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The discus thrower art
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The Discus Thrower
The discus thrower art is one of the marvellous pieces of art of the classical antiquity. The artwork was originally sculpted out of bronze by an Athenian artist known as Myron. Myron was born in a fortress city known as Eleutherae at around the fifth century BC. The Discus Thrower became known after several bronze and marble copies of the artwork were made by Roman artists. The Discus Thrower was a famous piece of art in ancient Greece and it is recorded that the Roman satirist and rhetorician by the name Luciana of Samosata mentioned the piece of art in his book, Philopseudes.
The Discus Thrower is a piece of art that features a physically fit young male athlete statue in a posing position before just launching his disc. The art depicts the young man as in a position of launching his disc that is usually characterized by lots of stress although the face of the athlete shows a relaxed individual ready to do what he does best. The artwork shows that the face of the statue faces the disc and many historians such as Clark have interpreted this posture to represent the desire for athlete perfectionism.
This piece of art was a source of inspiration for many lovers of the ancient art although the legacy of the discus thrower was damaged greatly in the 20th century. This is after it drew the attention of the Germany Nazis leader Adolf Hitler. Hitler acquired a copy of Discus Thrower art known as Discobolus Palombara/Discobolus Lancellotti in 1938 from Galeazzo Ciano who was a Foreign Minister in the Fascist Italy between the years 1936 to 1943.
Discobolos, Myron
A Centaur Fighting
A centaur in the ancient Greece was mythological creature that was considered to feature its upper body as human with horse body and legs on the lower body. According to the Greece mythology, centaurs creatures were born from Ixion and Nephele. In native Greek myths, the centaurs are considered to be very insipid as the wild horses. During the ancient Greek, were used to represent the various struggles that existed between civilization and lower appetites in the nature of humankind.
The art of a Centaur Fighting has been used in classical art and there exist in three unique forms. In ancient Greece, many Greeks believed that the Centaurs were born after a union of Nymph (Apollodorus) and Cronus (Saturn). The centaurs were not regarded as demigods but rather as divine beings. The story behind the contours goes that after birth, it was abandoned by its mother and the gods took care of it until maturity after Apollo and Artemis adopted it.
Although the Greek mythologies do not mention any positive attributes of the centaurs, they were known as being evasive assassins as referenced in the myth of Peleus. The Greek myths create a perception of creatures that were drunkards and their lust for wine was unmatched. There is a myth about how the lust for undiluted wine led to the centaur trying to rape a bride after an invitation into the wedding of a king. The king was angry about the actions of centaurs due to the violation of hospitality laws; guests who had attended the king’s wedding fought and killed a significant number of them and those who survived were exiled.
Centaurs are seen in the archaic arts and they depict the primitivism. For instance, human heroes in ancient Greece art were characterized with sculptures that had proper weapons while the centaurs are represented as using rocks and tree trunks as their weaponry. The sculptural art showed that people were struggling against the highbred forms as represented by the classical art.
A Centaur Fighting
The Head of a Horse
In ancient Greece, the horse played a central role in their culture as it was important in warfare, transportation, sporting activities and this is seen in Greek myth s and legends. In ancient Greece, horses were a sign of wealth and this formed a critical area for Greek artists to explore. Horses are depicted in both the Classical and Archaic art. There are over 80 pieces of art that comprise of both private and public collections that shows the central role of horses in ancient Greek culture. In Greek art, horses were used by artists as symbols of power, wealth and prestige and the Greek culture considered horses as cherished human companions, heroes and gods. A horse was a symbol of wealth because it was more often associated to those who were well-off in the society and could afford the high cost of purchasing one. The acquiring and use of horses in ancient Greece was limited to those who were wealthy in the society as they were costly to acquire and its use was very versatile.
The head of a horse has been used in ancient Greece has been used to depict the mythical imagery of horses in Greek mythology. Ancient Greek artists have depicted horses on chariots in different situations such as heading to battle, while racing although some artists choose to focus on horse races with an outline of the reins, bridles, bits and goads. Some of the ancient images of horses depict images of the feeding or the grooming of the horses. Horses in ancient Greece art are more often found on coins, vases and sculpture that dates back to the 4th century BC and they are often preserved in different museums across the globe.
