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The Emergence and Flourishing Of the Earliest States in African History
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The Emergence and Flourishing Of the Earliest States in African History
African states built great and powerful states from the rise of Ancient Egypt o the primes of the Empire of Mali and Great Zimbabwe. States in Africa grew through relations between Europe and Asia. Africa’s transcribed history begins with the emergence of Egyptian civilization and in subsequent centuries follows the growth of several diverse societies beyond the Nile Valley. From an ancient time, this has entailed significant interactions with non-African civilizations—the states’ prosperity and affluence derived from controlling the trade itineraries across the desert (Akena, 2019). With wealth acquired from natural resources such as gold and salt, enormous herds of livestock, and power over trade routes, some states managed to conquer their militarily-weaker and less wealthy neighbors to forge notable empires. In this paper, I examine the emergence and flourishing of the Songhai Empire, Ghana Empire, and Kush’s Kingdom.
The Songhai Empire happened to be the biggest and the last of the three major pre-colonial empires to surface in West Africa. It was dominated by and named after Songhay, a group of Nilo-Saharan-speaking persons. Songhai’s capital, known as Gao, which still exists to this day a small Niger River trading center, remains to this day a small Niger River trading center, was dwelling to the well-known the Tomb of Askia and Goa Mosque, the most significant of the Songhai emperors. Songhai had a period of prosperity due to a sophisticated administrative system and vigorous trade policies that segregated its immense holdings into various provinces, each governed by its own ruler. It got to its peak in the early 16th century under the administration of the earnest King Muhammad I Askia, who subjugated new lands, forged a coalition with Egypt’s Muslim Caliph, and created a lot of Islamic schools in Timbuktu. The Songhai regime was much more federal in respect of the more centralized arrangements of the ancient Mali and Ghana Empires. The emperor was a complete king, but regardless of having around 800 eunuchs at his dwelling in Gao, the Songhai monarchs were certainly not relatively safe on their powers. Six of the nine either got overthrown or died in violent deaths, normally at their uncle and brothers’ hands.
The Ghana Empire was the first to rise as an agrarian empire in the region. This empire flourished from at least the 6th to 13th century CE. Not linked geologically to Ghana’s contemporary state, the Ghana Empire was situated in the western Sudan savannah region (current southern Mauritania and Mali). Trade was enabled by the plenty of gold, copper, ivory, iron, and easy access to the Senegal and Niger rivers and their tributaries. The Ghana rulers, living in the capital at Koumbi Saleh, became very wealthy, constructing up accumulations of the gold lumps since they were the only ones permitted to possess gold (Akena, 2019). Subsequently, this empire’s reputation spread to Europe and North Africa, where it was described as a wonderful realm of gold. The Ghana Empire grew rich from the increased trans-Saharan trade in salt and gold, allowing bigger urban centers to grow.
The last empire in this paper is the kingdom of Kush. Kush was a kingdom in northern Africa in the region corresponding to contemporary Sudan. The Kingdom of Kush lasted for over 1400 years. It was first established around 1070 BCE. It was based first in the city of Napata and later Meroe, home of the Meroitic language (Akrong, 2019). It was famous for its archers, the bow, and arrow that were normally depicted in their art. Most times, the region was referred to as the “Land of the Bow” for its well-known archers. Piye was one of Kush’s most renowned leaders who subjugated Egypt and turned out to be the pharaoh of Egypt. The Empire of Kush was a part of Nubia, which stretched from the Upper Nile to the Red Sea. With its sequence of capitals in what is nowadays northern Sudan, the renowned Empire of Kush assisted define the cultural and political landscape of northeastern Africa.
Reference
Akena, F. A. (2019). Ancient Governance in Africa. In Gender, Democracy and Institutional Development in Africa (pp. 37-65). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11854-9_3
Akrong, A. O. (2019). Trade, routes trade, and commerce in pre-colonial Africa. In Gender, democracy and institutional development in Africa (pp. 67-98). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11854-9_4
Pre-Rough-Draft-Questions
Pre-Rough Draft Questions
What is your analysis of the situation you are writing about?
