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About Smart Phones
About Smart Phones
Smart phone, which has an advanced connectivity and computing capability, is a mobile phone that is developed on a mobile operating system platform. It is more advanced than the featured or common mobile phones. The first smart phones have minimal functionalities that mainly include mobile phone and PDA (personal digital assistant).However, later models are advanced and have many features and functionalities that include mobile phones, PDA, pocket video cameras, portable media players, compact digital camera, GPS navigation units, web browsers, high resolution touch screens and GPS navigation unit.
Devices that combine computing applications and telephone functions were developed in 1973,but their offer for sale began in 1994.It was in 1997 that the term smart phone appeared when Ericsson described the GS88 notion as a smart phone. The difference between the common or feature phones and smart phones is not clear, however, one of the major difference is the presence of APIS(advanced application programming interfaces on smart phones, which enable them to support third party applications. APIs enable apt integration of hardware and phone operating systems, a feature that is absent in common phones.
The first mobile phone to support personal digital assistant feature was an IBM prototype introduced in 1992 .The phone was presented for public viewing at COMDEX computer industry trade show in 1992.In 1994, a superior version started to be marketed and sold to consumers under the name Simon personal communicator. Marketing of the Simon was undertaken by BellSouth. Although the term smart phone had not been coined by then, the Simon can be referred to as smart phone because of its advanced features that were absent in common phones. Apart from receiving and making normal phone calls, the Simon was able to receive and send emails, pages and Facsimiles through the display presented by its touch screen. Other applications in the Simon include calendar, calculator, games, handwritten annotations, touch screen keyboards, address book and appointment scheduler (Lu,2012)
In 1996,the Nokia 9000 was released by Nokia. The smart phone, which was part of Nokia Communicator line was the best selling communication device in 1996.In a design referred to as clamshell design, Nokia 9000 consisted of a PDA and palmtop computer style fixed together in form of a hinge(Lu,2012). In 2001,Kyocera 6035 was introduced by Palm Inc. The mobile device integrated mobile phone with PDA and its operations were based on Verizon wireless network. Further, it supported internet browsing(Lu,2012)
In 2004,ipaq 6315 was released by HP. the device was able to integrate HP2215, the previous PDA with mobile phone capabilities(Lu,2012). Smart phones have been undergoing numerous and hi-tech changes to suit the ever changing generational tastes. In 2013, fairphone company released its socially ethical smart phone in London. The company emphasizes on changing the strategies employed in commercial works and supply chain strategies. The mobile operating system supported by smart phones include android developed by google, Ios formulated by apple inc, window phone unveiled by Microsoft inc, Bada, blackberry, palm OS, and Symbian(Lu,2012)
In conclusion the development of smart phone is a clear evidence that technology is advancing as time go by. In future, there is a high chance that state of art smart phones will be developed.
Reference
Lu, Z. (2012). Learning with mobile technologies, handheld devices, and smart phones:
Innovative methods. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
Burnham, K. (2021). Culturally
Culturally Responsive Teaching Strategies
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Institutional Affiliation
Burnham, K. (2021). Culturally Responsive Teaching: 5 Strategies for Educators. Retrieved 6 October 2021, from https://www.northeastern.edu/graduate/blog/culturally-responsive-teaching-strategies/The article 5 Culturally Responsive Teaching Strategies was written by Kristin Burnham and published as part of the blogs by the Northern University Graduate Programs. Kristin Burnham is a renowned editor, journalist, and contributor of the Northeastern University Enrollment Management team. Furthermore, Ms. Burnham is an award-winning writer with over 12 years of experience in developing content for technology brands, magazines, and websites. She spent the majority of her career writing on matters ranging from consumer and enterprise technology, online privacy, cybersecurity, and IT leadership. Burnham has also developed various publications for clients including Computerworld, Harvard Business Review Analytic Services, The Parallax, Dun & Bradstreet, Northeastern University, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, and Red Hat’s Enterprise Project just to name a few. Burnham’s background evokes trust in her article. The fact that she has is an award-winning writer makes me respect her and the work that she does. Burnham has had vast experience as a writer and reporter which makes her the best person to talk about culturally responsive teaching strategies.
