Recent orders
Sexism in Sports Bibliography
Students Name
Institution of Affiliation
Course Title
Date
Sexism in Sports Bibliography
Sexism refers to the discrimination of a person based on their sex or gender. In sports, different genders are discriminated simply due to the stereotyping that a certain gender is more superior than the other. There are various cases of sexism in sports.
Kian, Edward M. “Study examines stereotypes in two national newspapers.” Newspaper Research Journal 29.3 (2008): 38-49.
The article was written to highlight the plight of women in sports journalism. The purpose of the article is to analyze stereotypes between two national newspapers “The New York Times” and “USA Today”. The two articles deal with college basketball and counters on specific stereotypes found in previous studies on television commentary of March madness. The article uses a content analysis to determine the descriptors in the newspaper content of March Madness. The results of the study indicated that a majority of the articles on March Madness published in both newspapers focused on men’s basketball. The dominance of the men’s tournament coverage was evident when the newspaper USA Today published a 26-page two-part, pullout bonus sections of the “March Madness preview.” In this newspaper, the content that included articles, photographs and breakout boxes were mostly in regards to the men’s basketball tournament. In contrast, the women’s seeds and pairings were not released at the same time but were released later in the evening in the special section. The newspaper ‘USA Today’ never published the content of the women’s tournament but in contrast, published more stories on the men’s tournament and thus discriminating against the women. Conclusion: The most interesting finding was that reporters from both “The New York Times” and “USA To-day” were more likely to use descriptors on physical appearances/attire and personal relation- ships/family roles when writing about men’s basketball, contradicting previous studies, the vast majority of which found descriptors on physical appearances or personal lives used more often in media commentary on women in sport.
Angelini, James R., Paul J. MacArthur, and Andrew C. Billings. “What’s the gendered story? Vancouver’s prime time Olympic glory on NBC.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56.2 (2012): 261-279.
The article “What’s the gendered story? Vancouver’s Prime Time Olympic Glory on NBC”, the author does a great job in highlighting the plight of women in sports. In this article, the author makes an analysis of the previous Olympic media studies that have depicted that NBC was more likely to be biased in relation to sports. The author states that in the previous Olympic, NBC’s Winter Olympic telecast is far much likely to promote and advance men athletes and sports while at the same time looking down on women’s athletes and sports. According to the present study of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic telecast, there is vivid evidence of gender divisions. An analysis of the 64 hours NBC’s telecast reveals several observations. One of the observations includes, when excluding the mixed-gender competitions, women received than two-fifths of the telecast. During the telecast, 75% of the most mentioned athletes happened to be men, and this is a clear indication that women were discriminated during the telecast. Little emphasis was given to women than men, not only in mentioning but also on more telecasts. Conclusion: Gender influences what sports will be shown, who is shown, the amount that they are shown, and the language that will be used to set the terms of this mediated debate.
Schoch, Lucie, and Fabien Ohl. “Women sports journalists in Switzerland: Between assignment and negotiation of roles.” Sociology of Sport Journal 28.2 (2011): 189-208.
The purpose of this paper is to examine women sports journalists’ working experiences in the Swiss daily press context. The study was conducted through interviews and observations of the 27 women journalists in their field, taking their work experiences in regards to the relationship between their positions in the field and their ethos and hexis. The results of the study suggested that women had no easy time in dominating journalism in the region and thus used various ways to make it through the field. Among the strategies used by women journalists in the attempt to negotiate their experiences include; conforming to the dominant male ethos. Through women trying to act like men means that women, by acting like themselves, cannot be able to negotiate a place in the Swiss journalism making it hard for women due to discrimination. Another way is through threating the orthodoxy as well as resisting while hijacking the assigned role. The article plays a great role in highlighting the stereotyping of women in sports journalism as the sports field is dominated by males. Conclusion: The external and structural changes reduce the autonomy of the subfield: the male editors have less power to recruit male journalists who still dominate this social space and impose the traditional doxa as the standard for quality work. At the same time, the diversity of female journalists’ social background and experiences is expressed through a diversity of attitudes toward the dominant doxa. Therefore, the increased number of female journalists and their work strategies are slowly changing the field of sports journalism in Switzerland.
