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The Effectiveness Of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection On The Reduction Of Central Line Infections
The Effectiveness Of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection On The Reduction Of Central Line Infections
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AbstractThe increased numbers of central line bloodstream infections cases are increasing as more people spend almost their life time at hospital ICU’s area. If a solution could be found about how to prevent such cases, more lives would be saved and the cost of healthcare practices would go down. The following research proposal aims at investigating how effective line bundle protocol is in preventing central line associated bloodstream infections in ICUs compared to the normal standard precautions. The research will make use of quantitative research methods through primary data collection tools like questionnaires, interviews, and surveys. In addition, the proposal gives the best theory that the research should adopt in determining the best nursing practice.
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc342427361 h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc342427362 h 3Background PAGEREF _Toc342427363 h 4Problem statement PAGEREF _Toc342427364 h 5Research objectives PAGEREF _Toc342427365 h 6Nursing theoretical framework PAGEREF _Toc342427366 h 6Hypothesis PAGEREF _Toc342427367 h 8Literature review PAGEREF _Toc342427368 h 8Method PAGEREF _Toc342427369 h 10Justification of the method PAGEREF _Toc342427370 h 11Validity and reliability of data collection tools PAGEREF _Toc342427371 h 12Limitations PAGEREF _Toc342427372 h 12Data collection PAGEREF _Toc342427373 h 12Questionnaires and interviews PAGEREF _Toc342427374 h 14Data analysis PAGEREF _Toc342427375 h 14References PAGEREF _Toc342427376 h 14
IntroductionBloodstream infections caused by central line infections have a maturity rate of 12% to 25%, which makes them the most deadly infections in the world. Such patients are treated in Intensive Care units (ICUs) because they require thorough intervention and their lives are always in danger. Quality health is a right for every human being and not a privilege. The health services have offered in hospitals should concentration on preventing incidences such as central line bloodstream infections that are very dangerous in a patient’s life. As such, individuals should have a right to health preventive practices. The amount of Americans expenditure on CLABSI cases has an approximate value of 20% of the family budget. The spending results to high rate of poverty especially to people who leave below the poverty line, and citizens in developing countries. In addition, health care system in United States lacks the element of patient-doctor centric and it is quite uncoordinated.
Prevention is a key need for quality health; this ensures that individuals receive the service in an adequate manner and that the services are of high quality. Creating a room for the privilege in CLABSI cases may introduce an element of discrimination on the level of services that an individual receives. In using effective prevention measures such incidences would be reduced. According to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), best practices have been introduced regarding the practices of preventing the CLABSI infections and strategies for determining the best practices. Therefore, hospital ICUs being a right ensures that individuals receive an equal and standard level of services to avoid sudden deaths. In addition, prevention of CLABSI cases minimizes the amount of individual expenditure in hospital bills and saves the government a lot of revenue in catering for the bed ridden people (Shi & Singh, 2008).
CLABSI cases need effective facilities that prevent their occurrence; as such, the government should take an active role in the management of the infections that result to CLABSI. This involves educating of physicians and medical practitioners or better healthcare practices that prevents the spread of CLABSI to patients. The management at hospitals should safeguard the health of patients by ensuring physicians, doctors, and nurses use the appropriate tools while handling patients, especially during injection processes. According to Comprehensive unit-based Safety program (CUSP) and HAI (2011), hospitals should ensure they offer the best healthcare practices that minimize certain infections through adopting effective programs, which ensure the live of patients is not put at risk. The following research proposal will investigate on the suitability of using central line bundle protocol in prevention of central line associated bloodstream infections in hospitals ICU”s. the research will make use of quantitative research methods on gathering the necessary information that will be of importance for the proposal. In addition, the research will use the most effective nursing theory that guides it through justifying the use of the nursing technique proposed.