The article 5 Culturally Responsive Teaching Strategies by Kristin Burnham is a recent article that was published on July 31st, 2020. This makes the article up-to-date and viable for understanding this topic. Knowing that this article was published as recently as last year, makes it easy for me to relate to its findings. It makes me understand the urgency of the matter and why as a society we should move away from traditional methods of teaching to more responsive strategies. The article’s publishing organization was formed with the sole purpose of taking enhancing deeper level learning. The mission is to ensure that in all programs from doctorate degree to certification- students learn to convert their ideas into meaningful actions. Northeastern University Graduate Programs also publishes any outstanding work that students write as relates to program courses of business, social sciences, and health professions. The article’s intended audience is academicians, teachers, researchers, students, program developers, and people that are generally interested in culturally responsive pedagogy. This article is a scholarly article as it was written with a specialized audience in mind. The author points out the need to consider the b diverse background, upbringing, and experiences of students and incorporating them in teaching strategies at all levels of education. The author appeals to the benefits of culturally responsive teaching as including an increased sense of identity, inclusivity, engagements, and critical thinking (Burnham, 2021). This text bears no notable bias; the author does a good job in explaining that diversity issues cut across both students and teachers.
Without a doubt, all the claims and arguments made by Kristin Burnham in the article seem sensible to me. She writes that “typical mainstream education is not addressing the realities of today’s students.” I could not agree with her less. I feel that traditional educating is not all-rounded and it does not have a personalized approach to learning. I support her appeal that culturally responsive teaching is better because it entails diverse authors and makes reference to diverse cultures that speaks to the personal experiences of students. In my viewpoint, this approach is more effective in teaching when compared to the traditional methods.
While the article is comprehensive, reading the article leaves me with questions about the practicality of culturally responsive teaching strategies. While we seek to move from traditional teaching methods to more diverse and inclusive methods of teaching, it is important to recognize the challenge that might be encountered in implementing. I feel that some teachers, particularly, the more traditional ones would prefer to stick to the traditional methods that entail the following curriculum to the letter. Moving from traditional methods to culturally responsive methods requires the teacher to prepare in advance such as using diverse sources written by culturally representative authors and this might seem like a lot of work for old-school teachers. In essence, there is the possibility of resistance in moving from traditional to culturally responsive teaching.
The evidence that seemed most convincing has to do with making learning contextual. I could not agree less with Kristin on this issue. I feel that education makes more sense if they time curriculum to real-world experiences. This ensures that the knowledge gained in class can be put to use in the contemporary world. The traditional method of mastering concepts with the pure purpose of passing exams and graduating is not viable because it does not produce thinkers and problem solvers which are important in today’s world.
The evidence that least appeals to me has to do with reconsidering classroom setup. Burnham says that there is a need to take an inventory of the books and sources in the school library and reevaluate them so that they include authors from diverse races. She also mentions the need for inventory books to represent LGBTQ individuals. However, I do not think this is strategy is realistic. At times, there might not be authors that identify as LBGTQ who have undertaken research in some areas. This might make it difficult to execute this strategy.
This article turned my entire thinking about culturally responsive teaching around. I have been a student for the better part of my life and I have never thought about the influence of teaching methods on the experiences of students. My thinking was that the most important goal that teachers have is to cover what is in the curriculum. I thought that passing exams and getting a certificate or diploma was enough proof that one is educated. It turns out I was wrong; education is what you do with the knowledge gained.
After reading this article, it is now clear that we must move from traditional to culturally responsive methods of teaching. I now understand that the latter is more beneficial as it ensures inclusivity and adopts a more personalized approach to teaching. I am informed that culturally responsive teaching strategies are all about ensuring that the studies reflect the background, upbringing, cultures, races, economic status, and experiences of all students.
Just like all other texts that I have read on culturally responsive teaching, this text holds that culturally responsive teaching strategies are more beneficial compared to traditional methods of teaching. The article shares similar insights with other texts. It holds that will an increasingly diverse society, comes the need to adjust teaching methods so that they suit all students. The text also holds that culturally responsive teaching is more beneficial as it fosters a sense of identity in students and promotes critical thinking.
After reading this text, I realize that teaching methods have an impact on the learners. Future research should concentrate on the implementation of culturally responsive teaching methods. The main concern here is how to ensure that moving forward all teachers adopt culturally teaching methods as they teach. Curriculum implementers should devise a tool on ensuring teachers a culturally responsive approach to teaching.