Madkour, Abraham. “Women in sports media cite progress, obstacles.” Sports Business Journal, sportsbusinessdaily.com. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2017/03/06/Opinion/From-The-Executive-Editor.aspxMadkour exposes sexism in the media landscape as he discusses the challenges faced by women in sports media. Women face challenges in the sports media because it is a male-dominated field, and therefore, they have to be much prepared and have to fight and be as twice prepared as men. Besides, women have to work hard on their game so that they can be compared on a similar scale. The reason as to why women have to prepare and extra harder is because women’s mistakes are perceived to carry a lot of backlashes as well as a lot of consequences simply because they are females. The article states that women have fought a huge battle and have come a long way in the sports industry, but despite this there has always existed a negative reaction towards them as the audience solely base their perceptions on the acceptable roles of women in sports, perceptions which totally disregards the women’s experience and expertise on sexism. The article is of great value as it helps in bringing into light some of the popular perceptions from the audience to the women in sports media. However, the article may be biased as it is not peer-reviewed. Conclusion: The opportunities are there. The path to success sounds familiar: Hard work, research and preparation. The people focused on those elements are the ones changing the game in sports media and leading it to greater gender diversity.
Nogueira, Abel, et al. “Identification of gender discrimination in sports: Training of agents of change.” Revista de psicología del deporte 27.3 (2018): 0043-49.
The purpose of the study is to identify gender discrimination in sports. The main objective of the study was to assess the degree of satisfaction of the agents of change trained by the university of Leon on the content of the lesson of the Pstyool Educational Platform concerning gender and sports. The study was conducted through questionnaires with a sample population of 17 subjects that included 16 men and 1 woman. The participants were trained and then required to answer questions from the questionnaire. The results of the study in regards to the lesson on gender and sports indicate that the level of satisfaction among the agents of change was high and the average score was 4.22. The lowest score, 4.12 was “Overall, I am satisfied with the lesson” while the highest score 4.35 was in favor of “The lesson has motivated me to look for more information on this topic. The results reveal that the level of satisfaction of the agents of change was really high and particularly so in the perceived value of the contents of the lesson in future. Conclusion: The high level of satisfaction is particularly evident in the amount of interest the agents of change depicted for the study of this lesson and this also serves to indicate just how highly motivating questions related to knowledge and understanding of gender and sports are for the agents.
Franks, Suzanne, and Deirdre O’neill. “Women reporting sport: Still a man’s game?.” Journalism 17.4 (2016): 474-492.
According to past research, sports journalism has remained an area of gender disparity but in the recent times female sports broadcasters have increased their visibility in the UK. The purpose of the study is to look at the actual visibility of women sports journalists in the sports section. The study employs a quantitative content analysis through a count of by-lines to examine the prevalence of female sports writers in some of the main daily newspapers in the UK. It also included a longitudinal study for the second part of the research. The results of the study found that there was a low proportion of female by-lines and the number of female by-lines was not evenly spread out. The second study suggests that there has been a minimal increment in the number of sports journalists over the past years. Conclusion: Both parts of the study found a general trend of invisibility of female sport journalists in the UK papers covered in the analysis.
The Dominican Genocide Of 1935
The Dominican Genocide Of 1935
According to the opinions of a number of historians, in all the human history, one of the greatest challenges of the modern world even with all the progress that occurred in the 20th century, in politics, economics and society is the violence that was witnessed in the 100 years after the 1900s. One of the accomplished writers in the issue is Niall Ferguson who has come up with numerous articles and texts trying to elucidate the real causes of the horrific violence of the twentieth century. According to the author, there are three main roots of this violence. The first being ethnic conflict, and particularly the dissimilarity between the heterogeneity of numerous ethnic groups in many places and the idea of a nation. The second root to violence as cited by Ferguson is volatility in the economy, the last being the withdrawal of empires.
This theory can fit with and hold up in a lot of the violence witnessed in this period, in a number of countries, and in other cases, it cannot. The question this paper tackles surrounds the degree to which Ferguson’s theory fits with the violence that occurred in the Dominican Republic in the 1930s. Generally, the paper will explore the massacre that occurred in this republic, in reference to the root, causes Ferguson points. The question of the paper, therefore, is how well and why the massacre of the Haitians in 1935 in the Dominican Republic either fits or does not fit with the larger pattern identified by Ferguson.