BackgroundThe use of central venous catheters (CVCs) in the administration of intravenous fluids, medications, blood products, and parental nutrition together with the monitoring of various blood activities inside the body is a common practice in today’s healthcare centers. Many venous and arteries are required in identifying pathophysiologic factors that help in determining the efficiency of any therapy in a healthcare centre. The use of such processes leads to serious bloodstream infections referred to central line-associated bloodstream infections. These infections are now highly preventable when proper guidelines are followed for the collect administration of the required medication and other substances. The type of infections developed by a patient when receiving certain care in a healthcare centre might cause many troubles if allowed to grow and expand to other parts of the body. Hospital ICU’s use either central line bundle protocol or no bundle protocol with standard precautions in preventing central line associated blood infections (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005).
The establishment of line bundle protocol process will introduce an element of prevention, among the bloodstream infection cases. This will aid in motivating them and an algorithm that will aid health care cost reduction and improvement of the service delivery will emerge. This, in turn, will aid in improving the nation’s health care, and families will save their earnings on health care costs. In addition, the process will aid in solving societal problems of health care delivery system. The key challenge for the issue presented is the ability of different health care centers to adopt the process in the technology, and develop a system of making health care affordable and efficient.
Problem statement`Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) is a serious health problem that affects more than 41,000 victims each year in United States. The infections cause prolonged hospital stay and are associated with increased mortality risks and health costs. Various healthcare centers use different methods of preventing cases of CLABSI, but research has not yet determined the best protocol to adopt. The high risks of blood stream infections results from poor practices that hospital use in preventing such infections. Blood stream infections increase the duration of hospitalization by almost 21 days leading to increased cost of medication. On the other hand, the more the infections the more death cases are reported because the patient stays in a very critical conduction needing special care. The following research investigates how a hospital ICU using central line bundle protocol is more efficient in preventing central line associated blood stream infection (Klevens et al, 2007).
Research objectivesThe objective of the research is to determine the effectiveness of hospital ICU’s use of central line bundle protocol over the standard precautions in the prevention of central line associated bloodstream infection.
Nursing theoretical frameworkThe research will use an integrative nursing theoretical framework.
The theoretical framework will take control of both clinical and administrative processes in addressing the issue of CLABSI and the preventive practices. The integrative theoretical framework serves as a guide in making various decisions necessary for the advancement of the healthcare industry. In addition, the theoretical framework enhances communication with patients and staff, and assists in identifying solutions to most pressing issues affecting disease prevention practices (Schmieding, 1990). The theory will assist in looking at the CLABSI concept in a way that generates the necessary outcomes that agree with the null hypothesis. In addition, it will give a wide range of suggestions when more people will be interviewed and increases experiences in nursing practice. The integrative theory provides a framework of materials that a researcher requires in gathering the necessary information about the impact of bloodstream infection prevention measures. Operational structure in best-practice that most hospitals should follow since it acts as the major driving force for attainment of the organization goals, and improvement in the performance level. The structure stipulates role expectations of various individuals found within the organization. In addition, the structure provides a coordinated system of the correlation among the various units of the organization. The research will be guided by the nursing concept that discusses the importance of carrying out nursing researches.
The theory will cover all nursing philosophies that will play a great in understanding their environment and designing the best approaches to follow. Nursing philosophy will address a broad area and more information concerning the best practice will be gathered. According to Alligood (2006), nursing philosophy is a discipline that provides direction, forming foundation for research development, and clarifying values that one requires in the healthcare industry. In addition, the theory will help in choosing the target group for the research because it forms the most important component of the proposal. In addition, the theory provides a base line for generating the main ideas that a researcher should have before facing the respondent group.
On the other hand, the integrative theory will assist in discovering characteristics of people involved in the research and determine the best approaches to these people in order to gather information. The theory helps in integrating various life aspects that are needed in understanding the human psychology in order to make the respondent feel the need for carrying out this research. It identifies the guiding objectives, which a research needs to adopt to improve on quality of data collected, they encourage individual performance output level, and they give a structure for evaluating the research progress (Hertz, 2006). However, these goals need an outline in a quantitatively, measurable, time-bound, realistic, and applicable manner, for them to guide actions for the organization. On the other hand, the mission of an organization provides feedback to what the organization has done or intending to undertake.