The Horse in ancient Greek art
The Parthenon
The Parthenon is believed to have been built between the years 447 and 32 BCE and officially opened in 428 BCE. The structure was built during the Perikles building program and it was designed to be the jewel of the Greek capital Athens. The building was constructed of marble in honour of the initial Parthenon that had been destroyed. Many scholars believed that the new Parthenon reflected the exact old structure that had been destroyed. The Parthenon had a colossal statue in its inside representing the Athena. In ancient Greece, Athena were regarded as a patron goddess for the Athens city.
The Parthenon is known for having more sculptures within it more than any known temple in Greek history. It is known for its ninety two metopes artwork on its exterior, pedimental statues that are on its front and back, a 160-meter long frieze and a cella with a roof and it was initially used as a church and later as a mosque. Due to the structure’s changing functions, there were modifications made to it. The first modification was the construction of the structure’s apse to the east end while there was a second modification that involved the incorporation of a roof over the cella and later a minaret was added to the Parthenon to allow it be used as a mosque. All the modifications done on the Parthenon were minor and did not adversely affect its structure and stability.
The structure was greatly damaged in 1687 after an explosion that left the building in ruins and significantly damaged. After the explosions, there were efforts to restore the building to its initial status with great success. The Parthenon structure has been used as a reference to the classical Athens and city’s inhabitants.
The Parthenon
References
Cohen, Beth, ed. Not the classical ideal: Athens and the construction of the other in Greek art. Brill, 2000.Markman, Sidney David. The horse in Greek art. Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1969.
Noble, Joseph V. “The forgery of our Greek bronze horse.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 26.6 (1968): 253-256.
Snodgrass, Anthony. Homer and the artists: text and picture in early Greek art. Cambridge University Press, 1998.Spivey, Nigel Jonathan. Understanding Greek sculpture: Ancient meanings, modern readings. Thames and Hudson, 1996.
The Allegory of the Cave
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The Allegory of the Cave
The Allegory of the Cave is one of the most famous passages in Western philosophy history. It starts with a scene representation of a group of captives who have lived like their entire lives bound to the wall of a dark cave. These prisoners seem to be subjected under severe torture due to the conditions in which they are living. The prisoners in the caves observed shadows which were projected on a blank wall like every day, and according to them the shadows were actual, and they shaped their whole reality. Imagining that one of the prisoners eventually manages to leave the cave and walks outside and experiences the sunshine and the world outside the cave. While outside the cave he is exposed for the first time to the sunshine as well as the light and therefore he is finally able to see the exact shapes, forms plus the actual reality of the shadows which he previously believed were real (Plato and Benjamin, p.16). On learning the truth, this individual would undoubtedly feel remorseful for his companions who are still back in the cave. If he tends to return to the cave and elucidates to them what he saw and experienced in the outside, they would probably not believe, and they would laugh at him thinking he has gone crazy.
Therefore the Allegory of the Cave by Plato tends to explore the tension amid the imaginary reality that the individuals reflect is actual (shadows) against the integrity that is the actuality (outside the cave). This paper discusses and analyzes how the current issues in the society regarding self-development and entertainment relates to the Cave Allegory context on how people are made to believe what is not factual to be the reality.
The best method to learn from the Cave Allegory is to reflect on the individuals who were confined in the cave as the majority of the individuals in the world. The individuals in the cave alleged that the shadows which they experienced daily were the truth, and this corresponds to the majority of individuals in the world in contemporary times who trust in and follow the shadows based on education, money and fame among others. These things which the individuals tend to believe in and follow are commonly the notions as well as the social norms which individuals have been made and told to stick to early from their childhood due to the majority accord. Inappropriately, this thinking leads to a life of lost prospects plus mediocrity since the individuals will never contemplate and realize how much reality and opportunities essentially happens outer the “cave.”
