Recent orders
Milgram’s Obedience Study Experiment
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date of Submission
Milgram’s Obedience Study Experiment
Obedience is a fundamental component of the structure of social life. Moreover, it is considered as the essential prerequisite of all mutual living. According to some philosophers, the society is typically endangered by disobedience, while some humanists pressure the significance of an individual’s morality. One of the most popular researches of obedience in psychology was conducted by Stanley Milgram who is a Yale University psychologist. What Milgram did was performing an experiment which centered on the battle amid obedience to authority as well as the individual conscience. His study as described in “The Perils of Obedience” recommended that while under a distinct set of situations the obedience which individuals naturally display, can change them into representatives of horror or monsters towards mortality.
Milgram’s study is also standard for both its results plus the means used of obtaining them (Milgram and Stanley, p.371). In his research, some ethical issues were raised which have some significance in the contemporary psychological study practice, and regarding the method, the study applied. Thus rendering to Milgram’s study, individuals should comprehend that though society values such ethics as freedom plus individualism, it is habitually tricky for individuals to live up to their principles in the aspect of group pressures. Further, this paper examines and analyzes Milgram’s experiment whereby it criticizes the analysis conducted due to the numerous reasons which are in the below discussion.
Milgram, therefore, decided to examine and evaluate how the individuals would respond towards a condition which they were obliged to obey even after understanding that an individual would be hurt. From the study conducted it is evident that the aim of the outcome of this study was that individuals like to entertain authority (Griggs et al., p.318). In general, individuals like the feeling which they get when performing a decent activity. Even though they tend to realize what they are doing is morally wrong.
In the preparation of conducting the study of Obedience Experiments Milgram designated some forty male volunteers who had previously responded to the advert for the individuals who were willing to take part in a Study of Memory. The forty individuals who were picked were designated to vary in age, educational achievement as well as the occupation to provide a complete sample which in one way or another was demonstrative of the general populace. Lastly, the individual subjects who had been selected to take part in the study showed up to participate in a Psychology research investigating memory as well as learning at a Hall in the Yale University’s old campus. After that, the experiment was carried out which mainly involved one subjected being assigned the part of a “teacher” and the other the part of a “learner.” Both of them were provided with a model of 45-volt electrical shock from a device attached to a chain whereby the “learner” was supposed to be strapped (Haslam et al., p.67). The fictional story which the “teacher” was given was that the experimentation was envisioned to analyze the effects of punishment for improper reactions towards behavior learning.
The “learner” articulated some form of anxiety and thus interrogated if the shock used would lead to any effect on their heart state. They were accordingly informed not to worry by Milgram, but the learner was not told whether the shocks could be hurting. During the experiment, they were in different rooms, and thus they communicated using the intercom. The research was conducted, and afterward, the participants were examined and later they were informed that the shock apparatus which they were using was not factual. On learning, this majority of them expressed emotional upset as they thought that during the experiment they were exacting a lot of pain towards the opponent and that the high voltage shocks which they were using had the capability of killing someone. Due to this reason, Milgram was criticized as being impervious to his subjects who in this matter were the participants in the experiment.
However, as the study suggests it is vital to say that Milgram sample was biased as the experiments drawbacks seem to outweigh the benefits involved. To begin with, from the study, it is evident that all the participants of Milgram’s experiment were all male. This depicts gender disparity as it is not explained whether these results transfer to females. Another form of bias expressed in the Milgram’s experiment is that his study cannot be regarded as the characteristic of the American populace because his model was self-selected (Milgram et al., p.114). The explanation to this is that they only became partakers of the experiment by choosing to react to a newspaper advert. There were proper techniques used in coming up with the subjects to take part in the research.
Another critic on the Milgram experiment is that after the study, the participants were stressed and as a result, many have been negatively affected. The research in some form involved playing with the human minds which is not a good aspect as in most cases it is characterized by emotional as well as psychological problems. This can be considered as the biggest issue in this experiment according to how the participants were treated throughout and after the experiment. The subjects were forced to “kill “each other by subjecting them to harsh and painful conditions which were not real. This aspect can result in emotional problems like anger and bitterness and also psychological problems like depression in the individuals’ involved (Haslam et al., p.73). Another flaw exhibited by Milgram experiment is some questions which arise from this study like; how can the leap be made from an individual sitting in a room for some hours flipping a switch or the behavior of soldiers at Mylai? Also, how can two hours in a laboratory in Yale relate to a soldier’s situation plus behavior who has spent numerous years in combat? Therefore the closer one examines at this experiment, the more questionable Milgram’s assumptions become.
However, the experiment exhibited some potentials and advantages in individuals’ daily lives. For example, the study of practical applications increases the individuals understanding of obedience to authority as they tend to follow what the authority asks them to do whether bad or good. Further, Milgram’s experiment outcomes have been simulated in a diversity of cultures whereby in most cases higher compliance rates are experienced.