The nursing theory proposed will also ensure the type of data collected is more substantial and capable of helping even future researchers in the same discipline. Conceptualization will aid inn coming up with the most appropriate research aims and objectives that will ensure every aspect of the research topic is covered and the generated recommendations fits the suffering society.
HypothesisH1: Central line bundle protocol offers more effective prevention of central line bloodstream infection. The following hypothesis backs the fact the central line bundle protocol should be used in most hospitals ICU’s in preventing bloodstream infections.
H2: Central line bundle protocol is not effective in preventing central line associated bloodstream infections; instead hospitals ICU should use standard precautions.
Literature reviewMost hospitals try to develop processes that improve the safety of patients in hospitals especially those at ICUs. According to Institute of Medicine, the US department of Health and Human Services (HHS) came up with a development plan that monitored various infection prevention strategies but none of them was very effective in preventing central line associated blood stream infections. With all the progress by the HHS there has been limited progress on the processes and systems for preventing bloodstream infections. The central bundle protocol was tested and found to yield more positive results from the number of patients tested. In an effort to increase ICU quality of care given to patients, research from Johns Hopkins University School of medicine developed a model that that carried out interventions of the rate of CLABSI. The teams used central bundle protocol that recorded a dramatic decrease in CLABSI cases in the 103 participants used (Arias & Carrico, 2009).
On the other hand, most of the bloodstream infections are caused by poor nursing practices where physicians use untreated tools for disease diagnosis. Practices for the insertion of central line have been promoted that indicates the best methods. A bundle approach to prevention of CLABSI was also introduced that ensured several cases of infections were reported in patients suffering from line bloodstream infections. Out of 158 Pennsylvania healthcare centers investigated in 2009, those that consistently followed the use of line bundle practices showed reduced cases of CLABSI. The bundle practices adopted were the use of maximal sterile barriers during insertion, chlorhexidine site preparation, and documentation of daily review that facilitated early removal (Advis PPS, 2010; Casey et al, 2003). The following practices indicated positive results though the researches never used line bundle protocol that seems to be more effective.
The standard precaution for CLABSI prevention is also effective, but has some limitations. The practice only prevents cross transmission of infections across the body leading to contamination of body fluids. Hospital-acquired Infections forms the largest killing agents in America. CLABSI is caused by such infections and the use of common antibiotics cannot cure the infection. Implementing the right protocols will make healthcare centers reduce risks of CLABSI and save more lives. According to McCaughey (2006), these infections can be prevented using central line bundle practice because it contains the necessary disinfectants that can cope with the infections. In addition, central line bundles come in different standards that meet different environmental conditions for each country’s healthcare facility’s preferences and protocol (IHI, 2008). CLABSI is an avoidable situation when especially when the line bundle protocol is used in ICU patients.
The cure of CLABSI is very costly where most people ignore it and let their loved ones die on hospital beds. There are many devices and products available in the market used in the prevention of CLABSI condition. These products are not recommended because the also block the blood vessels restraining blood movement to different body parts. According to the Health & Development Information Team, some of the methods used in accessing arteries, like use of needles increase the infection rates (2005). The team recommends the use of needless systems, like line bundle protocol, to access I.V tubing because they assist in preventing bloodstream infections. In addition, the Occupation Safety and Healthy provides recommendations for the best systems that hospital ICUs should use in preventing bloodstream infections depending of the amount of risk exposure. When needles systems are used line bundle protocol process forms the most effective method in preventing CLABSI (2012).
Method
Philosophy is a crucial process in the methodology design that aids in identification of a system for adoption in the methodology of a research that has no dependence on other systems. The philosophy identifies the process, the content, language, and knowledge of the methodology needed for a given research (Midgley, 2000). In addition, philosophy aids in making judgments that outline the boundaries of the research methodology process. The philosophy of methodology demands that the methodology adopted be stated and explanation, as well as analysis takes place effectively (Chiara 1997).