Moreover, the Allegory of the Cave in today’s society also relates in one way or another to false advertising. False advertising which is evident in the music industry, movies, news, newspapers, billboards, and magazines among others. In this context, the individuals believe in what they see without proper reasoning, and when they finally conduct some research, they may find out that the advertising was indeed a lie. For example, many companies use false advertising to make the individuals believe that their products are good and hence they profit from the lies. However many individuals already know this, but most of them are still oblivious. The individuals who already understand all this and always buys the products relate directly to the prisoners who only watched the shadows in the cave and the ones who took the next step of doing some research on the products relate to the prisoner who became free. Also, the individuals in the society are still blinded mainly while watching the television and some movies where the culture is easily influenced (Peterson and Valerie, p.276). Today, the television functions as a form of entertainment to everybody. In reality Television individuals tend to believe that it is real, but in reality, they know that it is not the reality as there exist the producers who set everything up. However, the individuals incline to trust what they see is real. Consequently, so many children are glued to the television and other forms of entertainment like playing the video games, and this seems to become their little world which they are trapped in and are slurped into a world that is not the actual reality and hence they are made to believe that it is true.
The internet is another component since nowadays it is like anyone can post like anything they like. Individuals can publish their writings concerning their opinions on some issues and later post them online where they are available by many people. These writings or ideas may be rumors or may be false, and some individuals might believe in them as they are actual. Also, celebrities plus the existing social networking sites make the masses go into another imaginary world and makes them in some way to escape the reality. The celebrities and the internet have therefore created an illusion to some individuals that what they hear, see and experience from them is real, just because they saw it on the television or the internet (Huard and Roger, p23). What Plato was trying to mean is that sometimes the masses are being blinded by the reality and some of the individuals do not even discern what to think or they want to believe otherwise since they are accustomed to their mode of thinking.
In conclusion, the Allegory of the Cave still applies to today’s world as individuals are still being kept in the dark and thus looking at the “shadows” cast by different sectors in the society like the media and the entertainment industry. They all portray what they want the individuals to believe, and the individuals who manage to get the truth out it becomes hard to make others think the same since they have been brainwashed into believing the lies. Therefore it is right for the individuals to realize that times have transformed, the world has evolved, and they do not have to be living in the captivity and darkness anymore.
Works Cited
Huard, Roger L. Plato’s Political Philosophy. Algora Pub., 2007.
Peterson, Valerie V. “Plato’s Allegory of the Cave: literacy and “the good”.” Review of Communication 17.4 (2017): 273-287.
Plato., and Benjamin Jowett. The Allegory Of The Cave. Enhanced Media, 2017.
The discussion elaborates the kind of relationship available between several individuals, and a recommendation for developing
Organizations Behavior
Institution
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Executive summaryOrganizations come up with different methods of carrying out their operations aimed at achieving a competitive advantage in the business environment. The concept of organization behaviour is very important when it comes to situations where one manager takes control of more than three interdependent groups or individuals. The discussion below represents an interview conducted to a project manager in one of the engineering firms. The responsibilities and requirements for the position are analysed followed by the description of other interdependent people below the manager. The discussion elaborates the kind of relationship available between several individuals, and a recommendation for developing an effective organization.
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Executive summary PAGEREF _Toc331895656 h 21.0 Job description of a project manager PAGEREF _Toc331895657 h 32.0 Interaction of the project manager with other individuals PAGEREF _Toc331895659 h 53.0 The relationship between the individuals and the project manager PAGEREF _Toc331895664 h 54.0 The interdependence between the manager and other individuals PAGEREF _Toc331895665 h 75.0 The interdependences on the diagrammatic representation PAGEREF _Toc331895666 h 86.0 Conclusion and recommendation PAGEREF _Toc331895667 h 9References PAGEREF _Toc331895668 h 10
List of figure
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation……………………………………………………………………………….9
1.0 Job description of a project managerThe interview was carried out to a project manager, Eng. Lionel Nicolai from top contractors Limited. Nicolai is a 45 years old man. He holds many responsibilities that assist in the daily growth of different projects undertaken by the company. Lionel Nicolai advanced to the position as a project manager after completing several years of employment in the engineering field. Eng. Nicolai has a bachelors’ degree in Civil engineering. In addition, he has enough knowledge on business management skills by having a master’s degree in engineering management, technology management, or business administration. In addition, the person has the following requirements although they are less formal. First, he has good analytical skills that assist in evaluating and solving of complex problems. Second he has excellent communication skills in order to oversee the staff performance and relate well with other managers. Communication skills assist the manager in leading other employees and assisting the organization to achieve its goals. Finally, the manager should have technical skills in order to gain full scope of the area being managed (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012).
