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THE DIVERSITY OF CULTURE
THE DIVERSITY OF CULTURE
Culture is what a community where one comes from has been practicing since time in memorial. The practices can be based on religion, belief, and even the place where the community originated from. In different parts of the world, different cultural practices take place. The significance of the different cultural practices can only be explained best by the people who are practicing them, even though the younger generation are not practicing them as they used to be. Some of the cultural practices may look familiar but the meaning of the practice to the various the communities different.
In Saudi Arabia women are required to wear long dresses (Hijab) that covers up to the ankles, the women must also have their head covered with the headscarves all the time. The reason behind that is because of the religious background (Islam). Saudi Arabia is mostly a Muslim country thus the culture of wearing long dresses covering up to the ankles. In Africa there are some communities such as Kenya where the wearing of long dresses is considered as symbol of respect. Most women with children who have married tend to wear long dresses as it is considered a taboo for a son in-law to see the knee of the mother in-Law. Drinking alcohol is prohibited in Saudi Arabia, but in other cultures alcohol was considered as very vital in some cultures. Among the Kikuyu community in Kenya, alcohol was part and parcel of dowry negotiation event. Without the alcohol the dowry negotiation could not take place as the elders needed something to keep their throats from becoming “dry” from the immense talking that took place in such a cultural event.
The United States is home to various cultures as most of the citizens of the country are from different cultures. The original community of the United States was the Red Indians, thus the cultural practices of the Red Indians can be considered the cultural practice of the United States of America. Unlike Saudi Arabia which is where I originate from, where the Muslim culture dominate. In Saudi Arabia women and men do not sit together in any social gatherings, the women sit separate from the men even in the places of worship. It is a culture that has been in practice for a very long time, the significance of the culture was to allow the women to have their own space to discuss their own issues. The other reason was to avoid unnecessary contact between the men, and women which might lead to sexual desires (Frady, 2002) .
Comparing the cultures back in Saudi Arabia and the United states, in America there is no specific culture that can be related with the people of the United States. Looking at the history of America, the different communities have had to fight in order to be noticed and appreciated. Among the Black community in the United States, Martin Luther King Jnr has remained in the heart of many black people as the person who fought for their rights (Frady, 2002) . The efforts of Martin Luther King did also help other communities that were considered inferior or alien in the United States to be respected. His dream of having a country that respects the rich diversity of culture in the United States is becoming true with each passing day. The recent example is the election of a black man as the president of the United States of America (Reading critically, 2012).
In America kissing in public is considered as affection, so is hugging. In Saudi Arabia it is considered a sin a violation of the Islamic religion. Life in America compared to Saudi Arabia is very different. In America strict observation of the law is enough to keep one out of trouble. In Saudi Arabia one has to follow the countries law to the latter and also follow the religious law to the latter. Breaking one of the rules from either side would land one in trouble.
Among the Red Indians the culture of curing using the old ways is still practiced to date, just as in the contemporary world of medicine. That is among the best cultures I have come across in the United States. Their traditional doctors have been at one time or the other managed to cure some diseases that seemed impossible using modern medicine. The Red Indians also practices the hospitality culture that is to mean any person can go into a Red Indian community be accepted and even live among them. The only condition that is that such a person maintains peace and respect (Reading critically, 2012).
Conclusion
The different cultural practices among the different communities was meant to guide the communities, some practices were put in place to bring the community together. If that is the case, then the different cultural practices can be used to promote peaceful co-existence of people from different cultures. Every year various people from different cultures throng Brazil to take part in the Carnival celebrations, if such a cultural event can bring people together, then cultural diversity is very vital in promoting world peace.
Reference
Frady, Marshall. Martin Luther King, Jr.. New York: Penguin Group, 2002. Print.