The methodology adopted will entail quantitative research methodologies. Quantitative method is a subjective research approach, which has a characterization of identification of new knowledge (Appleton, Briggs, and Rhatigan 1978), participation in the fieldwork, and use of the researcher as the key source of primary data. In the research process, the personnel conducting the research aim at getting the meaning of existence of a phenomenon and nature of reality. Moreover, the researchers have limited concerns on the outcomes and have more concerns of the research process. Quantitative method finds use as a descriptive study approached in an inductive manner. However, the analysis of quantitative data may use statistical tools that aid in making accurate inferences concerning the collected data.
Justification of the methodQualitative research is a subjective method for data collection that aids in identification of new knowledge. On the other hand, quantitative research limits the chances of new knowledge discovery. Quantitative research creates an opportunity for discovery of the meaning and understanding of the issues that relate to social life or human beings behaviour. This occurs since quantitative research has an element of descriptive and the respondents provide data deemed to reflect personal perceptions. Moreover, rapport and trust play a significant role in the data collection process in any kind of research. Quantitative research benefits in establishing the two elements in data collection process. As such, the data collected has an element of reliability.
The questionnaires use scales to aid in achieving the desired response from the respondents. Respondents’ reflections come out clearly, when questionnaires find use in the research work. As such, the respondents give individual perception on the research topic. This is a significant technique of collecting information that has a correlation to the social aspect of human beings. The incorporation of interviews in the research work aid in creating an environment of trust between the interviewee and interviewer. As such, the information collected has a high level of accuracy and reliability.
Mixed method for research work aids in combining several methods to collect the same kind of data. The method ensures that data has no element of bias and that research errors occur rarely. The method creates room for use of both primary and secondary data collection method for the research. The use of several methods in collecting the same data aids in ensuring that the collected data has an element of credibility. Therefore, mixed method provides for checking of any ambiguity in the data collected.
Validity and reliability of data collection toolsTo address issues about the quality of data and appropriateness of the methods to use in carrying out the research project, a pilot study will be done. After the pilot study, nursing experts in the faculty of medicine will check instrument for validity and review the items. The experts will then determine whether the instrument will cover the relevant content for which it is intended and will make the necessary adjustments.
Limitations
The research methodology adopted might face various limitations as shown. First, failure of the target group to respond to the questionnaires and interviews will limit the strength of results generated. In addition, some hospital might refuse entry to the ICU areas in fear of interfering with the patients. Second, the research team members might fail the research especially when they do not carry out the research effectively and gives false findings.
Data collectionThe primary outcomes for the data collected will form the quarterly rate of CLABSI measured per 1,000 central line days. The infection perfectionists will be independent of ICUs and will be asked to give definitions of the state of bloodstream infections. In data collection process, questionnaires will be formulated. 10 hospitals from 3 districts will be selected at random. In each hospital, the target group will consist of 5 patients in ICUs suffering from CLABSI, 3 nurses, 1 doctor, and 1 physician. The target groups will be expected to respond to questionnaires, and interviews each taking approximately 3 hours. The questionnaires will consist of questions that will elicit a response from the respondent. The questions include factual questions, questions based on the desired information, questions directed to self-perception of the respondent, opinion and attitude based questions, and projective questions (Powell 2004).
The questionnaires that will have to be disseminated will be scaled. This will aid in obtaining the desired response from the respondents. The questionnaires context will have uniformity for better results that will aid in an effective analysis of the trends of the sample population responses. In addition, the questionnaire will contain cross check questions to aid in data analysis. The sample population to respond to questionnaires needs prior examination for identification of any limitations or barriers of ineffectiveness of the questionnaire.
The data collection procedure begins with the establishment of a pre-test for the questionnaire. This is a necessary step that aids in identification of the complexity of the questionnaires to be administered. Pre-test also aids in the formulation of measures to overcome research limitations. This occurs since, in the process of pre-test, possible challenges for the research work are effectively identified. The whole data collection procedure is expected to take one month depending on the nature of the research and patient conditions.
