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The Concert of Europe and International Relations
The Concert of Europe and International Relations
Student’s name
University
The Concert of Europe and International Relations
International Relations is a study area that looks into how countries relate, and the roles played by the sovereign states, the International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs), the Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs), the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the Multinational Corporations (MNCs) (Hendrik, 2009). It is both a public policy and academic field (Hendrik, 2009).
The Concert of Europe may also be referred to as the Vienna International Relation System or the Congress System. The name derives from the fact that is because it was the outcome of the Congress of Vienna. It is used to refer to the power balance in Europe from the years of the Napoleonic wars (1815 notably) to the start of the First World War in 1914 (Jarrett, 2013). It was a system of the international order that revolved around four leading powers in Europe at the time, i.e. Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia. It was meant to stabilize Europe in the aftermath of the French Revolution and to prevent similar revolutions from taking place in the future. Thus, it was meant to check France’s influence in the region.
It took place in the age of Metternich, named after the then Austrian chancellor, Prince Metternich, who was famed for his conservatism. It was also because Austria was a very dominant power within the German Confederation. The age might also be referred to as the European Restoration, especially because the congress of Vienna sought to restore Europe to its state before the French revolution (Jarrett, 2013).
Goals of the concert of Europe
The major goal of the concert of Europe was to phase out all the outstanding territorial and political issues after the defeat of Napoleon and his ensuing exile. It was to ensure that Napoleon never rose again. The Concert of Europe also sought to avert future international problems and ensure that such problems, whenever they arose, would be solved through diplomacy and negotiation rather than war. It was meant to satisfy the interests of Austria, Prussia, Britain and Russia (Jarrett, 2013).
Features of the concert of Europe
The Vienna System was more of an informal arrangement, with no formally laid down rules or permanent institutions. Instead, whenever a member had a crisis, it would propose a conference of the member countries. The meetings of the Concert of Europe took place in 1818 (Aix-la-Chapelle), 1819 (Carlsbad), 1820 (Troppau), 1821 (Laibach), 1822 (Verona), 1832 (London) and 1878 (Berlin) (Jarrett, 72). The congress of 1818 (Aix-la-Chapelle) was designed to resolve French Allied Occupation, which helped to restore France to a status equal to that of Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia. The congress of 1822 (Verona) was convened to decide if France could be allowed to intervene in restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain (Jarrett, 2013).
Strengths of the Congress of Vienna
It led to a sustainable peace in Europe that lasted about a century from 1815 when the Napoleonic wars ended and 1914 when the First World War broke out. A century of peace was a remarkable achievement given after its collapse, World War I broke out. Barely 25 years later, there was an even deadlier World War II and, thereafter, there were decades of Cold War between the US and the USSR (Jarrett, 2013).
Weaknesses of the Congress of Vienna
The congress of Vienna had a number of weaknesses that led to its imminent collapse after nearly a century of existence. Its effectiveness faded due to a number of issues such as the Unification of Germany, the rise of Nationalism in Europe, the Eastern Question and the Risorgimento in Italy. When the European nationalistic ideals began to mount up, Ferdinand VII of Spain realized that the power balance among the European nations was spiked up (Jarrett, 2013).
Conclusion
IR lessons drawn from the Concert of Europe
International Relations thinkers learn certain crucial lessons from the concert of Europe. The most vital lesson learned from the concert of Europe if the fact that international peace is an outcome of collaborative efforts among all the countries involved. Efforts at international peace can only succeed when every other country of the world came out to oppose and condemn acts of aggression by any one country (Hendrik, 2009).
References
Hendrik, S. (2009). Global Horizons: An Introduction to International Relations. New York: University of Toronto press, 5-93.
Jarrett, M. (2013). The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon. London: I. B. Tauris & Company, 1-522.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Name
Professor
Institution
Course
Date
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is also known as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is a medical condition that arises in women who have never experienced diabetes before but have high glucose level in their blood in their gestational period. Diabetes mellitus affects 19% of most pregnancies, it is on the rise given the present lifestyles in which a lot of sugar is taken, and the body exhibits insulin resistance. In this case, the body fails to produce enough insulin and uses the produced insulin for pregnancy leaving the body devoid of insulin making the level of glucose in the blood exceptionally high (hyperglycemia).