References
Burnham, K. (2021). Culturally Responsive Teaching: 5 Strategies for Educators. Retrieved 6 October 2021, from https://www.northeastern.edu/graduate/blog/culturally-responsive-teaching-strategies/
Management Information System, Broadway Cafe
Management Information System: Broadway Cafe
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Abstract
However, being a booming business ever since its establishment in 1952, the ‘Broadway café’ has in the recent past succumbed to the effects of changing times with technological advancement effects in the 21st century taking the lead. The menu of the café ranges from varieties of coffees, teas, bakery, sandwiches, salads as well as soups. According to a critical analysis of the café, ordering processes in the café is manual as there is no computer system installed there. The grandfather’s memory stands out as the main reference point in merely all aspects of the café and this is seen as the main shortcoming in the operation of the business especially within the 21st century. This has direct impacts on the business by touching on such aspects as finance, sales, marketing, accounting, customer service as well as the human resource aspects. It is the postulation of this paper that the adoption of e-commerce strategies is an effective tool towards reforming the café especially in the modern day era of technological advancement.
Discussion
The Broadway café would be more suited in adoption of electronic marketing strategies, computerized information management as well as adoption of an online system of ordering and correspondences. These are among other emerging features especially within the food industry such as in which the Broadway café operates in. e-marketing strategies are not only convenient and efficient in saving costs of marketing but they increase the capacity of the advert to reach large number of target audiences easily (Baltzan, 2012). The internet has eased the mechanisms of advertisement and as such, the Broadway café would have itself to blame in the event of failure to exploit the great opportunities brought about by internet and technological advancement in general. Information management as well as data handling is poorly done in the café hence necessitating the adoption of the more improved systems of data/information management through computerized systems. Though the initial costs of installing computers systems in the café may be considered high, the efficiency realized through the system by far outweighs the costs incurred in installation. This would equally enable the management of the café to adopt advanced services of data handling such as cloud computing. Moreover, this system would enable easy correspondences with customers through social media platforms among other improvements. This would be effective in business transactions of ordering and reservation placements as well as passing on feedback and concerns, which would be very useful to the management for improvements.
The café would equally run a website through which marketing and interacting with customers would be enabled. The strategy would be very effective in attracting customers due to improved customer awareness as well as increase on overall sales of the café. Present-ability of a business website contributes highly to the overall effect realized through interactions of persons within the website. Healthy interaction on the website has a likelihood of attracting more customers while at the same time increasing on the sales margins.
There are main features that would be dominant in designing the business website and these are together with the capacity to have as much information as possible, higher interact-ability, ease of access as well as high level of confidentiality especially on customer information (Baltzan, 2012). This would be effective in overcoming strategic challenges that are posed by advancement of technology including increased security risks, high compromise of individual information as well as lowered probability of customers and or the café to lose sensitive information to unauthorized person.
Among other ways that such an e-strategy as the website developed is effective in reaching different players within an industry such as the suppliers, customers as well as the traders (Baltzan, 2012). For instance, the Broadway café would have an improved capacity in interacting with the suppliers at more ease. This would be against previously where correspondences were all through cumbersome tools and human brain. Effective designing and operation-izing of the website would play a critical role in attracting suppliers while at the same time creating opportunities for bidding and interactions. Besides, the creation of such an inter-phase and or a portal for the suppliers would make the café run more efficiently with suppliers being customized to own private information as against developing a public portal for an individual supplier.
Finally, the effects of a portal to the employees are multiple and they range from the ease of communicating grievances. Besides, customization of individual employees to such systems as biographic system, which, traces employee information for eases of management, the system would be effective in keeping individual information. The use of kiosks in the café would therefore have roles diversified/changed where official correspondences between the café management and the other parties would be done. Besides, the kiosks would continue to provide strategic retail outlets for the Broadway café.
References
Baltzan, D., W., (2012). “Business Driven Information Systems”, 3e. Retrieved from < HYPERLINK “http://connect.mcgrawhill.com/connect/shortUrl.do?accessUrl=r_farmer_busi_4415_winter_2014_rfarmer_1&logout=true&navclick=true” http://connect.mcgrawhill.com/connect/shortUrl.do?accessUrl=r_farmer_busi_4415_winter_2014_rfarmer_1&logout=true&navclick=true>