However, the respondents for the questionnaires and the people to be interviewed need a careful selection to elicit reliable and high quality information. Data collected has a base on the information gathered from the respondents. Therefore, the attitude and perception of the respondents towards the research and willingness of the respondents to participate in the research affects the credibility of the data collected extensively.
Questionnaires and interviews
In the data collection process, questionnaires administering will occur. In this, the respondent will be given the questionnaires to fill. The period for filling the questionnaires has a limitation of six hours. This provides enough time for the respondent to fill the questionnaire and return, and collection of the filled questionnaires. On the same note, the time prevents the emergence of situations in which the respondents may discuss the questionnaires.
Interviews will take place in the process of data collection. The interviews will comprise of structured questions that will aid in effectiveness in collecting of the desired data for the research (Weller, and Romney 1988). The kind of the interview will consists of personal interview for the research being carried. Interviews that will take place have a limitation of thirty minutes in each session. This ensures that the research utilizes the time allocated effectively. The location of interviews will vary depending on the organization in which the research is taking place.
Data analysisAfter collecting the relevant data an analysis will follow. The analysis will use mathematical statistical tools like graphs and charts in making comparisons. In addition, the collected data will be fed to statistical applications like SPSS that will convert the raw data into a more comprehendible mean.
ReferencesAdvis PPS. (2010). Beyond the bundle: reducing the risk of central line-associated bloodstream
Infections. Pa Patient Saf Advis, 7 (suppl 1): 1-9.
Alligood, M. r. (2010). Introduction to Nursing Theory: Its history, significance, and analysis.
Nursing theorists and their work (7th ed.). MO: Maryland Heights, pp. 3-5.
Arias, K. M. & Carrico, R. (2009). APIC Text of Infection Control and
Epidemiology, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 3rd ed). Washington, DC
Casey, A. L., Worthington, T., Lambert, P. A., et al. (2003).A randomized, prospective clinical
trial to access the potential infection risk associated with the PosiFlow needleless connector. J Hosp Infect; 54: 288–93.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Health Infection Control Practices Advisory
Committee (HICPAC). Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Reduction in central line-associated
bloodstream infections among patients in intensive care units–Pennsylvania, 54: 1013–1016
Chiara, M. (1997). The Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy
of Science, Florence, August 1995. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
Comprehensive unit-based safety program (CUSP) and HAI. (2011). National-international
Initiatives. Premier Inc. retrieved from:
https://www.premierinc.com/safety/topics/bundling/national.jsp.
Health & Development Information Team. (2005). Health Management Information Systems.
DFID Health Resource Centre. Retrieved from:
http://www.who.int/healthmetrics/library/issue_1_05apr.docHertz, H. (2006). Health Care Criteria For Performance Excellence: Baldrige National
Quality. Business and Economics. DIANE
Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). (2008), Cambridge, MA. 5 Million Lives Campaign.
Getting Started Kit: Prevent Central Line Infections How-to Guide. Retrieved from:
www.ihi.org
Klevens R. M., et al. (2007). Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S.
hospitals, Public Health Rep 2007; 122:160–166
McCaughey, B. (2006). Hospital infection is the next asbestos. New York Law Journal. Retrieved
from:
www.hospitalinfection.org
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Spring Street New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Powell, R. (2004). Basic Research Methods for Librarians. The Third Edition. Greenwich:
Ablex Publishing Corporation.
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Shi, L, & Singh, D. (2008). Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems Approach. The
Fourth Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Precise Molded Products
Precise Molded Products
Institution:
Name of Student:
Precise Molded Products
Precise molded products must be exact and accurate in their sizes with regards to their lengths and widths and they must also be similar. The production team must always thus ensure that the measurements are accurate at all times and that the machines that are used in production and measurement are very effective and limitedly prone to wear and tear. The accuracy of the part length and the part width is 0.001. Uniformity should be emphasized in the measurements to ensure that all the products are molded to the exact same accuracy of 0.001. The parameters are critical and must be maintained for all the customers.
