Theory Critique

Elisiah’Sonnie Richardson

3/15/19

Juvenile Justice Policy & Practice Sec.01

Professor Jessica D. Ganao

Introduction;

In a female under the age of 20, teen pregnancy, otherwise known as teenage pregnancy, is pregnancy. (Adolescent Pregnancy, World Health Organization. 2004. p. 5.) Sexual pregnancy may occur after the onset of ovulation, which may occur before the initial menstrual period (menarche), but mostly after the start of periods.4 in very well-supported females, the first time frame is usually around 12 or 13.

Pregnant youth are faced with a considerable number of issues related to pregnancy similar to other ladies. There are additional worries for those younger than 15 because they are less likely to be psychologically created to support a stable pregnancy or to conceive an offspring. Hazards are more associated with financial variables for young women aged 15–19 than with organic impacts of age. Low birth weight hazards, early work, weakness, and pre-eclampsia are associated with natural age, seen in high school births, even after controlling for other hazard factors (e.g.,pre-birth care, etc.).

Youngster childbearing is a highly examined, confusing open arrangement point that is closely linked to a wide range of social issues, including industrial poverty, school disappointment, take abuse, and disregard, well-being and emotional well-being issues. Adolescent pregnancy rates are at least 20 years in size, and high school birth rates at any point recorded in the United States are at the lowest volume.

Pregnancies in high school are associated with social issues, including lower educational dimensions and misery. Great school pregnancy is usually outside of marriage in created nations and transmits a social stigma. Teenage pregnancy frequently occurs within marriage, and half are arranged. In any case, early pregnancy can be consolidated in these social orders with care for hunger and weakness to cause restorative problems. When used in mixing, instructive intercessions and access to medication for anti-conception may diminish unintended young pregnancies.

Parenthood is an opportunity that has a drastic impact on the mother’s life. A kid’s requests just cannot be overlooked without danger. In this way, parenting planning is a noteworthy concern about other professional lines. In this part, we will think about tutoring, marriage, and working as other associated lines of the profession and investigate the interrelationships in these unique areas between occasions. A definitive trial of the significance of timing and sequencing of events is the individual’s financial conditions at some later point throughout daily life, explicitly claiming salary, paying other relatives, destitution status, and reliance on welfare.

Because investigating recognizes no direct causal association between two factors, for example, between the ages at which a lady has her first birth and family salary, does not mean, for instance, that there is no relationship at all. For example, if an early first birth is related to lower tutoring, which is therefore related to lower profit, and lower pay, then a premature first birth is later due to implication related to lower family pay. It is known as the full impact of age at first birth that aggregates the immediate effects of age at first birth and its indirect effects through different factors.

Study Approach;

Another approach to examining the impacts of adolescent versus more established child bearers is, for example, essentially dichotomizing at age 19, contrasting the financial status of those and a first birth at or before age 19 with those with a first birth after age 19. The cutoff point decision at that point becomes an issue, as it could have an enormous impact on the outcomes. In the first birth variable, none of the investigations referred to her dichotomize the age. Furthermore, given that the models included here are direct models, the kinds of connections between age at first birth and financial results are seriously forced.

The broadest sequence of tutoring, marriage, and childbearing is that of completing training, friendship, and after childbearing. In this area, we will focus in particular on the design of planning/sequencing in which pre-school procreation occurs. Because of the time and vitality that children need to be brought up, which interferes with the time and energy required to examine and attend classes, ladies who bear a tyke regularly leave in school years before they can complete their tutoring. This is the situation for individuals who take a tyke amid high school years in particular. Results from various investigations show that young women who bear a child as adolescents are significantly less inclined to finish high school than those who later take a child. Each of the exams examined showed that early child caregivers showed a significant instructive shortfall about then child caregivers. Results from various investigations show that young women who bear a child as adolescents are significantly less inclined to finish high school than those who later take a child. Each of the exams examined showed that early child caregivers showed a significant instructive shortfall about then child caregivers.

Despite this, considerations have also discovered generous prior contrasts between ahead of schedule and later child bearers, which may clarify the distinction in finished tutoring. For example, Card and Wise (1978) observed that young females wearing a tyke at school were not only of the lower financial situation at ninth grade but had the low educational capability and smaller educational wishes than their colleagues, factors that also expect poor school efficiency and poor later life shots.

Additionally, young men who become adolescent dads are likely to participate in a group of stars of other issue practices, such as non – criminal rowdiness (offending status), disruptive school behavior, and medication use. This interface between youthful parenthood and other issue practices has been established by past research, yet there has been no consistent, extensive evidence of the elements t so far.

If young paternity and its full results are to be diminished, a clearer understanding of the precursors of high school parenthood is required. Great school students who participate in reprobate acts and other issues make prompt ramifications for themselves and all around them, yet when they are likewise father to children, there may not be kidding repercussions for a long time to come, despite ages. Parenthood of high school has received almost no investigation— far from pregnancy or parenthood of adolescents. .Similar to high school parental responsibility, moreover, teenage having children also have detrimental economic, monetary, and social, excellently – being, and other educational repercussions for these young colleagues and their children (Lerman and Ooms, 1993; Furstenberg, Brooks – Dunn, and Chase Lansdale, 1989; Furstenberg, Brooks – Dunn, and Morgan, 1987).