I think that the situation I am writing about is very relevant. Given that there is a great need to better communicate with our customers, I think it is important to propose new computer equipment and personnel that will bring customers in rather than us reaching out to them. Inbound marketing has proven to succeed, and I would like to propose a new direct marketing strategy to our company.
Who is your specific audience?
I am directing this message to the CEO of the company. Because this is a big request, it will require the permission of the executive officer.
In what area will you conduct secondary research?
I will conduct secondary research in the areas of direct marketing, direct response advertising, and the reasons behind why smart phones and tablets may or may not be beneficial in the workplace. Additionally, I will conduct research to determine the average salary of a social media expert in order to offer the CEO more concrete numbers from which to base his decision.
Will you use primary resources? If so, what will that be?
I plan to pull my information from peer-edited journals as well as the most recent marketing textbooks to determine how to launch an effect direct marketing campaign. I will also be looking at companies who have engaged in similar marketing strategies in order to offer concrete examples to the CEO.
Do you have some ideas about conclusions and recommendations?
While I am yet to conclude, I would like to recommend a re-vamping of our current marketing strategy. In order to accomplish this goal, I think we will need a social media expert, smart phones to stay engaged with our consumers, and techniques for how we will reach out to customers online.
Is there anything else you would like to share about how you will write this report or what you will include? Please share.
I plan to lay out the report starting from addressing the need for a new marketing strategy. Once I have established a need, I will then offer recommendations for how our company would go about implementing my proposed marketing strategy.
Preparing Nurse Leaders
Preparing Nurse Leaders
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There are various personal qualities and attributes that are useful in the preparation of a nursing profession. These qualities serve to develop the intelligence, compassion, and dedication that are necessary for nurses. The qualities are broken down into five sections: Knowledge; Work Habits; Pursuit of Knowledge; Personal Attitudes and Ethics; Problem-solving Skills (Scully, 2015).
Knowledge
In order to carry out their job effectively, nurses must have a good understanding of medical terminology as well as basic medical knowledge that is appropriate for their specific nursing specialty. This information must be updated regularly due to changes in medicine and technology. Nurses should also be able to understand instructions given by doctors or specialists so they can relay these instructions accurately to those who need them (i.e., patients or family).
Work Habits
One of the main goals in establishing a nursing career is to establish positive work habits. A nurse should establish good work habits in the following areas: organization, documentation, communication, professional boundaries and professionalism, time management, and flexibility. Nurses should learn how to prioritize their time so they have time for personal activities as well as opportunities for continuing education. Nurses should learn how to effectively communicate with other professionals as well as patients by using written and verbal language. They must also set forth professional boundaries (i.e., what they are not allowed to do). Nurses need to learn how to maintain professionalism on the job and off the job (i.e., in public or private settings). Lastly, nurses must learn how to manage their time effectively.
Pursuit of Knowledge
In order to properly provide care for their patients, nurses must be able to obtain the latest information in their medical field and learn the most effective ways to treat patients. In order to do this, nurses need to set aside time for continuing education opportunities. They should also seek out mentors and role models who can teach them new skills and share valuable information with them.
While they are on the job, nurses should be actively involved in patient care. In order to ensure that they are providing the best possible care, they should be willing to ask questions when necessary. They should also be flexible in their approach to patient care and willing to change care plans as required.
Personal Attitudes and Ethics
In order to help patients feel safe, nurses must be able to establish a trusting relationship with them. They should also be able to set aside personal feelings while they are at work and not become personally involved in their patients’ lives. Nurses should also maintain a sense of dignity for all people, regardless of race, gender, or age.
Problem-Solving Skills
Nurses must have good problem-solving skills if they are going to be successful in providing quality care for their patients.
Cultural competence
Cultural competence refers to the ability to understand, respect, and honor the dimensions of other cultures. We are culturally competent when we can act in a supportive and respectful way towards others while appreciating their different ideas, behaviors, beliefs and values. It is the ability of healthcare professionals to work effectively across cultures. The concept is based on the belief that different cultures have different worldviews and values, which impact health beliefs, practices, and behaviors in families, communities, organizations and society at large. Cultural competence also acknowledges that an individual’s identity as a member of a subculture or cultural community has an influence on its health goals. It can also be simply defined as the “The ability to understand cultural difference in communication styles”.