There are a number of foetal tests that can be useful in the determination of the foetal activity during mid pregnancy. Foetal testing methods like the biophysical profile, NST and arterial-wave- form velocities is the basic for the determination of problematic pregnancy in the foetal development in the first 11 weeks of pregnancy. The methods may be time consuming, but are useful in the determination of the problem in the development of the foetus and making of proper decisions during pregnancy. Foetal responses to external stimuli such as sound are the main enablers of this success of these experiments.
Ross, M. G., Ervin, M. G., Novak, D. (2007). Chapter 2 fatal physiology. In S. Gabbie, J. Niebyl, & J. Simpson (Eds.), Obstetrics: Normal and problem pregnancies (pp. 26-33). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevie
There are a number of factors that control the transfer of glucose from the maternal blood to the foetus. In steady, the metabolically consumption of the human placenta is responsible for division of the glucose between the two main membranes in the microvillus and the absolute diffusion in the placenta. The most influential factors in this diffusion in the glucose transfer between the mother and the foetus is the facilitated diffusion process. This process is mainly at the basal membranes.
The permeability of the basal membrane and the density of GLUT 1 (fluid) is extremely valuable. The gradient between the foetal and the maternal glucose concentration is particularly serious just like the metabolic consumption of the placenta. Diffusion inside the placenta and the key conditions that exist at the apical microvillus plasma membrane are not terrifically significant. The Intrasyncytial concentration of glucose is almost the same as that of the maternal blood. Adjustments in the foetal glucose concentration due to the abrupt changes in the environment are minimal meaning the foetal is living in a steady state
Barta, E., & Drugan, A. (2010). Glucose transport from mother to foetus— A theoretical study. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 263, 295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.12.010
Maternal is hypoglycaemia is claimed to be severe than the diabetes mellitus associated with the increasing risks of adverse pregnancy result. The results of the research indicated a number of disparities. There is significant and continuous relationship between maternal f=glucose levels bellow diagnosis of diabetes and an increased weight at birth and increased cord blood serum C-peptides level.
The results of the research indicated a number of disparities. There is significant and continuous relationship between maternal glucose levels bellow diagnosis of diabetes and an increased weight at birth and increased cord blood serum C-peptides level. While this level is strongly associated with the maternal glycaemia, it is also attributed to physiological consequences of maternal glycaemia. The primary caesarean delivery and clinical and clinical neonatal hypoglycaemia, premature delivery, birth injury, preeclampsia and hyperbilirubinemia are linear to high plasma glucose and high foetal plasma glucose level which are both resulting from maternal glycaemia. All these are complications that arise out of pregnancies in those mothers with gestational diabetes. Our results indicate strong, continuous associations of maternal glucose levels below those diagnostic of diabetes with increased birth weight and increased cord-blood serum C-peptide levels.
Lawlor, D. A., Fraser, A., Lindsay, R.S., Ness, A., Dabelea, D., Catalano, P., Nelson, S. M. (2010). Association of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes and glycosuria in pregnancy with macrosomia and offspring body mass index, waist and fat mass in later childhood: Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort. Diabetologia, 53, 89-97. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1560-z
Pregnancy obesity is strongly correlated to increased risk factor in pregnancy. This association makes gestational pregnancy a serious public health issue. It is necessary to note those adverse pregnancy outcomes like GDM (Gestational diabetes mellitus) gestational hypertension and foetal macrosomia and other complications. Those women with a high body mass index are at high risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This results into foetal disorders. Gestational obesity is a key issue.
Consequences related to weight gain during this period include increased risks of retaining extra weight after caesarian sections, caesarian section, postpartum obesity and increased likelihood of undesired diabetes and high blood pressure, Adverse effect in the development of the fetus, and preterm delivery. Amongst the risks, listed above, diabetes are the most adverse as it affects both the fetus and the mother. However, there are cynical measures that are instrumental in correcting such medical conditions, the main ones include physical activity and dietary measures during the gestation period
Henderson, M. Gunderson, E. P., & Ferrara, A. (2010). Gestational weight gain and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 115(3), 597-604.