Eng. Nicolai has the responsibility of coordinating all technical activities related to all assigned engineering work. Moreover, he takes control of all operations in to ensure they comply with the engineering codes of ethics. In addition, the manager ensures effective communication and interaction between all the project participants in all disciplines. Eng. Lionel Nicolai has the responsibility of researching and developing project teams who come up with new products, designs, and processes. He still checks the technical accuracy of the work done by the staff members. Finally, he has the responsibility of hiring, assigning duties, and supervising those below him (United States Department of Labour, 2012).2.0 Interaction of the project manager with other individualsIn his operations, Eng. Lionel has various interactions with different individuals from both inside and outside the organization. The individuals are; project sponsor, coordinator, system developer, and consultant.
3.0 The relationship between the individual and the project managerMargret-the project sponsor
Margret, the project sponsor is a 40 years old lady who comes from outside the organization but her presence is very important since she is responsible for the funding of all activities taking place. Margret commissions other people in delivering the project requirements, and works very close with the Eng. Lionel in ensuring activities run smoothly throughout the project. In addition, she relates with the manager regarding all the information from the project, the budget requirement, time of implementation, and the technological requirements for the project. On the launching of the project, the Margaret ensures that it is reviewed actively by negotiating with the contractors and administrators. Moreover, the project sponsor is the leader of the project steering board, and approves the budget presented by project manager. The manager always gets problems with the sponsor in issues relating to allocation of funds. Sometimes the organization ends up using funds but fails to account for them. There was an instance where Nicolai was unable to account for 5000 dollars leading to a very big problem with the sponsor.
Mark- Project Coordinator:
Mark comes from inside the organization and is very close to the project manager. He is a gentleman 28 years old. In fact, Mark reports direct to the manager. Mark has the following qualities. First, the he manages all support functions that include planning, reporting, and carrying out internal communication with other employees on the work progress. Secondly, the he gives the direction, tools, and procedures to follow while implementing the proposed project with the help of the project manager. Moreover, the individual is responsible for the management of data security, software, and licensing control. The individual should possess quality communication skills, outgoing, and very social with others.
The main problem that Nicolai experiences with the coordinator is when some plans fail to concur with what the organization expects leading to delay in some operations. In some instances, the Mark is forced to work for long hours but receives no extra payments.
John – Systems developer
John come from inside the organization because he carryout continuous checkups on all systems responsible for the running of any project in progress. He works for long hours and with a lot of caution. This person liaises with the project manager in defining and executing project development requirements. John has different responsibilities and must report to the project Eng. Lionel on daily basis. In some instances the individual carryout data mitigation, report on configuration and project development, and responsible for setting out security rights and access permissions. A system developer should have good knowledge of computers and their operations, which requires an individual with high integrity. The system developer should have high integrity and capability.
Sometimes the manager faces problems with the system developer when he fails to come up with applications fit for the project. This makes projects to lag behind and the manager is held responsible by the project sponsor. In addition, John faces problems with developing applications for complicated projects.
Moses Junior- consultant
Moses is 50 years old married man who is an outside individual contracted by the organization, but reports to the project manager. He has close interaction with Eng. Lionel because he manages all suppliers of raw materials, and plans for the project. The senior consultant has very good interaction with the project manager since they meet on many occasions to discuss about the progresses made. Moses is always present during the design of any plan in order to develop the plan into an understandable thing. Moses is open-minded, more social with others, and has ability to make quick decisions in case anything wrong happens while implementing the project. In addition, Moses makes sure all mandatory supplier requirements are fulfilled, and manages the approval of all equipments and materials delivered. Moreover, the he heads all other consultants in the organization by ensuring they maintain quality performance and take the necessary actions.
If the consultant’s designs fail to conform with the manage specifications, they always quarrel a lot. Some of the issues found between mosses and Lionel are related to design specifications being higher than the proposed budget. Moreover, the consultant faces problems with the manager when the accepted designs fail to be produced in time resulting to delays in the organization.
4.0 The interdependence between the manager and the four individualsIn order to develop strong organizational behavior traits, leaders and followers should co-operate in all their actions and solve problems together through dialogue. Taking the responsibility as a manager it would be necessary to listen to the fellow workmate, and try teaching them how to relate with others in the organization. The manager depends a lot on the performance of these individuals in accomplishing the organization’s goals. First, the Eng. Nicolai should contact Margaret in order to get funds for running the project. Her position is very much affected by the outcomes of the project that requires an individual with strong leadership skills, and who has a voice of command. In addition, the sponsor should have detailed information of all activities taking place showing actual figures in order to release the required funds.