This study of Milgram experiment highlights ethical issues which are relevant in contemporary times. Possibly Milgram could have tried his concepts on obedience deprived of instigating distress to the participants. Therefore as it is depicted above, his experiment activates the issue of deception whereby deception happens when subjects are not clearly plus being well informed regarding the nature of research. His conduct was not in line with the modern ethical guidelines which outlines that that participant ought not to be deceived, and they need to advise about any potential consequence (Cherry and Kendra, p.23). Therefore it may be contended that Milgram’s experiment influenced the manner in which Psychologists perform their modern research as it reformed research ethics besides the design, whereas contributing significantly to theory in psychology.
In conclusion, as depicted in the above discussion, Milgram’s study on obedience has been characterized by many effects mainly due to the manner in which the experiment was conducted. However what can be learned from this study and experimentation is that it is vibrant that an inordinate deal can be cultured from the previous experiment. Milgram’s experiment educated the ground of social psychology regarding the concepts on obedience as well as authority. Moreover, this research is relevant to the present day psychology in various aspects as it has led to the redevelopment of psychology guidelines regarding the treatment of research patients
Works Cited
Cherry, Kendra. “The milgram obedience experiment the perils of obedience.” (2014).
Griggs, Richard A., and George I. Whitehead III. “Coverage of Milgram’s obedience experiments in social psychology textbooks: Where have all the criticisms gone?.” Teaching of Psychology 42.4 (2015): 315-322.
Haslam, S. Alexander, et al. “‘Happy to have been of service’: The Yale archive as a window into the engaged followership of participants in Milgram’s ‘obedience’experiments.” British Journal of Social Psychology 54.1 (2015): 55-83.
Milgram, Stanley, and Christian Gudehus. “Obedience to authority.” (1978).
Milgram, Stanley. “Behavioral study of obedience.” The Journal of abnormal and social psychology 67.4 (1963): 371.
Management focus on testing drugs among the developing countries across the globe
Management focus on testing drugs among the developing countries across the globe
According to research conducted after Pfizer drug testing in Nigeria, many questions were raised as to whether Pfizer’s experiment was justified. Additionally, there were many allegations, which indicated that Pfizer and his team continued to keep Nigerian children on Trovan in as much as they did not respond to the drug (Gerard, 2009). Pfizer failure to put the children to other alternative drugs was wrong considering the Nigeria crisis. His behavior was unethical. After the failure of the first drug test to the children, it would be risky to allow the company to proceed with the test. The life of children is precious. Therefore, conducting drug tests experiments on children might end up being risky or might lead to loss of lives among children.
In this case, a visiting American executive exposes a foreign subsidiary, which has employed a 12-year-old girl in its organization and against the organization’s law on child labor. The American executive asks the organization’s local manager for the immediate replacement of the child so that the child goes back to school. In as much as the local manager claims that the child would end up being a street child since she is an orphan, the whole of idea of employing the child in the organization is very wrong. After establishing the root causes of the situation, the North American executive would first try to build a consensus with the organization in order to release the child from the organization. After which, the executive would try to seek other alternatives to help the child for the sake of her own future. Being an orphan and no place to go, the best option would be to enroll the child into a children’s home. Enrolling the child into a children’s home would be the best option, which will then enable the child get elementary education and a place to call home (Assefa, 2008).
John Rawls’ concept on veil of ignorance
John Rawls’ concept on veil of ignorance generally reflects on the aspect of social concept, which plays an important role in formalizing economics concepts (Kukathas, 1990). The concept determines various issues such as slavery morality based on thought experiments. In simple terms, the concept blocks the knowledge that no individual knows the real burden and social cooperation benefit, which might befall him (Kukathas, 1990).
This concept effectively applies with reference to oil multinational organizations towards the protection of the environment. Most oil multinational organizations conduct their operations for their own benefits and ignoring the plight of the society. In most cases, oil organizations are ignorant of individual plight and the aspect of social cooperation while conducting their operations for economic benefits (Pogge, 2007). At the end of it, they tend to assume the consequences of their operations most of which befall them.
Outsourcing production
Outsourcing production to some of the developing nations where the cost of labor is generally low is sometimes a good move. It is obvious that no individual possess the right to any job unless the job is very competitive. Labor costs are generally a factor, which is small when it comes to outsourcing decisions (Sharan, 2011). This means that it would be unethical not to outsource in a situation when a different nation is able to provide better and effective services at lower prices. It is ethically defensible if a particular country is competitive and can conduct the productivity processes more cheaply unlike the home country. Alternatively, it would be unethical to allow a poor developing nation to continue production in a competitive market yet there are nations, which can do the process faster and cheaply. Outsourcing will allow strengthening of the economy in both nations. The aspect of outsourcing comes with the whole package. Therefore, facilitating payments after an outsourcing process is ethical.
Reference
Assefa, B., & Boyden, J. (2008). Combating child labour. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Conference on the Evaluation of Pharmacotherapy in Mental Illness, In Cole, J. O., & In Gerard, R. W. (2009). Psychopharmacology problems in evaluation: Proceedings. Washington: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council
Kukathas, C., & Pettit, P. (1990). Rawls: A theory of justice and its critics. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
Pogge, T. W. M., & Kosch, M. (2007). John Rawls: His life and theory of justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sharan, V. (2011). International business: Concept, environment and strategy. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India)/Pearson.
