, coordinating them into a “worldwide town”, and improving all the whole time. It is differently depicted as an inexorable by-result of human development and advancement, as though it were a natural procedure, represented by the laws of nature (Dwyer, 2010). Notwithstanding, globalization is not so much a regular movement developing strange correspondence and communication of individuals and societies around the globe. Rather, it comes about because of elaborate human decision by a capable gathering of countries, transnational companies (TNCs) and worldwide associations which have stakes simultaneously. The new interchanges and data innovations have given systems to huge companies to boost benefits by entering remote markets. Globalization” rose as a popular expression in the 1990s, pretty much as “relationship” did in the 1970s, however the phenomena it alludes to are not by any stretch of the imagination new. Our characterization of relationship more than 20 years back now applies to globalization at the turn of the thousand years: “This ambiguous expression communicates an ineffectively saw however broad feeling that the very nature of world legislative issues is evolving. Like all prominent ideas intended to cover a mixture of phenomena, both “association” and “globalization” have numerous implications. To comprehend what individuals are discussing when they utilize the terms and to make them helpful for examination, we must start by asking whether association and globalization are basically two words for the same thing, or whether there is something new going on (Iwabuchi, 2010).
Globalization of mediaGlobalization of media is likely most pervasive at the level of media industry models -methods for arranging and making media. The world is turning into a considerably more incorporated business sector situated in entrepreneur or commercial center financial aspects. This current master’s weight on countries to make media more business, backed by publicizing, pointed on shoppers and to privatize information transfers organizations that once were government claimed (Kim, 2010). The ensuing fast changes have had a significant effect well past that quick evaluating of Friends or the Simpson’s. As we might see, most nations produce expanding measures they could call their own TVs, music and magazines. In any case on the off chance that they create them by drawing on U.s., British, or Japanese models and kind thoughts, then those “national” media items are still at any rate to some degree globalize. Also regardless of the possibility that a national cleanser musical show reflects generally nearby society in its plot and characters, despite everything it helps Colgate-Palmolive and different firms offer cleanser in yet an alternate piece of the worldwide business sector. Roland Robertson (1995) calls such mix worldwide -neighborhood preparations finished with worldwide structures and thoughts. Worldwide directions and organizations additionally have significant effect. Worldwide standard bodies, for example, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) distribute satellite circles, focus show frequencies, and characterize the gauges for phones, cell telephones, faxes, and Internet associations. Worldwide telecom organizations, in the same way as Cable and Wireless, run a significant part of the world’s interchanges framework of optical fiber links, satellite, and rapid lines. Worldwide media additionally constrain contenders to respond to them. At the point when Murdoch’s Star TV began television in India, the state TV telecast needed to react with more aggressive diversion or lose its gathering of people (Reese, 2010).
The Global MediaTwenty years prior individuals discussed Americanization of media on the planet. Today individuals speak all the more about globalization in light of the fact that it is clear that in spite of the fact that American media assume a noticeable part in the worldwide scene, media commercial enterprises from various different nations are likewise vigorously over the world. A modest bunch of firms rule the globalize piece of the media framework. Of the main 10 worldwide media firms, then, six are American (considering News Corporations Australian), basically create, convey, and control practically all media outlets. These sorts of organizations were developing and globalizing rapidly. Some media businesses, for example, the Hollywood movies and TV studios spoke to by the Motion Picture Association of America have long been worldwide in their operation and extension.
Digital Media
Digitized media is one of the quickest developing ideas on the planet. It has changed the way we do pretty much everything. It has made an extensive change by the way we convey (Steger, 2010). From MTV to the Internet, digitized media and engineering has given device to permit statement that was once just accessible to one’s own brain. Sound, feature, lightning, information, security, telephones, and even high temperature and ventilating id going (if not as of now) to digitized organization. Today, innovation has given apparatuses to concentrate these pictures and musings to others. Digitized media and innovation is now a vital piece of different advances. For instance, it is utilized as a part of machines, phone frameworks, and conservative circles. Consistently there is another manifestation of digitized media rising. These structures can be from web-cams, level screen TV’s, color screen cells, digitized endorser lines (DSL), virtual reality frameworks, holographic theaters, advanced papers and palm pilots. The quick advancements in digitized media innovation have significant consequences for human correspondence. Both individual and mass correspondence will change and adjust as an aftereffect of the development of new engineering. Another framework will be made, giving everybody access to digitized administrations (Reese, 2010). The general patterns are towards an advanced world, where different sorts of data will be caught, prepared and appropriated digitally. Information, content, sound, pictures, movement, feature and the majority of their mixes will be conveyed in advanced structure. The media scene will get to be digitized. New, electronic media will develop and current media will need to suit and use the new apparatuses keeping in mind the end goal to stay aggressive. Advanced media and innovation will have an effect on everything national supporters do. These things incorporate making projects, putting away materials in documents, and getting the sign from feature to home. Today, digitized media is a correlative field of the visual craftsmanship division going about as an apparatus of aesthetic outflow that offers an incredible open door for experimentation between formal quality and substance. A general propensity to think little of the conceivable outcomes of fiction can be found inside the zone of feature workmanship, because of its relationship with business unimportance and prominent taste, for display based non-humanistic and narrative film. A craftsmanship rehearse that draws from film and TV can be unbelievably rich in the setting of post-cutting edge workmanship, conceived alongside free enterprise and a steady association with mass society. An extraordinary case of this association is the work of two contemporary feature specialists, Anja Kirschner and David Panos, who support the talk and style of mass media creation.