Statement of the Problem;

African American adolescents are bound to be fathers of earlier research than white or Hispanic youths (Lerman, 1993). Adolescent parenthood has also been closely linked to young men who come from improving rushed families and neighborhoods, as well as to individuals who participate in misconduct and other practices of issues. What has not been clear up to this point, however, is whether delinquency can be displayed as a significant hazard factor for fatherhoods in high school when other hazard factors are considered consistent.

Young dads, like young moms, are bound to come from low-paid families or experience the ill effects of social avoidance and misery. Meetings include: living in areas of high unemployment, vagrancy, living consideration, medication family history and liquor abuse, and poor educational outcomes (Swann et al., 2003). Young pregnancy rates may gradually be shared among some ethnic minority gatherings, with the Caribbean, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi ladies bound to end up in high school as white ladies (Berthoud, 2001).

The nature of the youthful dad’s association with the mother of the infant and grandparents also assumes an essential job in terms of commitment to parenthood. It affects his fatherly personality immediately (Gavin et al., 2002). Where there are close relationships between father and mother, the interest of fathers in childcare generally increases and fathers invest more energy with their children (Jaffe et al. 2001).

In connection with social changes and frames of mind, movements in the patriarchal notion of child-rearing have been said to create a different scope of child-rearing jobs for moms and fathers that are never again bound by conventional standards and sexual orientation duties. Although some writers argue that, generally speaking, child-rearing remains to a large extent a gendered movement (Dermott, 2008), such adjustments also generated more open doors for fathers to be included and have on display to the provider elective parenting practices.

For young guardians who rely on their guardians and who also live with them, choices about the consideration of the youth tend to run vertically down the ages, rather than between the young guardians themselves on a flat plane (Neale and Lau Clayton, 2014). This example may be counterproductive to the efforts of young fellows to draw in with their youth and avoid their degree of certainty. Young father records show that the grandparents ‘ contribution can be seen as a blessing as well as a revival (Smith-Battle, 1996). It can, therefore, be a troubling and complex issue to maintain harmony between assistance, obstruction, and disregard.By re-entering the education system, it is possible to increase employment opportunities for young fathers. However, barriers usually involve lack of caring for children, ineffective and restrictive child support, and issues among young parents about prejudice among peers and employees (Gates and Byrom, 2008). If it is challenging for teenage boys to accomplish long-term pedagogical and employability goals, they might instead see parental rights as a source of prestige (especially for those from disadvantaged families; Marsiglio et al., 2000). On the other hand, some sources indicate that financial stress may lead to disconnection and lowered participation in the life of their child.

The question of whether the connection between tutoring and dropping out of school has changed after some time has been given some consideration. The investigation into the Card and Wise took a gander from the most timely birth companions— conceived in 1942–43 and 1945–46. During childbirth partners 1944–54, the Hofferth and Moore considered taking a gander, while the Haggstrom et al. thought about taking a gander to an accomplice conceived in 1954, roughly. It is conceivable that after some time a portion of the contrasts between the results is due to changes.

Underlying Assumptions;

Travis Hirschi developed the social control theory in 1969. The method believed that deviant behavior could be caused when the relationship between society and the individual’s “social bond” was weakened.

Structures of Theory;

Hirschi concept of the social bond was comprised of four elements. Attachment, which Hirschi believed that individuals who had an extreme and consistent devotion to others within society would be more likely to abide by the social norms instead of going against them (Alston, Harley & Lenhoff, 1995). The other concept was commitment, which referred to any investment the individual made towards educational goals or social activities (Hirschi, 1969). Hirschi’s third concept was involvement. Travis believed that structured time being spent doing things productive would reduce the chances of the individual indulging in deviant behavior. The last and final concept of Hirschi’s social bond was beliefs. In an American society being married to one person is the norm. An individual who believes in these norms are less likely to go against them (Alston, Harley & Lenhoff, 1995).

These elements help explain the more attached a person is to society norms, the more they believe in societal norms, and the more they involve as well as invest themselves in the general rules of society will ultimately lessen the chance for them to be deviant (Chriss, 2007). Let’s say the relationship between a child and a parent is weakened, the disunity and disjointness can lead to abnormal behavior (i.e., substance abuse) (Alston & Turner, 1994). As self-control increases, rates of delinquency and deviance decrease (Chriss, 2007). Simple control theory states that a person can become isolated due to a lack of social interactions (Deloach & Greer, 1986). Having a healthy relationship with family, and friends are crucial because it does lessen the chance for the individual to be delinquent.