On the first day of data collection, the collected data show a very huge variance. The measured lengths had the highest measurement recorded as 20.11 and the lowest value to be recorded was 19.88. The unit of measurement is inches. The variance on day one is thus 0.23. This illustrates a high level of inaccuracy in the measurements. Moving forward, 0.25 inches was day two’s variance. Keep in mind that the accuracy was initially stated as o.oo1. The width parts had a variance of 0.17 inches on the first and second dates.
The rejected data of the rejected parts doesn’t tell a different story. The minimum number of rejected parts during an inspection is two and this only happens thrice. The mode of the data is eight and this is a significantly large statistics considering that it represents the number of rejected parts. The sample size is 200 meaning that on average 4% of the products are rejected. Consequently, this translates to mean that 4% of the prospective company’s profits magically transform to losses. The process is therefore not performing very well.
The process needs strict monitoring to ensure that the number of rejects is reduced and inaccuracy in measurements is kept at an acceptable minimum. Collecting statistics would ensure that data on the production process is available during moments when decision making needs to be done regarding production. The machines that are used in production must also be checked and their condition confirmed to be good. Servicing these machines should be regularly according to the recommendations of their manufactures. The measuring instruments must also be checked to ensure that their accuracy is in line with the acceptable standard of the company. These monitoring tactics would ensure that the number of rejects is minimized and that the products are molded precisely.
Task A
Task A
Q.1
COVID-19 has had a significant influence on the tourist business in Australia. People have been becoming ill as a result of the epidemic and the safeguards that have been put in place to prevent it from spreading. If the crisis continues for a lengthy period of time, the worldwide tourist sector might experience a 60 percent to 80 percent decline by 2020, according to estimates. The short term emphasis of governments is shifting away from immediate measures to strengthen the tourist sector and toward long-term strategies to make things better in the long run. Travel restrictions should be lifted, travelers should feel comfortable again, and the tourist industry should consider how it might adapt to a changing global economy are all examples of what should be done. In the wake of the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic, the tourist industry is experiencing unprecedented difficulties. This is due to the fact that the pandemic struck so swiftly and did so much harm to the company. According to the latest COVID-19 impacts predictions, Australia’s domestic tourism is anticipated to decline by 60 percent by the year 2020. In December 2021, this figure increased to 80 percent as a consequence of the lengthy healing periods that occurred.
Affected by COVID-19, the tourist industry in Australia, which was already feeling the effects of the terrible summer bushfires, has been one of the hardest impacted businesses, accounting for around a quarter of all losses. Air travel restrictions, such as domestic and international flight restrictions, border closures, and recent outbreaks in Sydney and Brisbane, will cause a significant drop in business and pleasure travel in 2020, according to the World Tourism Organization. In the industry, there are some encouraging indicators, such as the fact that our states and territories have learnt how to deal with outbreaks, the prospect of travel bubbles, and the commencement of vaccine distribution in Australia and across the globe. Travel agencies and international air travel, for example, have been severely impacted by the pandemic and will have a difficult time returning to normal until the disease has been brought under control or removed altogether from the country. In addition, there are other enterprises that may alter their business models in order to increase domestic travel demand and capitalize on restless Australians who want to visit someplace else, but are unsure of which destination to choose. Foreign visitors departing the country and business travelers cutting down on their trip will leave a need that will be filled by Australians. This is beneficial to the nation. As foreign travel restrictions tighten, the adventurous attitude of Australians may prove to be a lifeline for the tourist sector, as more individuals may seek out opportunities to visit their own country. This has the potential to help the tourist business survive for many years to come.