Reading critically, writing well + pocket style manual 5e with 2009 mla. S.l.: Bedford Bks St Martin’S, 2012. Print
Jonathan Ree on Philosophy as an Art Podcast
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Jonathan Ree on Philosophy as an Art Podcast
This podcast focuses on philosophy as an art form and the relationship between philosophy and the arts. Ree wants to point out that philosophy enables a philosopher to retain a high degree of thought on par with great philosophers. Furthermore, an art form necessitates the extensive practice of a set of talents. However, anyone can participate. Philosophy, like the ability to write poetry (at least to some extent), permits anyone to think deeply. Atheists, according to Ree, are skeptical of religious matters. Atheists are unconcerned by religious utterances or events. However, many people believe in them (G. Caruso, 2019). As a result, a good philosopher should endeavor to figure out why this appeal exists. Atheists, on the other hand, take a stand against religion and attempt to rationally articulate their beliefs without neutrally investigating the facts. This is a practice of closing one’s ears and not listening to other people’s arguments.
The structural design of philosophical texts is known as symphonic architecture. Philosophers such as Kierkegaard and Desecrates did not imply any immediate point of view in their writings; rather, they welcomed readers to go on a journey that required profound thinking and examination. They present an idea or thinking in a structured sequence through a series of chapters. Philosophy teaching is a very significant and responsible task. Ree believes that the teacher and the students should have a conversational interaction. Connecting with the pupils is more vital than instilling any dogma or ideals. The teacher should be able to increase the students’ uneasiness or curiosity about a topic (J Evans 2019). To induce tension, the teacher should remain silent for a few moments or minutes on key issues. The teacher and his students must attempt to investigate the encompassing element of an idea, the complete space surrounding it.
Philosophy, according. to Jonathan Ree, philosophy is art in and of itself, just as art is philosophy. The art of critical and analytical thinking, the art of reasoning, and the art of the illogical and logical are all part of philosophy. It’s always a work of art. Ree proposes that we approach philosophical writings as “individual works of art,” rather than as components of a system. He was cautioned against reducing philosophy to “useless nonsense that leads nowhere. (J Evans 2019)” Genuine philosophical inquiries rise above the eccentricities of individual works and thinkers to have a position in an impersonal repository of philosophical truth. It’s the stuff of every mansplainer’s fantasies, promising us the chance to examine the entirety of human cognition and dilate on it indefinitely.
We admire particular works of art for their profundity and subtlety, for the insights they bring, or for the way they make us see the world differently, and we believe these characteristics are artistically significant. Other works are criticized for their shallowness, superficiality, or sentimentality, and we consider them to be artistically faulty as a result. These are creative assessments that appear to be, or rely on, cognitive assessments. Such aspects of our judgments of artworks are taken seriously by aesthetic cognitivism. It’s best described as a synergy of epistemic and aesthetic claims: (1) Artworks have cognitive functions, according to epistemic claims. (2) Aesthetic claim: The cognitive functions of artworks play a role in determining their aesthetic value.
The true philosophy is what the human being needs. In other words, human beings require a philosophy that is grounded in reality. Philosophy, being a fundamental aspect of human life, can mold one’s mind and character, and it is the primary force dictating the fate of nations. Depending on the philosophy type embraced by humans, philosophy shapes them in either a positive or negative direction. Philosophy is the study of the essential characteristics of human existence and the relationship between human beings and existence. It deals with everything in the cosmos, unlike other sciences that focus on specific topics.
In other words, if an art-dominated culture shapes a society with a combination of philosophy and art, society may earn its rightful place in the civilized world. In such a culture, life anticipations outnumber ordinary linearity. This character takes on the persona of that group of people. One of the distinguishing characteristics of a piece of art is that it serves no practical or material purpose and is the goal in and of itself. A work of art serves no purpose other than to induce a state of thought and imagination. (G. Caruso, 2019) The joy of this stance is so intense and personal that man embraces it as a principle that serves no other purpose and lives as if it were a unique experience.
Ree is correct in describing philosophy as an art form. It is more making to artistic forms than scientific streams. It lets a person think freely, create something new, adopt skills that are open to everyone, conduct thorough research on a topic using reason and logic, and so on to keep philosophical thinking at a high level these characteristics can be found in every kind of art. As a result, it qualifies as a work of art.