Strengths;

Social Control theory has usefulness in helping explain the potential sociological source of how deviance can be caused when the relationship between society and the individual’s social bond is not healthy (Alston, Harley & Lenhoff, 1995). Beliefs being the primary element for delinquency or deviance rates. Hirschi states that a child’s attachment to the parent can be what predicts deviance, later on, depending on if the bond weakens that can lead to delinquency. But why beliefs play the most critical role in all elements is because what an individual believes in will ultimately overrule the want to be deviant. For example, a parent may not physically be present when a child is thinking about committing a deviant act. However, the physiological presents will cause the individual to think, “Would my parents be okay with this?” The belief they will not be okay with it can deter the individual (Chriss, 2007).

Weaknesses;

Hirschi’s theories can be incorporated under Parsons’ AGIL schema (Chriss, 2007). The social control theory is also known as the social bond theory. It is assumed that an individual with weak attachments is unconcerned about others ‘ wishes and thus inclined to diverge from expectations (Alston, Harley & Lenhoff, 1995). The individuals who have their own beliefs and challenges the norms of society are at higher risk of being delinquent (Alston, Harley & Lenhoff, 1995).

Policy Implication

Having strong and healthy relationships with family and friends can be a restraint to deviance. Being introduced to a network of friendships, social activities, support groups all allow the individual to feel part of something, lessening the chance for them to be deviant. When the relationship between society and the individual’s “social bond” is stronger the better of the individual will be.

Overall, this article points out that the ability of young men to actively participate and preserve a motherly role depends on a variety of sophisticated and often interrelated factors such as literacy, training, and employment, relationship status with the baby’s mother, genetic and environmental grandparent bullish momentum, residence structures and access to structured service many of them whisking.

Many young people are attaining adulthood without contributing to good reprobate behavior, despite various dangers. Even though variables of chance can help to recognize which young people are most in need of preventive mediation, they cannot distinguish which specific children are going to wind up real or endless wrongdoers. It has been realized for some time that most grown-up culprits have been associated with reprobate behavior as children and young people; in any case, most reprobate youths and teenagers do not grow up to be grown-up lawbreakers (Robins, 1978). Also, most genuine, constantly reprobated young people and youth experience different hazard factors in various dimensions, yet most children and adolescents with hazard factors are not winding up genuine, incessant delinquents. Also, each element contributes only a small part to the hazardous expansion. However, it is generally perceived that the higher their hazard for reprobate behavior, the more critical factors a child or immature encounters.

Much of the writing analyzing hazard factors for wrongdoing is dependent on longitudinal examinations, mostly by white guys. For a section of the examples, high-risk conditions were explicitly browsed. Care must be taken to summarize this writing to young women and minorities as well as to all-inclusive communities. In any case, the dangers of introverted and reprobate behavior over the past few years have been discovered a lot. The social practices contemplated among young people by developmentalists can be divided into two general classes: prosocial and withdrawal.

Policy Analysis;

The social practices contemplated by developmentalists among young people can be divided into two general classes: prosocial and withdrawal. Prosocial methods include assistance, sharing, and collaboration, while private practices incorporate various types of oppositional and forceful behavior. Compassion enhancement, blame feelings, social discernment, and right thinking are commonly seen as crucial passionate and subjective social advancement related issues. Although young fathers rarely get support from experts or broader society, early parenthood can trigger development and advance self – awareness and social obligation (Kiselika, 2008).

Second, the variables in financial prosperity that detract new child bearers from later child bearers are similar components that separate the more from, the less fruitful early child bearers. One distinction is that qualification relies on childbearing status for specific types of immature projects. Variables that disadvantage early child caregivers in terms of later child caregivers in terms of financial prosperity are similar components that separate more from less effective early child caregivers. One distinction is that qualification relies on childbearing status for specific types of youthful projects.

Conclusion;

Younger pregnancies convey additional hazard similar to the newborn child and mother’s strength. Typically, high school pregnancies are increasingly expected to result in babies with low birth weight and premature births. This is because pregnant young people do not get the auspicious pre-birth care they need regularly. Also, the adolescents mentioned above are at increased risk of hypertension due to their pregnancy and other related confusions. Additionally, adolescent moms are less expected to finish or go to school than other ladies, and their first marriage is increasingly likely to result in separation. Removal of the fetus is another adolescent effect.

Works Cited

Alston, R. J., & Harley, D. (1995). Hirschi’s Social Control Theory: A Sociological Perspective on Drug Abuse among Persons with Disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation, 61(4), 31–35. Retrieved from http://www.nclive.org.ezproxy.nccu.edu/cgi-bin/nclsm?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.nccu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9602162893&site=ehost-live

Alston, R.J., & Turner, W.L. (1994). A family strengths model of adjustment for African American clients with disabilities. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 378-383.

Christ, J. J. (2007). The Functions of the Social Bond. Sociological Quarterly, 48(4), 689–712. https://doi-org.ezproxy.nccu.edu/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00097.x

DeLoach, C, & Greer, B. (1981). Adjustment to severe physical disability: A metamorphosis. New York: McGraw Hill.

Hirschi, T. (1969). The causes of delinquency. Berkeley: The University of California Press