Secondly, the manager requires the assistant from Mark, the project coordinator, who makes a follow up on the project and ensure all activities occur as prescribed by the contractor. This position is very crucial in the organization since all the projects being implemented need to be thoroughly coordinated by experienced individuals. Thirdly, the John plays a significant role in assisting the Eng. Nicolai on technical issues in the project. On the other hand, Moses provides the Eng. Nicolai with the necessary design and the actual budget to present to the sponsors. The consultant should be very reliable because they carry more weight on all projects for the organization. In most organizations, people work predominantly with electronic information and communication technologies in order to accomplish one or more organizational tasks (Wiesenfeld et al, 1998).
Diagrammatic representation
Margret Moses Junior
Eng. Lionel Nicolai
John mark
Figure 1: The interdependence between the project manager, coordinator, sponsors, system developers, and the consultant.( the arrow points the person who an individual reports to)
5.0 The interdependence on the diagrammatic representationFrom figure 1, the four groups shown are under the project manager. Some individuals have more power that other and these are shown in bold lines. The project sponsor takes a higher position than others since he controls all the funds getting into the finance department in coordinating the project. On the other hand, the system developers take the lowest position since they report to all others in the diagram. The senior consultant only reports to the project manager, who gives the feedback to others. Dealing with these people makes work more efficient and effective. They motivate other employees who follow them in carrying out their operations in a quality manner. Employees’ engagement in their work stations encourages good production and improves their relationship with their leaders.
6.0 Conclusion and recommendation
Managers are people who set the pace for others to follow and as such, they should indicate the appropriate leadership principles in order to manage people effectively. A principled leader should have a vision, make decisions, willing to take risks, motivate people, manage and build teams, have self-knowledge, have integrity, have good communication skills, pursue lifelong learning, and help others succeed. In addition, a leader should be able to set good expectations to the followers, unite people, and be psychologically fit. Leading is the ability of an individual being in charge of a lot of people or a certain organization. Understanding the dynamics of talent flow among employees in an organization essence of motivation should be put in place in order to prepare them for international operations. The employees who attain these targets then qualify for the compensation. Development of appropriate managerial strategy is essential for every organization. Management strategy helps an organization to collect and utilize the available resources and opportunities to realize profits and become competitive in the market.
Design of a good framework of the top organization with an objective of bringing together understanding among the interdependent group would be recommended (White, 2005). Observing the behavior of the managers assists in determining the cause of a problem and therefore; devising a way of solving it. On the other hand, the performance of these managers will determine their cooperation with the interdependence group. The performance increase is through having regular meetings aimed at discussing the main areas of concern and different people to come up with their solutions. The manager should ensure that the allocated funds are well utilized correctly to avoid issues with the sponsor. On the other hand, the coordinator should ensure he makes the recommended plans for the available projects. Another option involves restructuring the job description of theses employee and department to avoid problems between the manager and these individuals.
Moreover, the manager faced problems with the system developer. These issues could be solved through having the right materials for the system developer. These include updates computers with the capability of accepting different software applications. Finally, the consultant should ensure he offers the required designs that are I line with the expected budget. Employees in an organization are the source of problems requiring the management to take the necessary action to change employees (Bolman, 1997).
ReferencesBolman, L. & Deal, T. E. (1997). Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and
Leadership. Fourth Edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey – Bass.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012). How to Become an Architectural or Engineering Manager.Retrieved from:http://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/architectural-and-engineering-managers.htm#tab-4Jackson, D.J.R., Carr, S.C., Edwards, M., Thorn, K., Allfree, N., Hooks, J., and Inkson, K.
(2005), Exploring the Dynamics of New Zealand’s Talent Flow, New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34, 2, 110–116.
United States Department of Labour. (2012). Occupation Outlook Workbook. Retrived from:
http://www.bls.gov/oco/home.htm
Wiesenfeld, M.b., Raghuram, S. & Garud, R. (1998). Communication Patterns as Determinant
of Organizational Identification in a Valid Organization. Retrieved from:
http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue4/wiesenfeld.html