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Pre-hospital administration of oxygen for chest pain patients
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Pre-hospital administration of oxygen for chest pain patients
The study was conducted by paramedic student from 195 paramedic programs in the United States on 10, 558 patients provided an extensive analysis of how chest pain patients were responding to pre-hospital administration of oxygen. A study conducted in 2010 presented well documented results of patients complaining of cardiac chest pain, positive pressure ventilation and other indications of criticality. In a timeframe of six months prior to the publication of American Heart Association (AHA), the rate of patients who received supplementary oxygen declined in 2011 compared to the analysis in 2010. Out of 1,738 patients, 488 with SpO2 ≥ 94% got the supplementary oxygen, which accounted to 71.9% of the total encounters. However, the rate decreased to 64% in 2011, with figures amounting to 1820 for 5050 patients encountered (Slovis & Pepe, 2012).
The odds of hemodynamically stable chest pain patients are delivered on the presumption that the patient is in a state of stroke, infarction and head injury or other critical condition and giving supplementary oxygen will provide relief of the symptoms. Notably, oxygen is a powerful drug administered to reverse the hypoxemia without indication and in unknown concentration. Oxygen is the most common administered drug in pre-hospital emergencies; however, it is not the most commonly prescribed drug. For example, although stroke is treatable by oxygen supply to the brain, routine use of it increases the concentration of oxygen free radicals in the brain when there is a reduction in cerebral blood flow. The free radicals potentiate reperfusion injury to the brain (Slovis & Pepe, 2012).
In this regard, and in particular for chest pain patients with (SpO2) is ≥ 94% oxyhaemoglobin saturation, the AHA has cancelled routine supply of oxygen. Nevertheless, 50% of patients who do not meet the criteria are still receiving the supplementary oxygen. Oxygen is a life-saving agent, and a common belief is that in a short time, oxygen is non-toxic. However, there have been logistic challenges and lack of proper training for patient attendants that has castigated the problem of routine use of oxygen. It is, therefore, imperative look up for the indications that will act as a guideline to monitor the supply of supplementary oxygen to the patient during pre-hospital emergencies (Slovis & Pepe, 2012).
The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth and Employment Level in China
The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth and Employment Level in China
Introduction
Foreign direct investment is the most critically development sector in any given economy. It mainly deals with transfer of money from one sector to the other thus contributing to economic influx. In the recent years, FDI has grown to adapt to the latest technologies, managerial capabilities and marketing skills. This shows a great upward progress of economy in a given sector. FDI has contributed to china’s economic progress by assisting the country in compensating the excessive domestic savings to enhancing rapid capital formulation. FDI normally plays a significant role in the short-run period of investment. Due to the factor of diminishing marginal returns, FDI doesn’t play any major role in the long-run period. Externalities and production spillovers do significantly contribute to economic progress due to its positive influence on efficiency and production. Globalization plays a major role in the stimulation of positive progress of FDI; this is due to its contribution towards liberalization of trade and development of exchange rate regimes.
Effects of FDI on employment
Foreign direct investment plays a significant role on the employment level of the China’s economy. This is due to business process outsourcing. The unemployment level is significantly low due to the maximum utilization of the total manpower in the economy. The unemployment level in China is at 3.7%; this shows that the employment level is quite stable compared to other huge economies globally. China population is approximated to be grossly 1.3 billion peole, this contributes to 17% of the global population. Imperative of the huge population influx, china proofs to be in the frontline of ensuring that its entire population is catered for in terms of employment.
China is one of the big economies that concentrate on foreign direct investments in all of its development aspects. It ranges from the engineering sector to hospitality industry. One of its robust foreign direct investment sectors is the civil and mechanical engineering sector. It is approximated that china caters for nearly 53% of all civil and mechanical projects across the global economy. The country benefits greatly from this investment due to its ability accommodate its entire manpower into the job markets thus beating the unemployment level. Stable employment level in an economy is one of the indicators of a robust economic growth. This is simply due to the fact that; the national treasury receives adequate revenue n terns of taxes from the entire working population. This revenue can then be used effectively to ensure steep end economic growth.
