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shays-1
The Articles of Confederation and Shay’s Rebellion
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Most Massachusetts worried about social instability because of post revolution economic inflations. The legislature emphasized on levying massive taxes to pay off the state’s debt. The people who could not manage to pay, were imprisoned and their properties foreclosed. Daniel shay a war veteran started organizing Massachusetts communities in 1786 to forcibly stop foreclosure by barring courts from holding their proceedings. Shay matched into spring field to stop the court from gathering. However the state send troops to suppress the rebellion (Patterson, 2013).
In 1787 Shay retreated to Vermont while the government charged him with treason and condemned him to death. Shay pleaded for his life in 1788 and was granted by John Hancock. The serving ambassador argued that a little rebellion from time to time was considered natural in order to refresh the tree of liberty. Jefferson wrote a letter to Henry lee “my good sir, you talk of employing impact to conciliate the present tumults in Massachusetts. I know not where that impact is to be found, or, if attainable, that would be a proper disorder remedy. May we have a government that secures our liberties, lives and property”? A vigorous debate was going on throughout the states on the need for a stronger central government with Federalists arguing for the idea, and anti-Federalists opposing them. Historical estimation is distributed on the kind of role the rebellion played during the formation and later approval of the United States Constitution, however the scholars says it played some role of bringing some anti-Federalists to the strong government side (Patterson, 2013).
The political leaders and merchants agreed that there was a need for a stronger government in 1785 and in 1786, there was a convention held in Annapolis, Maryland with vigorous steps that were required to reform the government though it broke due to lack of representation. In 1787, a convention was held in Philadelphia and people thought it would fail. John Jay wrote that the inability and rural disturbances of the government to fund troops made the inefficiency of the central government to become more manifest. The Massachusetts up rise clearly subjected local leaders that had previously opposed a strong federal government. The rebellion timing influenced the sovereign states elites that the suggested gathering at Philadelphia was to take place. Massachusetts delayed in choosing delegates to the suggested convention partly since it resembled the “extra-legal” conventions that were organized by the protestors before the rebellion had become violent (Patterson, 2013).
References
Patterson, T. (2013). The American democracy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The Artemis statue with the deer
The Artemis statue with the deer
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Introduction
The Artemis statue with the deer are created and molded out of bronze which is believed to be prepared amid of the first century before Christ and the first century After Christ. Initially, it was excavated from Roman in the year 1920building place in which it adjusted hands numerous times since then prior to discovering a dwelling place in New York: Buffalo recognized as Albright Knox Art portico. The Statue is from Roman or Greek, in that epoch, Roman and Greek believed in Ancient Greek deities very much. They had many statues use the goddess of Greek mythology as theme. Artemis became the respected and adored Deity.
Artemis goddess is called Diana and she is from Greek mythology. The pure Artemis has been portrayed as the descendant of Zeus and Leto who called her as their daughter and Apollo who is Artemis twin sister. Apollo is also a goddess of other things. The statues illustrate that she is a goddess of childbirth, hunting, wild animals, virginity, wilderness, young girls, and helping heal diseases in women. . She asked Zeus to grant her virginity and was excessively defensive over her maidens and herself. The bigger statute of the goddess is attached to the smaller one putting her left arm on the head of the smaller piece o a deer. This indicates that she has power over the small deer. The Artemis statue with the deer (c. 1st cen.AD); represents a young goddess girl with a deer symbolizes her kin of hunting,” she has a crescent crown that shows she is connected with the Greek moon Selene. She was a symbol of the moon, the hunting dog, the golden arrow and arrow, stag. Artemis is standing on natural platform and has posed in a manner that shows she has completed out a shooting. At some ancient point of the bow and arrow was divided from the statue and not the whole piece anymore. It is hypothesized that the initial statue might have incorporated a dog leaping on Artemis right hand.
Some Artemis sculptures are seen carrying arrows and bows as she is recognized as the hunt goddess and numerous sources indicates that the statue confirms that once she processed a bow within her left hand. Alongside her is a deer. Being a wild animal’s goddess even the animals respect her as it is seen when the deer is hallowed to her. Evidence shows that there was another small animal which was situated along side her most possibly a dog chasing which was included in as a major symbol. The statue was created through the lost wax method as was distinguished in antiquity by with split parts made and then engaged with current welds. The Artemis artist retained a principally with his workshop in the highest intensity of craftsmanship. May be this is the basis possibly, and not those of the innovative section of the statue remains .It is believed this statue was found by the church of St. John the Lateran in Rome it is expected it was having ornaments a peristyle backyard of the great prehistoric Roman villas s in the area.