The researcher aimed at determining if the metabolic changes during the gestational periods are varying with the gestational glucose tolerance status. Women with GDM and mild glucose intolerance during the gestation period are at risk of type 2 diabetes in their later life. These changes in year one postpartum have varying degree of glucose tolerance
This research involved testing women for glucose challenge test and oral glucose test: GCT and ODTT respectively during postpartum months. The antepartum testing identified 4gestational glucose tolerance groups: GDM (n = 107); gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) (n = 75); abnormal GCT with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) on OGTT (abnormal GCT NGT) (n = 137); and normal GCT with NGT on OGTT (normal GCT NGT) (n = 73).
The prevalence of dysglycemia gradually increases across the set from the normal GCTNGT TO abnormal GCT NGT to GIGT to GDM at 3 months postpartum(2.7% to 10.2% to 18.7% to 34.6%, P < 0.0001) and 12 months’ postpartum (2.7% to 11.7% to 17.3% to 32.7%, P < 0.0001). However, there was no disparity between the groups between in relations to changes in waist circumference, weight, or insulin sensitivity. However, there were the difference in the changes in β-cell function (Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 [ISSI-2]) (P = 0.0036), with ISSI-2 diminishing in both the GDM and GIGT groups. In addition, on MR analysis, both GDM (t = –3.06, P = 0.0024) and GIGT (t = –2.18, P = 0.03) was exhibited as negative predictors of the change in ISSI-2 between 3 and 12 months’ postpartum. This is the only contributor to the future cause of diabetes
Retnakaran, R., Qi, Y., Sermer, M., Connelly, P. W., Hanley, A. J. G., Zinman, B.{beta}-Cell Function Declines Within the First Year Postpartum in Women With Recent Glucose Intolerance in Pregnancy: Diabetes Care, Volume: 33, Issue: 8, Pages: 1798 to 1804
This research aimed at determining the most cost effective clinical measure for screening gestational diabetes. The cost effectiveness refereed to the risk factors associated with the methods. The two stage screening method of glucose challenge test and oral glucose tolerance test and universal OGITT with or without fasting. There were no prenatal deaths. There is remarkable reduction when treatment was administered as opposed to usual care in many secondary results, this included mean birth weight (3302 vs. 3408 g), neonatal fat mass (427 vs. 464 g), the frequency of large-for-gestational-age infants (7.1% vs. 14.5%), birth weight greater than 4000 g (5.9% vs. 14.3%), shoulder dystocia (1.5% vs. 4.0%), and caesarean delivery (26.9% vs. 33.8%). Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus, in comparison to usual care is correlated to minimized rates of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension (combined rates for the two conditions, 8.6% vs. 13.6 (%); P=0.01).
Conclusions: while the treatment for mild gestational diabetes mellitus does not remarkably reduce the frequency of composite outcomes such as still births or prenatal deaths and other neonatal complications, it also reduces the risk of foetal overgrowth shoulder dystocia, caesarean delivery, and hypertensive disorders
Landon, M. B., Sponge, C. Y., Thom, E., Carpenter, M. W., Ramin, S. M., Casey, B., Anderson, G. B. (2009). A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational ‘diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(14), 1339-1348
Metformin is a logical treatment for women with gestational diabetes mellitus, but randomized trials to assess the efficacy and safety of its use for this condition are lacking. This experiment focuses on the women d=with gestational diabetes mellitus during the gestation period (23-33) weeks into gestation. This involved the use of metformin and insulin supplement. Then researchers realised that this form of intervention resulted into a composite of neonatal hypoglycaemia, respiratory distress, necessitating the need for phototherapy, birth trauma, 5-minute Apgar score less than 7, or prematurity. The experiment was initially designed to rule out 32% increase in the in the composite outcome in the infants of those women who received metformin. This was in comparison to those who received insulin injection during their gestation period. The main secondary result included neonatal anthropometric measurements, maternal glycemic control, maternal hypertensive complications, postpartum glucose tolerance, and acceptability of treatment.