Discussion
Digitization of the mass media does not exist in disconnection of neo-progressivism nor globalization; they all entwine in an exceptionally complicated way. Neo-progressivism has prompted an openness in outside business sectors which makes access to open areas and in addition the privatization of these open divisions, as simple as marking an agreement (Reese, 2010). Samples of this privatization and also digitization of the media segment, worldwide have been given by Graham Murdock. Murdock gave the intriguing case of the extraordinary hardware Japanese organization, Sony, performing a corporate takeover of Columbia pictures and the Fox TV frameworks in the United States.
The practically inexorable merging of overall media systems were empowered by the procedure of globalization. Globalization, as per Charles Whitaker, an essayist from the Forerunner Magazine, ‘is the conviction that overall coordination of societies is both conceivable and attractive. “). Globalization was likewise depicted by Professor Trevor Munroe, as “a procedure in which geographic, financial, and social limits of the world are diminishing essentialness, most importantly to the development of capital”.
The merging of the mass media has some extensive ramifications for neighborhood nonwestern societies. Be that as it may, a standout amongst the most genuine ramifications that this mechanical predominance or digitization has is social government (Iwabuchi, 2010). Teacher Aggrey Brown perceives this social government as a logic of domain over all non-industrialized social orders to uncritically acknowledge the innovative goals of the west.
Conclusion
It is clear that without globalization then the media could not be as elaborate as it is today. Its vie globalization that technology was on board hence able to transform traditional media or analog media to digital media. I conclude that globalization has brought positivity to digital media.
ReferencesDwyer, T. (2010). Media convergence. McGraw-Hill International.
Iwabuchi, K. (2010). Globalization, East Asian media cultures and their publics.Asian Journal of Communication, 20(2), 197-212.
Kim, Y. (Ed.). (2010). Media consumption and everyday life in Asia. Routledge.
Reese, S. D. (2010). Journalism and globalization. Sociology compass, 4(6), 344-353.
Steger, M. B. (2010). Globalization. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc..
Globalization and the Concept of Women Human and Political Rights
Globalization and the Concept of Women Human and Political Rights
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Introduction
The issue of globalization and its wide ranging effects has been a controversial and relatively heated one in the recent times. This is especially considering that different countries will be affected in a different manner by the concept given the different contexts of its application. However, recent times have seen an increase in the interest of scholars with the impact of globalization on women especially in developing countries. Needless to say, women have since time immemorial occupied a disadvantaged position in the society. Underlining this fact is the statement that women carry out two thirds of all work in the world, but receive only 10% of the total world’s income while owning only one percent of the entire globe’s means of production. Their disadvantaged status in the society despite the unique position that they hold in the society may be credited to the varied social impediments and barriers. Scholars have noted that women are usually the least privileged and most exploited members of any household, not to mention that they are usually overburdened by domestic work in their families thanks to their position as primary caregivers. Nevertheless, women issues have consistently acquired importance in all countries, notwithstanding their second class position in varied societies, thanks to the exposure and increased awareness on the impact of gender discrimination in economic, political, social and employment arenas. Indeed, women have strived to fight against entrenched interests pertaining to community benefits, and gone ahead to earn a new identity via their collective strength. Women right across the globe come as a crucial indicator of the increased comprehension of global wellbeing. However, there have been questions as to the effects of globalization on the conceptualization of human rights and political rights of women. While there may be differing opinions as to these effects, globalization has defined the human and political rights of women, thereby assisting in the elimination of barriers and oppression while empowering them to take charge of their lives in a global democracy.