About Bienvenidos Campus
NameProfessor
Course
Student’s Name
About Bienvenidos Campus
On attending Bienvenidos welcome day, I visited various booths and learned about different departments, clubs, and organizations found in the campus. To get the right information about the campus various representative were briefly asked about their relevant fields on the type of services they offer, the clients, their location and functionality as well as the planned events. Among the different booths found in the campus include FC United Program, Sociology Club, M.E.Ch.A Program, Research Centre, Kinder Caminata Program, Students Equitability Sustainability Program, Robotics Club, AGS, Growth Mindset Club, and Cultivating Campus Kindness Program. Also, there are others like Science Club, Debate Club, Fullerton College Speech and Debate, Associated Students Program, Financial Aid Center, Counselling Center, Academic Support Center, FVSI Program, Library Services, and Extended Opportunity Program Services.
The Fullerton College United Program whose representative is Brisa deals with issues of students who want to transfer to a four-year university program and community services as the way of empowering student through education and unity. The FC United has planned for some events such as district-wide staff development, supportive services to address psychosocial stressors and other students’ events such as planning activities, networking, and graduation. The Sociology Club whose representative was Julio entails things concerning the community on and off the campus. Coming 25th September, the club has an event directed towards providing a law to prevent suicide. Their meetings are held either at the first or third Tuesday of every month.
The Movimiento Estudiantill Chicano de Aztlan is a program directed to talk to the Chicano students on the things running in the campus regarding the scholarships and durability help program. The meetings are held during Wednesdays at 1:30 pm to 3:30 pm room 1013 where membership is guaranteed through signing up and attending the meetings. The programs representative who provided the information was Laura. Research Center is another department found in the campus that provides services to students who are students who are undocumented or documented to raise an occasion. Jasmine is the representative, and the members meet once in a week on Wednesday. The KinderCaminata Program volunteer opportunity to students and the Kindergartners are taken to see diversity with students and campus. Cindy provided the information, and one gets involved by signing up on their website.
The Students Equitable Sustainability program educates students on mutually sustainable habits and clubs where they transmit their effects to the environment and people. The upcoming events include bench clean up and motivational speaking about social injustice at 20th September. Carlee was the organization’s representative, and members usually meet weekly on Wednesday at 4 to 5 pm. The Robotics Clubs offers services explicitly to the students where they use stem applications to create robots. The respective representative was Daniel, and they meet on Thursdays from 3 to 4 pm. The AGS involves the voluntary clubs for students and Brandy was the representative in this case. There will be a car show event the coming Saturday held by the ARK movement which is a car dealing organization.
Growth Mind-Set club as the entire name suggests deals with improving studying skill and how to approach the specific subject through their workshops. The organization’s representative was Natalie and students can willingly contact it for assistance. Cultivating campus kindness center represented by Les-sie reminds profoundly reminds students to be kind, and the meetings are usually held at the 2nd and 4th Thursday of the month. The Science Club deals with scientific and technical inventions where all the majors are welcomed. What Bench clean up at Bolsu chica is the upcoming event. Cynthia represented the club and meetings are held on the 1st and 3rd Tuesday of the month. Debate club represented by Toni is an organization that deals with debate tournaments and speeches to all students and members meet on Friday at 12:30 pm. There will be a debate tournament in the first week of October.
Fullerton Christian Students Club has a religious basis where they provide services to people on how to have a personal relationship with the lord. They usually have bible study on Mondays and Tuesdays from 6:30 to 9 pm and their representatives were Charles and Mathew. The major upcoming events are bible study and conferences from different schools. The Associated Students Program provides advocacy bout to the members, and their representative was Josh. They meet every 1st and 3rd Tuesday of the week, and there will be a Quad haunt at 31st October. Financial Aid Center facilitates funding for the school and students, and Rachel was the program representative. The students’ workshops are on Friday at 9:30 pm, room 611. Counselling Center entails education and graduation planning where appointments can be dropped in at the relevant time. Their representative was Theydon, and the major upcoming event will be awareness week to be held on 3rd October.
The FVSI Program deals on the students who have children and the representative were Yolanda. The cat works program is welfare that deals with cash aid regarding academic, book paid, childcare and helps in getting services like gas cards. Academic Support center whose representative was Caroline assists students who struggle in any classes and also have workshops for writing and tutoring. Extended Opportunity Program Service target students who have low income capability by fostering the youths by providing registration priority. The upcoming events include the Book Service Award and financial aid assistance. Library Services center in the campus plays a significant role in helping the students with education materials as well as research papers, and the representative was Val. Book reading group meetings are held once a month, and there will be a one on one consultation at 20th September.
There is a wide range of clubs, organizations and centers in the Bienvenidos campus making it one of the best place to get an education and providing a conducive environment for studying as well as acquiring technical skills.