References
G. Caruso, (2019) 365 Bites Podcast Interviews.
J Evans, (2019). The Philosophers’ Magazine, Grassroots philosophy pdcnet.org
Postpartum Depression in relation to Family Health
Postpartum Depression in relation to Family Health
Introduction
Maternal mental health problems pose a major social, human and economic burden on infants, women, society and their immediate families, and it also, generally presents a major health challenge to the public. Overall mental disorders prevalence is however similar in women and men, the mental health for women however requires more special considerations this is in reference to the likelihood of women suffering mainly from anxiety and depression and the mental health impact issues on the child rearing and child bearing process.
During the first year and pregnancy virtually all women are prone to develop maternal mental disorders but, migration, poverty, direct exposure to violence example sexual, domestic or gender based, extreme stress, conflict and emergency situations, low social support and natural disasters all generally contribute to specific disorder increase. Initially, the term postpartum depression has been used covering all depression symptoms that are associated with childbirth. This is however incorrect if used in relation to a disease that has varying degree of symptoms and severity since it tends to over-generalize the illness. Postpartum depression common categorization divides the disease into three main depression types, that are mainly dependent on divergent symptoms; postpartum depression, baby blues and postpartum psychosis. The maternal disorders consequences during pregnancy are exhibited when the woman is likely to sleep or eat well and as a result may adequately fail to gain weight. She also tends to avoid prenatal care attendance and may also fail to seek help during birth. She will also tend to use substances that are harmful such as cigarettes, alcohol and drugs and may try to kill or injure themselves. The raised stress hormones during the maternal mental illness process may also add to the negative physical effects exhibited by the mother, this may tend to predispose her to pre-eclampsia, maternal high blood pressure, difficult or early deliver and on the babies who are developing, who may still be small for the infant age. In older children in the family the maternal mental disorder effects may include abuse,neglect and slower emotional,social and cognitive development which may include higher rates of behavior and school problems. Marital relationship may also be seriously affected by the maternal mental illness, especially in the cases of serious or prolonged mental disorder. These may include spousal abuse or marriage disruption by either partner. It is with this above understanding of the subject issue and its psychosocial effects on the family that this article seeks to address the impact it has on family health, determinants of health and their relevance to the subject issue, and nursing strategies that can be used to address the issue.
Health issues posed by the maternal mental disorders and their significant effects on the family can be exhibited by the numerous studies that have shown that the postpartum depression directly affects the women and children that are affected by it this is according to a research done in 2009 by Greig,J a community nurse in his published article Postnatal depression linked to child behavioral problems states that in the boys whose mothers have postpartum depression symptoms three quarter of them exhibited behavioral problems like distractibility and hyperactivity, mainly as they begin school. On the other hand the same research when done on girls revealed that their teachers considered them well-adjusted, and due to this it is evident that the effect of the disorder is more on the male child and this not only affects the close relationship to the mother but also the child’s development and growth. A study done on health care and nursing in 2010 by Lindgren K, entitled relationships among, prenatal depression, maternal-fetal attachment and health practices in pregnancy, revealed that for the parents who are depressed their children tend to exhibit signs of insecure attachment as compared to those not from parents not maternally depressed and this attribute tends to follow them as they develop which tends to affect how they interact with others and their peers. The postpartum disorder can also affect the partner and mother relationship within the family which also affects the other family members health since it can cause a strain on the family relationship and interaction especially in cases where young children are involved, this intrusion in the family bonds is an important factor since the effects of the depression can cause the children to be irritable, anxious and depressed which affects their overall health this is according to research done in 1998 by Borrill ,J a community nurse in his article on preventing and detecting postnatal depression (Ferber SG,et al,2008).