Among the women who were treated with metformin, 92.6% were given metformin until delivery and 46.3% given supplemental insulin. The speed of the primary composite outcome was 32.0% among those women assigned to metformin and 32.2% among the insulin group; this had a relative risk of 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.10. The response was that the most women who received metformin injection preferred receiving metformin injection rather than insulin. On the other hand, they indicated they would prefer receiving the sane intervention the next time they are pregnant: 76.6% vs. 27.2 (%), P<0.001). However, the rate of acceptance of the treatment methods did not differ much between the two groups (those treated with metformin and those treated with insulin) additionally metformin did not have serious adverse effects.
Rowan, J. A., Hague, W. M., Gao, W., Battin, M. R., & Moore, M. P. (2008). Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(19), 2003-2015.
When scientist tested 25,505 pregnant women at 15 centres in nine countries by giving 75-g oral glucose-tolerance testing at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation, no data was collected. Among the fastingwomen, plasma glucose level was 105 mg per deciliter (5.8 mmol per liter) or less and the 2-hour plasma glucose level was 200 mg per deciliter (11.1 mmol per liter) or less. The main outcomes at the primary level high birth weight, primary cesarean delivery, clinically diagnosed neonatal hypoglycemia, and cord-blood serum C-peptide level above the 90th percentile. Secondary outcomes included a delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, shoulder dystocia or birth injury, need for intensive neonatal care, hyperbilirubinemia, and preeclampsia.
For those women with blinded data, the adjusted odds ratios for unfavourable pregnancy outcomes related to increases in the fasting plasma glucose level of 1 SD (6.9 mg per deciliter [0.4 mmol per liter]). There was an increase in the 1-hour plasma glucose level of 1 SD (30.9 mg per deciliter [1.7 mmol per liter]). Later an increase in the 2-hour plasma glucose level of 1 SD (23.5 mg per deciliter [1.3 mmol per liter]) was conducted. For birth weight above the 90th percentile, the odds ratios were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 1.44), 1.46 (1.39 to 1.53), and 1.38 (1.32 to 1.44), respectively; for cord-blood serum C-peptide level above the 90th percentile, 1.55 (95% CI, 1.47 to 1.64), 1.46 (1.38 to 1.54), and 1.37 (1.30 to 1.44); for primary caesarean delivery, 1.11 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.15), 1.10 (1.06 to 1.15), and 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12); and for neonatal hypoglycaemia, 1.08 (95% CI, 0.98 to 1.19), 1.13 (1.03 to 1.26), and 1.10 (1.00 to 1.12). It is necessary to note that there were no observable thresholds at which risks increased.
The results also proved that there was a strong, continuous relationship of maternal glucose levels which was lower than those diagnostic of diabetes with increased birth weight and increased cord-blood serum C-peptide levels.
The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. (2008). Hyperglycaemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(19), 1991-2002.
Summary
Plasma glucose level was 105 mg per deciliter (5.8 mmol per liter) or less and the 2-hour plasma glucose level was 200 mg per deciliter (11.1 mmol per liter) or less. The main outcomes at the primary level high birth weight, primary cesarean delivery, clinically diagnosed neonatal hypoglycemia, and cord-blood serum C-peptide level above the 90th percentile. Secondary outcomes included a delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, shoulder dystocia or birth injury, need for intensive neonatal care, hyperbilirubinemia, and preeclampsia. There is a strong, continuous relationship of maternal glucose levels which was lower than those diagnostic of diabetes with increased birth weight and increased cord-blood serum C-peptide levels.
Additionally the rate of acceptance of the treatment with metformin does not differ much (those treated with metformin and those treated with insulin) additionally metformin did not have serious adverse effects
References
Landon, M. B., Sponge, C. Y., Thom, E., Carpenter, M. W., Ramin, S. M., Casey, B., Anderson,.. B. (2009). A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(14), 1339-1348
Retnakaran, R., Qi, Y., Sermer, M., Connelly, P. W., Hanley, A. J. G., Zinman, B.{beta}-Cell Function Declines Within the First Year Postpartum in Women With Recent Glucose Intolerance in Pregnancy: Diabetes Care, Volume: 33, Issue: 8, Pages: 1798 to 1804
Henderson, M. M., Gunderson, E. P., & Ferrara, A. (2010). Gestational weight gain and riskof gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 115(3), 597-604.