The attraction within the new system is the Shelby White Court and Leon Levy a massive, peristyle courtyard with a towering two-story entrance that associates the diverse galleries and subject. The most vital shelter of Diana of Romans ancient was situated at Arica, a variety of miles from Rome on the sea shore of Lake Nemi seashore. The lake was previously identified as speculum Dianae meaning mirror of Diana. The combination of human and animal is really gives one a sense of realism, peaceful and adoration. The statue looks very realistic, it`s full of dynamic
Artemis is usually portrayed as “striding,” but in the sculpture she stands like an epiphany an notion that is highlighted with the highest classicizing approach of the stature, with its windblown fabric and strongly romanticizes features, One can believe that Artemis is in outdoor as in her aspect
The historic Greeks believed that the right hand side central on the left hand side. The right was connected with light, luck etc as contrasting to the left which was dark, unlucky, etc. Some cultures and religions linked with the right righteousness left with the left side full of wickedness. Robert Hertz a Revue Philosophique translated the right hand to be seated at the sacred power that is the source of legitimate, good and favor, whilst the left to mean death.
Consequently, one can comprehend that Artemis is forward moving in a determined intention that imitates her sacred power.
Another source also comments that Artemis is looking up , in an epiphanies’ manner. Epiphany relates to a swift insight and the appearance of a deity. One can assume the goddess may have appeared in the moment captured by the artist’s imagination or she was in the middle of a moment of enlightenment. The Greeks link Artemis to be depicted with essence of power and strength.
This art work demonstrates Artemis to be esteemed and has been accepted by the Greeks through the artist presentation culture is shown through the richness in the story that enclosed her demonstration of her, for instance this one.
Artemis hair is drawn together behind in a chignon and it is also wavy parted. The sculpture shows her wearing a chiton which folds up at waist, viewed suitable to impress her role as a hunt goddess, daintily shaped diadem embroidered with silver partially covered with himation and swells outwards. She wears, elaborate fastened sandals with a stag stands beside her. Artemis and the stag stand on atop of a support with 361/4 inches and 163/4 inches respectively. Artemis is Bronze, indicates that the kind of material used shows a characteristic of cultural identity. Material is a good example showing cultural identity, since it put in the picture of how much people in the period are concerned regarding their art, religion and etc. The artistic show that culture was a periodical on the way he uses the material. This is seen when he uses bronze which is more expensive to marble. The Greeks cared so much about goddesses and gods than the way Romans did.
The Romans passion in the statue of the gods was not as much as the effort in the portraiture. Most Romans artworks derivates and took most parts of Greeks. One visible style is contrapposto. Contrappasto was a technique of features and the expressions of emotions and realism in the Roman Empire. It is visible from the bow human figure “S” curve caused by putting weight on one foot and twisting the shoulder. Weight on her right leg, as her left foot follows slightly behind her. The asymmetric figure pose shows that the upper torso is counter balanced by the lower torso, thus creating an S shape at the central body axis. This technique helps enlarging the autonomy of the statue creating several poses. The technique helps the sculpture to create a free standing figure that demonstrates motion, passion and characteristic.
Artemis is a goddess that controls the world.. Lately, when the roman bronze was been sold, the roman bronze of Artemis scooped the highest bid and set a new record of the most expensive sculpture of 28.6 million.
The stag and the Artemis bronze was along with more than 200 efforts to help with art future acquiring of the gallery modern and has felt right to the Buffalo in New York..-Based Albright-Knox Gallery.
Art fact Analysis
A houses action was planned and more people were bidding on the ancient items to see which one fetches the highest price.
June actually was anticipated to become a settle down period in New York auction houses moment of the sculpture world to process the most world-records heating prices that had previously been set up during may auctions.
Hence, it was like a surprise to see a historic old object fetch a big price at the auction. The early record in May for the historic pieces sold at auction had been held by Roman stone statue of goddess Venus which had been sold at 11.6$million at Christies in London year, 2002. Whenever the object comes to the market, the buyers fear that the objects might not have enough provenances. Comparing to the Artemis goddess she is made of bronze which is more expensive than marble .This time round Artemis and the stag had been taken to the market but the buyers were confident in the object.