Postpartum depression main causes are somewhat disputed, in that the subject has two divergent schools of thought one of them being psychosocial and the other biological. One biological explanation lies in the hormonal changes after the childbirth,it states that the hormones greatly fluctuate and due to this drastic change many believe that it is a contributor to the postpartum depression.in that the hormonal change experienced around the fifth day peak the disturbance of the moods and they influence the emotional arousal, responses and reinforcements in women. The psychosocial aspect of the postpartum depression explanation states that the child birth process does not only physically affect women but its effects are also psychological in that the realization caused by the child birth of the evident role changes mainly on the woman’s roles to a mothers , in that they have to transit to a life of responsibility, emotional attachment and less freedom can have effects like depression when the coping or adopting to the new roles become overwhelming to the individual. Other psychosocial factors that have been linked tothe postpartum depression include chronic life strains, stressful life by the mother, deaths by close relations, daily hassles, unwanted pregnancy and everyday hassles during the pregnancy period(World Health Organization, ,2008).
Early interventions and identification improve for most women the long term prognoses of postpartum depression. Substantial evidence and success have also been found for implementing preemptive treatment, evidence that suggest psychological or psychosocial interventions also help with addressing the postnatal depression issue after birth. These described issues include telephone-based peer support, home visits, and interpersonal psychotherapy. It has been established that a large part of the treatment lies on the prevention aspect that is influenced by how an individual understands the risk factors and in this aspect there is a large contribution that the entire medical community can add as they undertake their roles in treating and identifying postpartum depression. The physicians can also screen the patients to determine whether they are at risk of acquiring the postpartum depression. Also, insisting on proper nutrition and exercise appears to play a significant role in depressed mood and postpartum prevention in general. Numerous journal and scientific studies support the postpartum depression notion as being treatable by implementing various practical methods. In that the postpartum depression (PPD) can be treated or identified by mitigating the problems root cause, including additional help with childcare, increased partner support and cognitive therapy other effective non –professional interventions can also be implemented. For many women from diverse cultures postpartum depression is a major health issue and in this aspect different ways of detecting and isolating the depressive symptomatology in those women who recently gave birth also help in addressing the issue, however the postpartum depression development requires adequate programs to be able to effectively screen for the PPD. Decisions need to be made based on the evidence regarding the health care system issues such as cost-effectiveness, policies for referral, and potential harm. In addition, the most effective screening test that not only has good specifity and sensitivity but is easy and quick to interpreted, culturally sensitive, and readily incorporated into practice. Preliminarily auspiciously research suggests postpartum depression is susceptible to all interventions of treatment and this provides a development rationale for an effective screening program. A few randomized and well-designed controlled trials however have been effectively conducted to guide policy and practice recommendations but further research is still adequate before any evidence based programs are considered for wide implementation. According to the above interventions it is certain that no single certain aetiological pathway exists by which postpartum depression is developed in women, and with this understanding it is also clear that a single treatment/prevention modality application will be effective for all women (Stewart R.et, al 2008).
Conclusion
There is still some controversy regarding the postpartum depression causes and this stresses on the importance of conducting more research in order to make a definitive conclusion. As seen in the debate between the psychological and biological causes of the illness but regardless of the cause other underlying risk factors are also associated with the increased development of the PPD. In this manner detection of the PPD should be given priority since it is the key to helping the affected families and women. The availability of remedy options for the postpartum depression which include support services like telephone support and public health nurses visits. Psychological counseling that include relaxation therapy, interpersonal therapy and pharmaceutical intervention. The understanding that childbirth is a very traumatic and sometimes emotional event for the women, theirfamilies and partners lays the foundation that the effects of postpartum depression should not be underestimated and by evaluation the best mode of treatment can be found.
Reference
World Health Organization, (2008)Maternal mental health and child health and development in low and middle income countries. Report of the WHO meeting. Geneva,
Ferber SG, Feldman R, Makhoul IR. (2008)The development of maternal touch across the first year of life.Early Human Development.2008;84:363–370. [PubMed]
Stewert R. Maternal and child nutrition (2008). Maternal common mental disorder and infant
growth: A cross-sectional study from Malawi. In press