“Ability to recognize the importance of culture for health care decisions.”
“Recognizing how one’s own beliefs may differ from those from other cultures.
Ethical sensitivity
In leadership, Ethical sensitivity tends to refer to the capacity to understand and appreciate the ethical implications of decisions and/or actions, whether as a leader or follower, and also to understand how others perceive such implications. In nursing leadership scenarios, Ethical sensitivity refers to the ability to identify ethical issues in practice, such as respecting patient rights, confidentiality and privacy. It also includes understanding how organizational policies can affect patients’ treatment. It is simply the degree to which an individual is empathetic and sensitive to the needs or desires of other people. A person who is ethical sensitive is able to discern the individual’s preferences, rights, and priorities. An ethical-sensitive leader has “a sense of empathy that allows them to put themselves in other people’s shoes.” Consequently, they are able to understand how their leadership choices affect co-workers. Although most leaders are not ethical-sensitive by nature, the development of this trait can be cultivated through training and practice in leadership positions.
Leadership and life-long learning
Leadership and life-long learning refers to the ability to lead and be a lifelong learner. It is an essential trait of leadership that will allow you to excel in all endeavors. Leadership is the ability that allows people on an organization to “move forward together” or “be a team”. This can be further defined as the practice of influencing, motivating, and guiding others so they follow your vision or idea of action or progress towards a given goal. The definition can often be best described by observing a leader doing something new, exciting and different compared to what they were doing before while being open minded and learning along the way. The key element in implementing leadership is how well you inspire others.
As a nurse leader, leadership and life-long learning is one of the cornerstones of the fundamental requirements for effective leadership. Those leaders that possess these abilities are recognized as being competent, competent leaders. They usually have an ability to influence and inspire others. This is why this type of person is known as a leader versus a dictator or supervisor. The most important aspect in being a leader that has leadership and life-long learning is to improve oneself every day and make continuous improvements in areas of competence within your role. The leader that has leadership and life-long learning understanding what they don’t know will be well versed in this subject area.
Impact of a graduate education in nursing
A graduate education in nursing is vital for my future career goals. A graduate education in nursing will provide me with the skills and knowledge to care for patients, uphold ethical practices in healthcare, administer medications, create evidence-based decisions and care for the environment. Nursing schools provide a holistic educational model that integrates theoretical knowledge into practical application. The primary focus of the graduate program is patient care, but it also covers other aspects of life as well such as managing your time effectively and how to be an advocate for those you are responsible for caring for.
A graduate education will also provide me with leadership qualities and attributes that are vital in the healthcare field. As I progress through the nursing program and enter into practice as a registered nurse, I will take on leadership roles within my healthcare facility. Nursing school exposes students to many aspects of leadership including establishing and maintaining professional relationships with peers, mentors, administration and other professionals in the healthcare field.
Establishing professionalism in your nursing career is vital because you are expected to be reliable, dependable, and trustworthy and exhibit mature actions in all situations. A graduate education will also give me the skills I need to pursue a Ph.D. in Nursing Education so I can become a nurse educator that provided training to future nurses and conducts research on topics within my area of expertise in nursing practice.
In conclusion, preparing nurse leaders at all entries of practice will assist in advancing the health of the people of New York, the wider geographical regions, and the global community. High quality research, public service, accessible educational programs, and clinical practice is vital in preparing nurse leaders with the necessary attributes and qualities. The nurse leaders must be allowed to explore their own strengths, aspirations, and styles of learning in order to develop the required leadership skills. A nurse leader is one who has shown a deep desire for advancement in nursing and is willing to take on the responsibility of others in the health care team. A nurse leader is prepared to assume a career that utilizes theory, evidence, and research as a means for quality nursing care to be given at all levels of practice.
References
Scully, N. J. (2015). Leadership in nursing: The importance of recognising inherent values and attributes to secure a positive future for the profession. Collegian, 22(4), 439-444.