Q.2
Australia’s domestic tourism has seen a severe downturn since the introduction of the COVID-19 virus in 2001, with both the number of visitors and the amount of money spent on them plummeting rapidly. In the second half of 2020 and the first part of 2021, significant progress was achieved, but a series of outbreaks of the delta version of COVID-19 slowed or stopped the process. The impact of border restrictions and new health laws on domestic tourism was felt most acutely in the third quarter of 2021, when it decreased by more than half. The prolonged and strict lockdowns had a negative impact on all three states, but New South Wales, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) were especially heavily hit as a result of their forced confinement in their respective prisons. Since the 12th of October, the administration has progressively eased the limitations on movement and access. This is due to an increase in vaccination rates, which has coincided with a decrease in the number of cases of COVID-19. Many individuals believe that the December quarter of 2021 will be lucrative as a result of the recent rise in domestic overnight travel expenses. (See Fig. 1). This number is projected to rise when other state borders open in time for the Christmas season in other states.
Q.3
Almost every year prior to COVID, states with significant cities and well-known tourist attractions witness a rise in foreign tourists. Australia’s most populated states and territory are also the most popular tourism destinations for international visitors. The state of New South Wales received 4.4 million tourists from countries other than Australia in 2019. When everything was said and done, New South Wales spent $11.4 billion on international trade transactions. In 2015, the state of New South Wales reported 96.6 million nights spent by tourists from other states. Victoria has welcomed 3.1 million international tourists as of January 1st, 2019. As a consequence, it is one of the world’s most visited cities. Queensland had 2.8 million tourists from all around the world this year. South Australia had 487,600 overseas tourists in 2019. The Northern Territory attracted 298,600 overseas tourists from other nations during the calendar year 2019. In the calendar year 2019, Tasmania had 282,900 tourists from all across the world.
Q.4 and 5
A direct result of the state-wide pandemic lockdown in early 2020, the number of domestic visitor overnight stays decreased drastically. The market for domestic tourism has begun to rebound to levels last seen in 2019. This was made possible by the easing of these restrictions (before the pandemic). During the period January to April 2021, domestic visitor nights spent were just 6 percent lower than they had been during the same time in 2019. However, they were 35% greater than they were at the same time in the same year the previous year. Several state lockdowns in response to Delta variant breakouts in various regions resulted in a decrease in the number of domestic visitor nights in the second half of 2021, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Because of this, it is projected that domestic tourism would grow at an exponential rate as well. Domestic visitation is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels in 2022-23, according to projections. After that, it is anticipated to reach such levels in 2023 and 2023-24. After suffering significant financial losses as a result of the COVID outbreak, tourism and hospitality businesses in Australia have begun the laborious task of rebuilding their operations. For a long time to come, the road will be bumpy and difficult.
Task B
Summary of the Article
Angelique Lu’s (2020) article focuses on how local governance is actively involved in attempts to ensure the tourism and hospitality sector bounces back to pre-covid period and better through an introduction of free classes and raining for business owners. Companies in the Mid-Western region that have been hit by the coronavirus may take advantage of free online courses provided by the Mid-Western Regional Council. People who live in the surrounding area and work in the tourism, hotel, and retail industries account for around 20% of total employment. As part of its efforts to support struggling businesses in the area, the council is organizing a crisis-management training session for business owners and managers. Students will have a better grasp of how to deal with the current economic situation as a result of this. Ms. Julie Robertson, the council’s director of development, said that the council’s goal is to help property owners in adjusting to digital needs. In addition, the council hoped to build a commercial platform for its members. Lu (2020) presents the move as an important step towards recovery, one that should be embraced by other local governments in Australia. By training company owners, employees, and other stakeholders in the tourism and hospitality sector, Australia can expect a more vibrant economy, one that will be able to perform key risk indicators and determine the best moves for businesses in the future to avoid losses such as those observed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reference to Economic Concepts
A consequence of COVID-19 was that employees at the organization were forced to alter their work habits very immediately. Despite initial concerns that the pressure would be too great, the tourist and hospitality sector has discovered that this new method of working might be a model for long-term success in the long run (Lim et al., 2021). COVID-19 provided an excellent illustration of what many business executives from across the globe are learning as a result of their participation. Each sector, industry, and function will have to transform itself in order to continue to expand and be successful in the long run (Pham et al., 2021). For example, in the tourist and hospitality sectors, finding a market is not as straightforward as it once was. If you own or operate a business in the tourism or hospitality industries, you must be a leader in terms of keeping profits high, investing in proven technology, and automating your processes and procedures.