Lawlor, D. A., Fraser, A., Lindsay, R.S., Ness, A., Dabelea, D., Catalano, P. Nelson, S. M. (2010). Association of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes and glycosuria in pregnancy with macrosomia and offspring body mass index, waist and fat mass in later childhood: Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort. Diabetologia, 53, 89-97. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1560-z
Barta, E., & Drugan, A. (2010). Glucose transport from mother to foetus— A theoretical study. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 263, 295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.12.010
Landon, M. B., Sponge, C. Y., Thom, E., Carpenter, M. W., Ramin, S. M., Casey, B., Anderson, G. B. (2009). A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(14), 1339-1348
Ross, M. G., Ervin, M. G., Novak, D. (2007). Chapter 2 fatal physiology. In S. Gabbe, J. Niebyl, & J. Simpson (Eds.), Obstetrics: Normal and problem pregnancies (pp. 26-33). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevie
Rowan, J. A., Hague, W. M., Gao, W., Battin, M. R., & Moore, M. P. (2008). Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(19), 2003-2015.
The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. (2008). Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(19), 1991-2002.
The Concepts of Technology and Patent
The Concepts of Technology and Patent
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date:
Introduction
Much of the techniques applied in the business world are engineered in an academic environment. An academic environment provides decisive solutions which answer problems of product orientation in a real market environment. A good example of this analysis is chapter five and chapter six of Hisrich et al (2010) 8th edition on entrepreneurship. This study will attempt to prove that Hisrich theoretical approach in relation to technology and patenting concepts is decisive to answer to challenges in a practical airline industry setup. The study is segmented into two main sections. Firstly, an analysis of the two concepts adopted from chapter five and chapter six. Secondly, the study will present a coherent discussion seconding the two concepts.
Technology Concept in Chapter Five
Hisrich (2010, p.133) assess the integral role of technology in empowering global organizations towards realization of decisive prudent managerial skills. For a global organization, the client-product-market driven strategy seems appealing since this approach seek to ensure that organization responds to direct demands of the client. Ideally, technology facilitates several thresholds of product development and product orientation. Research on the nature of the product is entirely client driven. Therefore, in contemplating about appliances it is integral to adopt Hisrich approach in relation to product development.
In business, integration of a business strategy and competence plan (in relation to technology) requests the consequential operations of the Research and Development department. Thus in enrolling technology, it is vital to request the RD department to investigate on the importance of ratings of any given technology. Also, Hisrich (2010, p. 132) examines the integral role of search engines in facilitating the company with much of the needed information. In fact in the later page, Hisrich covers the impetus role of business association in increasing productivity patterns. With time, technology proves a suitable platform to search for reliable business associates. Now the force behind business association is based on the knowledge that multiple layers of specialization have moved product orientation to-do-it-all approach to a to-do-best approach. For instance, in applying Hisrich approach in an aviation industry, it is good to note that technology will facilitate the determination of commercial inputs and consequently the nature of outputs.
As a result, scheduling technology innovation in the aviation industry will be subsequent towards realization of better policies. In Hisrich thoughts, an internal technology invention seems an appealing strategy. For example, the development of quality assessment software will be decisive in ensuring that quality standards are maintained at first class orientation. A good example of this system is an ERP system.
Patenting Concept in Chapter Six
Internal organization technical provisions may conflict with local or international legislative requirements. However, Hisrich (2010, p. 161-166), covers on the decisive role of understanding intellectual property rights and how this can be applied to safeguard a company against reprisal from national or international legislation systems. It is justifiable to apply this concept since the organization will be in a better position to pursue a number of technologically driven products. In aviation industry, products are increasing attracting patenting concerns. The underlying reason is because in the last one decade, there has been an influx in the number of potential players in the industry. While traditional players are attempting to present genuine products, newer players will often reformulate a product to make it appear original. This means that patents will impose on a substantial resource allocation in the incremental budgeting concern.