With the sugar estates and plantations increasingly requiring more workers for seasonal jobs, many migrant workers from Haiti began to settle permanently in the Dominican Republic. General Trujillo during the mid 1930s introduced a policy that was referred to as the Dominicanization of the frontier. This policy sought to change the names of places found along the border to Spanish from French, imposing quotas and outlawing voodoo on the larger percentage of the population made up of the foreign workers. The general ordered the army massacre of more than 25, 000 unarmed citizens of Haiti living on the border between Dominican and Haiti. He justified the attack as a reprisal for the supposed support by Haitians of the Dominican exiles plotting to overthrow his rule (Wucker, 2000). This paper concludes that the events that surrounded this massacre are similar or fit with the argument Ferguson made that such violence results from ethnic conflicts, economic volatility and withdrawal of empires.
This conclusion can be supported by a number of arguments made by several authors, like Michele Wucker in her book why the cocks fight. She uses the cocks as symbols for the two nations that have been on a stand of for centuries. The two countries are located on the Caribbean island called Hispaniola, and they are extremely distinct from each other. The Dominican Republic, for instance, is mixed- race and it speaks Spanish, while the Haitian population speaks French and is mostly composed of Francophone and black individuals. The author of this book mainly emphasizes on the argument of Ferguson of conflicts that result from ethnicity and differences in ethnic cultures. Among other crucial issues, the author addresses are the roles the geography of the region plays, in addition to the European settlement, the sugar industry and the slave revolts, in furthering the differences. The author’s treatment of the racism of the Dominican republic that exists and that existed in the 1930’s towards the Haitians is particularly interesting highlighting the ambivalence and nuance that exists between the two nations, as a result, of their different ethnicities. The conclusion we made earlier that the massacre in the Dominican republic had its roots in ethnicity conflicts is further supported by Wucker when she implies that the root of the conflict is an issue that is politically sensitive of immigration to the Dominican republic of the Haitians, and when she argues that the differences in race between the two groups increase the problem (Wucker, 2000).
The issue of economic volatility can be well analyzed using Ferguson’s work The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West that explores why most republics engaged in violence during and before the twentieth century. The issue of economic volatility was also present in the Dominican Republic whereby Haitians fled their country for more job opportunities in the Dominican Republic. Just as the same as the massacre of the Armenians living in the Ottoman state, the Haitians were massacred in the Dominican Republic. According to the author, the Armenians were massacred, as they were the minority group who were usually viewed as direct threats to the native populations also fighting for their survival (Ferguson, 2007). This was the case in the Dominican Republic where the large ethnic populations targeted the minority ethnic groups, the Haitians, fighting for the same job opportunities and survival.
Withdrawal of empires is also another cause of the violence that occurred in the 1930s. Both of these populations were under colonists for a long period, and the departure of the colonists left the two populations fighting for resources, wealth and land. Some of the conflicts have their bases here, and they later joined up with other forces to lead to eruption of violence in 1935, and the recurrent conflicts that define these two populations. This paper was supposed to discuss whether the theories Ferguson made of war resulting from ethnicity, economic volatility and empire withdrawal fit with the 1935 massacre of the Haitians in the Dominican Republic. The paper concluded that the massacre did fit with the root causes of violence proposed by Ferguson.
References
Ferguson, N. (2007). The war of the world: twentieth- century conflict and the descent of the west. New York: Penguin Press.
Wucker, M. (2000). Why the cocks fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the struggle for Hispaniola. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Reasons Why Workers Prefer New Benefits to Pay Rise
Students Name
Institution of Affiliation
Course Title
Date
Reasons Why Workers Prefer New Benefits to Pay Rise
According to research conducted by Glassdoor, four in five workers stated that they would prefer new benefits to a pay rise. The job market confidence in the United States has increased over the past years, and the job seekers are no longer worried about job security but the benefits they will attain signing a contract with a certain company. Due to this, many people prefer companies that will provide valuable benefits and not necessarily a pay rise. With an increased number of job seekers in preference of new benefits to pay rise, employers, therefore, are left with no option rather than adapting to the market demands implying that employers need to offer more than just salaries to their employees in order to effectively compete in the current labor market.