The Artemis statute initially excavated from the roman construction site in the year 1920s, it made its way through a sequence of public to the Buffalo and above board businesses that had the statutes provenance free and clear of public analysis.
Some bragged the confirmation price at public sale for any piece of statue, modern or ancient. This will turn out to be an expensive marketing implement as they struggle to win for future business. Very few people saw this enormous price coming from the ancient times dome and that is such a bonus for them.
Conclusion
Diana gave a natural balance: to female to male, to moon, to sun, to night to day, wild to civilized. Her roles I ideologically came to light.
The Metropolitan museum of art sustains stable collection that has much art work globally. It s doors were opened in the year 1872 on month February and dwelled in a construction located in New York city at 681 fifth Avenue in Under their management of George Palmer Putnam John and Taylor Johnston, the Met’s possessions, initially being made of a Roman marble sarcophagus and 174 generally European paintings, rapidly outgrew the accessible space.
References
Sotherby, . ” Bronze Sculpture of Artemis and the Stag brings $28.6M at Sotheb’ys.” Culture Kiosque (blog), o6 20, 2012.
West, Nina P. Artemis At The Top. Artfact.com, Forbes. 19 June 2007. Accessed 20 October 2011.
Most Expensive Anti quity.Time. Accessed 20 October 2011
Bronze Sculpture Sculpture of Artemis and the stag brings $ 28.6 M at sotheby’s. Culture Kiiosque .Kiossque.8 June 2007. Accessed 20 October2011. Gleadell, Colin. Market news: Sculpture sells for record amount. The Telegraph. 11 December 2007. Accessed 20 October 2011.
Artemis and Stag at Met Museum. The New York Times 10 January 2008. Accessed 20 October 2011.
http://www.jstor.org/pss/628543
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/epiphany
THE APPLICATION
THE APPLICATION OF SITUATIONAL CRIME-PREVENTION THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES
Introduction
The following policy memo seeks to make numerous recommendations for consideration by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding green criminology. Crimes against the environment have far-reaching and deadly consequences. Efforts have been made by federal and international organizations trying to advocate for environmental protection, as they try to detect and also deter environmental crimes from occurring. This memo documents the very possible strategies from the Clarks model of situational crime-prevention techniques in the field of environmental crime. Over the years there have been great debates and studies that generate results on the environmental threats in the world today and the consequences that are associated with the threats. Situational crime prevention seems to be quite an effective form of prevention. The theory also works best when combined with the rising awareness on the environmental crimes and what parade themselves as other forms of threats on the environment. The four types of measures that seem ideal for the prevention of environmental crimes include: aggravation of access, increasing the risk of the offender, reducing the potential for damage (also termed as the reduction of the perpetrators’ profit) and the prevention of excuses that someone did not understand or have an idea that the actions, or the operations they are conducting are prohibited, illegal and most importantly harmful, to the environment (Lynch et al., 2018, p. 180). The aspects of the situational crime-prevention theory can therefore be used to respond to the environmental threats and environmental destructions being witnessed today. The theory can be used in the criminal justice system to formulate crime-preventive measures with regard to environmental threats. The measures are actually influential and to a greater extent they may be used as a critical starting point for further research and the designing and the rolling out of programs, possible solutions and recommendations on responding to environmental crimes and threats on the environment.
Technological advancement is a force that we cannot resist that has also led to the development of the science docket. Industrial revolution was the beginning of the progress and the developments humankind was to witness. The age today has been flocked with other developments, such as use of robots, the use of heavy machinery as well as electronics and the internet that has made the advancement to go viral and global as well. However, pollution has also come out strongly as a consequence of the human development and advancements. Pollution and the biggest and most dangerous giant that is waste is clearly the end product of the advancement and the development and has a negative effect on the environment and has also threated the life of man as well as the animals and the plants and even worse it has led to climate change which threatens life even more.