Further into this application, is the knowledge that the proposed software development strategy attracts vicious reprisal in relation to patents. Hisrich (2010, p. 166) covers algorithms that are considered in developing the nature of pure thoughts. In this light, patents should be considered a decisive mental process that seeks to move an organization from one step of innovation to the other. In particular, the software itself is a computer. Suh (2010, pp. 377) argues that a software- that is computer code, is not considered a statutory subject matter. Decisively, this means that codes are only patentable if proof of originality can be proved. Patentable software is one that seeks to respond to challenges which were not responded to by previous systems
Discussion
Much of Hisrich’s debate is centered on the various stages of turning a company into a global player. Thus, when it comes to product development it is inopportune that the country will have to comply with international standards. Technically, the airline company is a close replica of a company in a similar turf. However, there are various benefits that can be affiliated to Hisrich’s concepts. Firstly, if a company applies a technology strategy to empower innovation, the company will stand a better position to effectively manage its resources, projects and as well make critical levels in the development of a manufacturing process. Sari et al (2012, pp. 14-15) second this opinion in what the trio justifies as an increased access to valuable information in a corporate, clear global view. As a result of better and increased access to information, the company will be in a better position to manage its resources. Also, the prudent and tighter controls for financial compliance declaration are inversely facilitated at this point.
Again, a technology driven approach will be vital in expanding the sales pool enabling the firm to achieve considerate microeconomic goals. Primarily, research is oriented towards the development of products which are cost effective but respond to direct needs of the society. In this light, seconding Hisrch approach is integral in orienting the company to a greater financial stability level. Lastly, a technology based approach will be instrumental in ensuring that the firm is in a greater position to restructure internal organizational policies; for instance, procurement policy which amount to customer demands.
Conversely, it is good to consider the aggregate protection of corporate products in the wider commitment towards the creation of a competitive approach. Putnam (2004) reflects on the contractual benefits of patenting as applied in a business organization. Top of the list is the prevention against theft of the invention. Ideally, applying Hisrch approach is technically fronted towards establishing a reliable licensing/ inverse investing stratagem. In fact, the licensed product will add value to the list of the company assets thus improving the value of the company. Secondly, the licensed product will boost competition since the product improves the overall niche of product development and as well improving on the quality of products development. Thirdly, increased usage of innovative products will conversely encourage the building of higher profits margins. Indeed, the ability to seclude other competitors will enable the company to leap higher prospects in relation to profits (Andergassen 2010, pp. 202)
Conclusion
Ideally, implementing a business strategy is inspired by the academia-driven technical strategy. Academics present visionary analysis on what happens in a practical market. Technically, this approach is designed to ensure that decisive measures and scope are designed to inspire a learner on the fundamentality of observing a theoretically based approach for the enrollment a coherent industrial setup. However, distancing from theories, this study has assessed chapter five and chapter six of Hisrich et al (2010) 8th edition on entrepreneurship. The study picked two integral concepts courtesy of technological concept and the patenting concept, and as a result, the study has assessed their imperativeness in a real business environment.
References
Andergassen, R. (2010). Product market competition, incentives and fraudulent behavior.
Economics Letters, 107(2), 201-204.
Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. A., & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). Entrepreneurship (8th
ed.). Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, p. 205.
Putnam, J. D. (2004). Costs and Benefits of Genomics Patents. American Journal ofPharmacoGenomics, 4(5), 277-292.
Sari, N., Hidayanto, A., & Handayani, P. (2012). Toward Catalog of Enterprise ResourcePlanning (ERP) Implementation Benefits for Measuring ERP Success. The Journal ofHuman Resources Management Research, 4, 1-16.
Suh, D., & Hwang, J. (2010). An Analysis Of The Effect Of Software Intellectual PropertyRights On The Performance Of Software Firms In South Korea. Technovation, 30(5-6),376-385.