There exist varied definitions of globalization with the most accepted definition being a “complex cultural, geographic, political and economic process that has allowed the mobility of organizations, capital, peoples, discourses and ideas to take up a transnational or global form. It may be seen as a situation where national economies undertake international integration, i.e. the process that unifies all people in the world into a single society (Bayes & Tawḥīdī, 2001). It essentially embodies the integration or amalgamation of international markets for services, goods, technology, labor and finance. In this case, multinational corporations come as the drivers of globalization, with scholars noting that they play a key role in the integration of world economies via investment, transfer, relocation of business activities, finance, trade and technology. At the minimum, globalization revolves around the creation or establishment of a world economy that is a powerful, autonomous entity rather than a sum of the national economies. This is created through the world market and the international division of labor, which is currently predominating the national market (Rowbotham & Linkogle, 2001). The globalization process is defined by long-term, large scale flow of capital, technology, labor and commodities across international and national boundaries. While this seems to take on a largely economic aspect, globalization affects varied aspects of societies including social and cultural aspects. This is especially considering the interactions between social beings from different parts of the world.
First, scholars have noted that globalization has provided the platform through which women movements can organize across varied parts of the globe and air their views, as well as their plight. Indeed, globalization has given life to a previously unimaginable capacity of women to organize across varied continents, as well as mobilize international solidarity within minutes. Indeed, connections that were crafted and strengthened among organizations and women at the Beijing Convention in 1995 have persisted since then with the internet creating a more permanent and effective capacity to network (Naples & Desai, 2002). Researchers note that action alert campaigns aimed at defending women against being mutilated, flogged or stoned have been immensely amplified through the social media and the internet, just as have interventions that demand justice for women that have been killed, raped and beaten with impunity (Naples & Desai, 2002). Testament to the effectiveness of globalization in tackling social norms that keep women down are the online campaigns that protested against the systematic destruction of women via gender apartheid in Afghanistan, the damaging role that UN peacekeeping missions have played in encouraging trafficking and prostitution, as well as the failure by the Vatican to take action against sexual violation of nuns by their priests, all of which raised awareness of the issues and resulted in public pressure to put an end to the violation of women’s human rights (Naples & Desai, 2002).
On the same note, women have, using internet, had a significantly active voice in international forums such as the United Nations (Moghadam et al, 2005). Recent times have seen an increase in the calls for enhanced representation of women from across the globe, which has resulted in an active exchange of ideas for increased international campaigns towards the inclusion of women in the highest echelons of decision-making in such intergovernmental organizations, as well as affirmative action at the national level. Scholars note that the efforts have essentially resulted in strongly positive results (Moghadam et al, 2005). For example, there is no coincidence in the fact that two of the most significant judgments pertaining to sexual violence made by the ad hoc international criminal tribunals for Rwanda and Yugoslavia were made by trial chambers that were comprised of at least one woman (Naples & Desai, 2002). Indeed, increased pressure and campaign from women movements have resulted in the unequivocal call for gender representation in the judiciary at the International Criminal Court, as well as unequivocal inclusion of crimes pertaining to sexual violence (Moghadam et al, 2005). This inclusion in the higher echelons of the international bodies has given them the capacity to make decisions that would protect women against social norms and ills that have kept them down since time immemorial, as well as provide them with a platform from which they get to air their views and make policies that would lessen the burden of oppression that has been keeping them down for a long time (Moghadam et al, 2005). Indeed, participation in such high-profile organizations has eliminated a large number of myths in varied societies pertaining to the limited capabilities of women, both in terms of physical and emotional strength, as well as intellectual aptitude, as they have been shown to have similar capabilities with their male counterparts or, in some instances, better capabilities than their male counterparts (Naples & Desai, 2002).
In addition, globalization has immensely affected trade, which in turn has had an impact on production, consumption, employment, and distribution patterns, social relations, the environment and cultural values, all of which affect both genders (Moghadam et al, 2005). Increased world trade has resulted in increased demand for cheap labor, with women being the obvious choice thanks to their previous “second-class” status in the past. While this may have been seen as a negative effect, it essentially resulted in the increased participation of women in varied professions and occupations in the service sectors (Moghadam et al, 2005). Indeed, women across the globe have made tremendous inroad in professional services like banking, computing, law and accounting, alongside tourism-related occupations, information services and many more. On the same note, the integration or blending of national economies to make a single global economy is increasingly modifying the formulation, as well as implementation of policies shifting the processes from the national and local levels to the global or international level. In this case, increased modification of governance to an international-focused one undermines the conventional notion of citizenship thereby providing women movements with significant ground for promoting their claims for equal rights and civil identity (Moghadam et al, 2005). Scholars note that new players below and above the nation state have been increasingly asserting alternative roles and identities for women, which has ended up giving them a new form of political citizenship (Rowbotham & Linkogle, 2001). On the same note, globalization has been creating an unprecedented comprehension of the fact that social and economic rights are a component of the discourse of international human rights. Similarly, there has been an increase in the force of international movement of women, as well as their influence on the varied intergovernmental processes, which has empowered them and created space for organizations of women at both the national and local level, not to mention the international level (Rowbotham & Linkogle, 2001). Needless to say, increased employment and participation of women in the employment sector comes with a chance for higher wages, which, in effect, raises their self-confidence and allows them to be autonomous. This independence would, in turn, promote equality of sexes, a milestone that a large number of women across the globe have been struggling to achieve for a long time (Rowbotham & Linkogle, 2001). In this regard, globalization would be seen as incorporating the power to eliminate the traditional views and treatment that is accorded to women, thereby affording them an equal opportunity in the society and national building.