New technology and new modes of working have already begun to alter professions and the abilities required to do them even before to the financial crisis. Every firm has to train its employees on how to cope with quickly changing circumstances, and every organization must find out how to match employees with new occupations and activities as the market changes (Volgger, Taplin, & Aebli, 2021). The dynamic extends beyond the concept of working from home and the use of artificial intelligence and automation. Specifically, the topic of this argument is how CEOs may reskill and develop their personnel in order to enable them to establish new firms in the post-pandemic future. Workers for a firm should possess skills that are essential for their jobs, such as digital and cognitive talents, as well as social and emotional competencies, flexibility and resilience. Companies need to grow in size and spend more money on their workers if they want to improve their employees’ learning outcomes. Businesses who possess this ability will be better equipped to cope with issues in the foreseeable future.
Implications of Business Owners and Stakeholder Training for the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
The COVID-19 virus is causing a wide range of problems for people. Curfews limit people’s ability to go to the store and bring stuff back into the house after dark. A number of items are in great demand, and firms are having difficulty keeping them on hand. Entrepreneurs have had to come up with new means to execute tasks, ranging from more mobile payments to e-commerce order placement and everything in between. The tourism industry has been hurt as a result of its dependence on conventional store purchases (Lim et al., 2021). In response to the financial crisis, digitalization has accelerated, resulting in a reduction in the number of needless physical encounters, even in the more traditional restaurant and hospitality sector. With training and classes for business owners, it is expected that issues that have impacted business owners and other stakeholders in the tourism and hospitality industry will be addressed.
In Australia, business owners faced hurdles including declining sales, operational challenges amongst new business operating models, financial strain, personal stress, and adopting to a new environment. As a consequence, people have come up with innovative methods to do their tasks. In certain situations, this has resulted in job changes, as well as changes in the way people do their duties. Other firms were forced to train their employees in new skills in order to stay up with the times as they adapted their operations to combat the sickness. As a result of the increased demand for domestic travel, airline firms were forced to educate their staff more extensively in order for them to be able to collaborate more effectively. Hotels were expected to train their personnel how to be pleasant while also use digital technology, new goods, and services to assist those who were not so kind in their interactions with them.
COVID-19 has altered not just the way people work, but also the way they buy, dine, and move about in the community. Because of the epidemic, it is possible that a large number of new employees may need to be taught. As a result of the epidemic, for example, more individuals are opting to shop online rather than in physical establishments (Pham et al., 2021). By using talent-marketplace solutions, firms may assist in closing the gap between what they have and what individuals need. These solutions bring together companies searching for new workers and individuals who are eager to improve their job prospects by learning new skills. Training will enable re-skilling of the workforce in order to help avoid a future crisis.
References
Lim, G., Nguyen, V., Robinson, T., Tsiaplias, S., & Wang, J. (2021). The Australian Economy in 2020–21: The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Prospects for Economic Recovery. Australian Economic Review, 54(1), 5-18.
Lu, A. (2020, April 20). Free classes for business owners “decimated” by coronavirus downturn. Council Introduces Free Classes for Mudgee Business Owners Hit by Coronavirus Downturn – ABC News; www.abc.net.au. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-20/mudgee-coronavirus-business-downturn-council-offers-free-classes/12163808
Pham, T. D., Dwyer, L., Su, J. J., & Ngo, T. (2021). COVID-19 impacts of inbound tourism on Australian economy. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103179.
Volgger, M., Taplin, R., & Aebli, A. (2021). Recovery of domestic tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experimental comparison of interventions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 428-440.