Foreign direct investments cater for approximately 63% of the national employment level. This serves to accommodate all the skilled labor within the economy both within and outside the economy. This is efficient enough towards the county’s economic growth, hence, more and more investment in FDI contributes greatly to the welfare of the economy. Another significant contribution of FDI towards the employment of the Chinese population is the, positive contribution of the foreign exchange
The effects of fake paintings on the global art market
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The effects of fake paintings on the global art market
The effects of fake paintings on the art market have been subject to a large study over time. The effects of fake goods on the market have always been such that they lower the prices of their genuine counterparts. Interestingly, this is not the case in the art market. Fake paintings still get purchased by buyers at the prevailing market prices without affecting the market dynamics. This paper shall explore this phenomenon and establish if indeed that is the case.
Fake paintings always capture the imaginations of the society who revel in the ability of the forger to capture the detail of the original piece of work accurately. However, few give consideration to the effects such paintings have on the art market. It is widely accepted that the art market is growing rapidly followed by a corresponding market for fake paintings and other forgeries.
The international art market has rebounded to its 2008 pre-crisis level, providing a large market for art forgers. It is “estimated that the global art market is worth more than $64 billion as of 2013, providing skilled forgers with a large market for their products” (Pathak, 2007). However, most buyers are wary of works from artists they are not familiar with and platform such as eBay have tightened their terms and conditions regarding proliferation of fake paintings on the site. Even as these measures are taken to curb trade in fake art, the vice is still growing as evidenced by the increasing number of cases of fake art.
The stakeholders of the art market have not completely quit in the struggle to curb art forgery. Newer technologies have come up that are able to detect the evidence skilled forgers use to manipulate their unsuspecting victims. In addition to these methods, policy makers are also stepping up to the challenge to revise their laws and policies regarding the vice. However, fake paintings still continue to crop up in many auctions and galleries. Their existence tarnishes the reputations of these establishments ruining business for them.
Understanding the negative effects of part of a $ 64 billion dollar business from an economic perspective means analyzing the numbers involved. Unfortunately, access to such details is restricted by the fact that such unlawful practices are a concealed affair. Such unlawful elements destroys the integrity of the otherwise booming art trade while soiling the reputations of the original artists. If “fake paintings continue to infiltrate the market, global art trade might lose tractions denying the economies of many countries huge sums in revenue” (Tittler, 2012).
The ripple effect of fake paintings in the art market is another indicator of the negative effects of fake paintings and other forms of art on the market. Many artist organizations are creating mechanism of identifying forgeries and fake artwork. Interestingly, their work is also being limited by issues of litigation making authentication of paintings a tricky affair. In the long run, this has affected the market by introducing loopholes that forgers and fraudulent conmen continue to exploit through dealing in fake paintings.
The public relations nightmare surrounding discovery of forged art, especially fake paintings, makes for a strong case against the products of forgery. In addition to destroying reputations, it harms the art market by compromising the artwork’s historical knowledge. This can be both detrimental and beneficial for the piece. Some paintings gain unprecedented fame based on their association with fake art work increasing their prices. On the other hand, most fake paintings destroy the prices of even the original works.
Fake artwork also introduces other forms of evil into the art industry and especially the market. China is a victim of this kind of crimes where buyers use fake art to seal their deals in auctions and galleries. Used as a form of unconventional currency, the fake paintings find their way into the mainstream market and affect the prices of genuine artwork. In many cases, the museum directors have to be bribed in order to allow such transactions to take place in their museums and galleries.
Fake paintings affect our perception of the quality and authenticity in other related fields. Due to these two quality issues, many art dealers have had to invest heavily in expensive technology aimed at detecting fakes from the genuine artwork. However, it has not been an easy undertaking since forgers too seem to have upped their ante. Spencer(2004) reports that “using their own innovations, they are able to circumvent the checks and measures used to catch them which explain the recent rise in incidents of art forgery and especially fake paintings” (pg 82).
The effects of fake artwork on the art market are obviously negative. While some might choose to argue they increase aspects of integrity and escalate price differences, fake work is illegal and should be shunned. It affects the integrity of an otherwise good industry, introduces alternative forms of currency to criminals, and affects the professional and public image of the artists themselves. A lot of work needs to be done to introduce better legislation and policy into the market, but until that happens, fake paintings shall continue being a sensitive problem for the art market.
Works Cited
Pathak, Akhileshwar. “Ownership and Quality.” Legal Aspects of Business. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007. 164. Print.
Spencer, Ronald D. “Authentication and Connoiseurship.” The Expert Versus the Object: Judging Fakes and False Attributions in the Visual Arts. New York: Oxford UP, 2004. 82. Print.
Tittler, Robert. “Provincial painters.” Portraits, Painters, and Publics in Provincial England, 1540-1640. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. 76. Print.