Lastly, the economic modifications with which globalization has come has had the capacity to sow the seeds for the transformation of cultures thereby enhancing the conditions with which women must deal. Impressive studies on public attitudes about gender roles show that economic growth makes only a small component of the story, with substantial modification of the social norms, values and beliefs playing a key or fundamental role in enhancing the role of women in politics and society. The researchers noted that postindustrial and industrial nations have had a higher likelihood of supporting gender equality compared to agrarian nations, which essentially underlines the role that technological shift during globalization promotes gender equality. In addition, the increased participation of women in employment has resulted in considerably more supportive attitudes to gender or women equality, which then offers a significantly fertile opportunity or platform for the making of concrete policies that would assist women in gaining equal opportunities and rights (Moghadam et al, 2005). In this regard, scholars have underlined that economic globalization enhances the physical quality of life for women and comes up with extra options for them both in their professional and social life, not to mention their family life. This, however, is subject to the limits that economic globalization would increase the availability of opportunities for work for women, thereby increasing their autonomous earnings. On the same note, to the extent that the increased trade opportunities resulting from globalization would generally enhance economic growth, it would enhance the literacy and measured life expectancy of life for women (Brysk, 2002). While there may be some downsides to such economic integration such as displacement and the fact that women would still make the largest proportion of individuals that are poorly paid, independent economic opportunities and resources would provide women with more choices and independence, thereby giving them more control over their lives, as well as offer them the agency to strive to get their collective interests. On the same note, a large number of women in the past were relegated to the position of domestic unpaid workers, especially considering that they were primarily thought as being deficient of any intellectual aptitude or even physical and emotional strength to take on jobs in other sectors such as corporations (Brysk, 2002). In some cases, women even today have had to grapple with the prospects of resigning from their jobs to undertake home duties. However, globalization has allowed for the entry of other professions that are relatively flexible thereby allowing women to work from any place, in which case they would not have to abandon their work just to look after their kids or engage in other home-making duties (Bayes & Tawḥīdī, 2001). This means that they have become considerably independent unlike in the past when they had to depend on their male counterparts as they could no longer cope with the pressures of the workplace and those from their homes or family backgrounds (Brysk, 2002). With such independence, it goes without saying that women would essentially have the capacity to make decisions and shape their lives in the manner that they want.
In conclusion, issues pertaining to globalization have been controversial especially with regard to their effects on different nations, as well as different genders. While there may be differing opinions on the effects of globalization on women’s human rights and political rights, it is evident that the concept has defined the human and political rights of women, thereby assisting in the elimination of barriers and oppression while empowering them to take charge of their lives in a global democracy (Bayes & Tawḥīdī, 2001). This is through the provision of enhanced platforms through which women can organize, as well as mobilize forces in fighting for their rights. Indeed, women movements have lobbied for gender parity in a large number of international organizations, and even called for stiffer penalties for individuals that punish women (Bayes & Tawḥīdī, 2001). In addition, it has allowed for increased trade opportunities in varied countries, which has essentially provided women with more employment opportunities thereby safeguarding their economic independence, as well as their capacity to make decisions for themselves. Increased participation of women in the workforce has allowed for a change in the ideas and attitudes that people have pertaining to their capabilities, which has essentially eliminated the social barriers to their progress and freedom (Bayes & Tawḥīdī, 2001). On the same note, it has allowed for the entry of technology that essentially allows them to work from anywhere in which case they do not have to sacrifice their motherly duties so as to work. This only ends up enhancing their economic independence and their capacity to make decisions for themselves.
References
Kerr, J. (2003). Women reinventing globalisation. Oxford: Oxfam.
Bayes, J. H., & Tawḥīdī, N. (2001). Globalization, gender, and religion: The politics of women’s rights in Catholic and Muslim contexts. New York: Palgrave.
Naples, N. A., & Desai, M. (2002). Women’s Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Global Politics. London: Routledge.
Brysk, A. (2002). Globalization and human rights. Berkeley [u.a.: Univ. of California Press.
Moghadam, V. M., & American Council of Learned Societies. (2005). Globalizing women: Transnational feminist networks. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rowbotham, S., & Linkogle, S. (2001). Women resist globalisation: Mobilising for livelihood and rights. New York: Zed Books.