The witnessed consequences have included natural calamities and disasters as well as environmental pollution and hence there is need for the preventive measures to be put in place. Pollution has been known to lead to degradation of every kind such as destroying soils, plant and animal lives and even making the lives of people difficult. Heckenberg (2009) emphasized that environmental harm can be defined as a practice that involves omission acts that are both legal and illegal, when the definition of harm is given, there is a great emphasis on the societal values and priorities. The violations against the environment also occur due to irresponsible human behavior and hence for the sake of health and the normal occurrence of life there is need for more stringent measures to be put in place in order to ensure the environmental crimes are dealt with in the right way, that is they are prevented from occurring. The illegal actions which are a consequence of irresponsible human behavior can lead to global as well as national insecurity.
Environmental crimes cut across borders and hence it is important to use the crime prevention theories to solve the challenges. Deterring of environmentally harmful activities is linked to criminology because it is criminology that understood that human beings cannot be on the same page as nature as they are known for destroying nature. Currently, the EPA has an Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics & Training whose special agents, forensic specialists, and legal support staff conduct investigative activities on crimes such as illegally storing hazardous waste without a permit, releasing clouds of toxic gas into the atmosphere, unlawful use of a restricted use pesticide, unlawful dumping and discharging of toxic effluent to a body of water of the United States, tampering with a drinking water supply, unlawful taking of bald eagles, unlawful taking of migratory birds, illegal export of hazardous waste, Money laundering relating to environmental criminal activities and many others (“Criminal investigations,” 2020).
Situational crime-preventive aspects of the response to the environmental threats represent useful ideas and methods to improve the current situation. Both the crime prevention theory and the routine activities theory are important for the development of crime-control policy and of situational crime prevention in the field of environmental criminality. Transferring situational crime prevention techniques to crimes against the environment involves the basic situational crime prevention principles (Clarke and Eck 2006): reduce the commission of crime by designing models that eliminate the crime opportunities (e.g. redesigning enforcement strategies to cut off industry-specific criminal opportunities; improvement of enforcement effectiveness with the emerging knowledge of the offender’s characteristics and with the increase of technical training etc.). It is certainly true that strengthening the guardianship of the environment also depends on the relationship of regulator and regulate. As will be shown, situational crime-prevention does not contain the ambition of eliminating the so called root causes of (environmental) crime, but is addressing to solving of these issues very pragmatically and with concrete actions. The contribution presents the use of five above mentioned theories of situational crime-prevention as possible measures of preventing and reducing environmental threats. Situational crime-prevention has, in combination with rising of people’s awareness on crime and other forms of threats, proves to be quite an effective form of prevention.
Situational crime-prevention in the field of environmental crimes.
Crimes against the environment are far-reaching, dangerous and complex crimes that destroy the environment and consequently affect our society and world. T These crimes may directly affect our health today as well as hurt future generations. Therefore, efforts to detect and deter environmental crimes have to be effective and culminate in prosecution to the fullest extent permitted. To achieve this, measurable data, records, information, case studies and surveys, and useful suggestions formed on the basis of obtained results are important. When talking about harms against the environment, the term environmental crime is broadly used. Environmental crime refers to every temporary or permanent legally defined deviant act or resigned activity, which causes an artificial change, worsening, burdening, degeneration or destruction of (human) environment or breaking its natural changes (Wortley & Tilley, 2014, p. 5164). The perpetrator of environmental crime could be anyone, or every one of us (corporations, companies, groups, individuals, etc.). Their common characteristics are the victims, because by harming of the environment (plants, animals, and natural elements) they harm people as well. Dealing with issues of environmental criminality, within the social sciences, green criminology has best responded to the phenomena of environmental crime.
The situational crime prevention measures to be employed in the prevention of environmental crimes include the aspects of the strategy including; increasing the efforts, reducing provocations as well as eliminating excuses.
References.
Criminal investigations. (2020, August 24). US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/criminal-investigationsClarke, R. V. (1980). Situational crime prevention: Theory and practice. Brit. J. Criminology, 20, 136.
Huisman, W., & Van Erp, J. (2013). Opportunities for environmental crime: A test of situational crime prevention theory. British Journal of Criminology, 53(6), 1178-1200.
Linden, R. (2007). Situational crime prevention: Its role in comprehensive prevention initiatives. IPC Review, 1, 139-159.
Lynch, M. J., Stretesky, P. B., & Long, M. A. (2018). Situational crime prevention and the ecological regulation of green crime: A review and discussion. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 679(1), 178-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716218789080Wortley, R., & Tilley, N. (2014). Theories for situational and environmental crime prevention. Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 5164-5173. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_548