Companies that offer perks and new benefits stand a better chance of recruiting potential employees as the perks and benefits can be considered a recruitment tool. In the current generation of millennials, employees tend to flock to employers who will help them achieve a healthy balance between work and their private lives (Newman). Besides, the millennials tend to possess strong value systems and also perceive employment as a way or an outlet to which they can use to help themselves and the world better. To the millennials, helping the world is not only about paychecks, and thus, the salary expectations among the employees tend to be lowered. Besides helping the world and themselves better, the millennials demand for new benefits and perks is an indication that they desire to live a lifestyle that they are capable of maintaining by themselves and thus doesn’t need to rely on their employers in any way to sustain their adopted lifestyles.
There are many reasons why people are preferring more benefits to pay rise. Among the benefits is that there is peace of mind among the employees. Though it is hard to measure the peace of mind, many employees say that they enjoy more freedom from benefits than pay increment. For example, most of the potential young workers are already prescribed to college loans, which gives a hard time paying back. Due to this, many of these young workers are greatly attracted to companies that would assist them in repaying their loans, since most of them focus on repaying the college loans rather than starting any investments as they await the future retirement plans from their employer which they will use in investing (Martin and Robert).
On the other hand, old workers experience various issues that include health, family, and also need time for accession as well as future retirement plans. Due to this, older employees get more focused on their health, dedicating more on health insurance and retirement plans. Lack of security in health insurance and retirement plans imply a completely ruined future due to inadequate finances, and thus the short and long term plans are greatly hindered. For the old workers, therefore, it would be better if the employer focuses more on health insurance and retirement plans as the workers will not work forever. Older people are associated with degenerative conditions and thus need more money to cater for their health plans. They also need more money to care for their life after retirement since, at that time, they might be dependent on relatives and need money for their basic needs. A higher pay would not be able to accomplish such aspirations as money at hand will be subject to misuse, and therefore the employer needs a better plan to secure the future of their workers.
Another reason as to why most of the workers prefer new benefits to pay rise is due to taxation. According to my opinion, the more pay one is engaged to, makes them advance to a higher tax bracket and thus more taxation in the amount provided. Due to this, the increment in the real sense is minimal, and the worker may not be able to fix their problems with the increment. As a result, workers argue that when the company offers for vacation, not only for staff but also to their families, it makes great sense as the company often caters for every expense. However, an increment in pay will hinder such plans as a vacation as the little money obtained after taxation will be hard to budget and account for, making it hard to realize personal goals. Having the employer provide such benefits also will help the employee be able to tour the world, an opportunity which would have been rare if they were left to do it alone. Besides, in the case of new mothers and fathers, providing a paternity and maternity leave fully paid will also attract more workers as it would be a challenge for a person to work for a company that will not provide paid leaves.
Perks and benefits, aside from the retirement and healthcare benefits, lifestyle options improve the quality of life to a great extent with such benefits such as commuting subsidies, gym subscriptions, and eldercare (Shields and Andrea). The wellbeing programs which focus on the physical, mental, and financial, along with the social aspects of the workers, tend to be centered around helping the employees overcome the financial and emotional stress, for example, for the student loan debt, which stresses fresh college leavers. Performance bonus, on the other hand, acts as a way of promoting the employees’ creativity and hard work, which increases the productivity of the company. When workers are paid performance bonuses, they tend to feel appreciated and therefore develop a strong sense of belonging to the company. The benefits provided to the workers are of great help and helps them achieve more compared to a pay rise, and thus, many employees prefer perks and new benefits to pay increase.
Works Cited
Martin, Thomas N., and Robert Ottemann. “Generational workforce demographic trends and total organizational rewards which might attract and retain different generational employees.” Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 16.2 (2016): 1160.
Newman, Terri L. The generational divide: Implementing a work/life balance policy to improve the organizational culture within the workplace. Diss. Keiser University, 2016.
Shields, John, and Andrea North-Samardzic. “10 Employee benefits.” Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies (2015): 218.