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MID-TERM PAPER
MID-TERM PAPER
The State of Historical Artifacts in the Middle East
By [Student’s Name]
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According to Raphael Lemkin, genocide does not only mean physical destruction of life but a broad term including culture, religion, language, political structure, economics, and feeling of a group of individuals, and such has been the case of Iraq, Syria, and other countries of the middle east. War involving ISIS has led to the genocide of the people in all aspects of life. What makes us human is being chipped away at with every mosque or church that is demolished, every relic broke, every archaeological site that is razed. Ancient Mesopotamia, the region of the two rivers, was a key part of many faiths and beliefs across the globe.
Opponent groups with conflicting ideologies strive to push their own values system and ideas at the expense of all others because of the cultural heritage’s importance to one group. Daesh’s destruction of Iraq’s cultural history has two purposes: first, to demonstrate to its adherents their commitment to their own belief system, and second, to draw attention from the rest of the world. Iraq is historically a nation with a large and varied population. The outrage of the world is necessary to drive political response, but concurrently it plays into Daesh’s interests by attracting the attention of potential members to its cause and generating more motivation to destroy the culture and history of others.
Antiquities theft is also linked to the issue of cultural terrorism since it is a source of funding for terrorist organizations and has the same impact as destroying artifacts, as once an object is sold on the black market, it can never be retrieved and is effectively gone to the world. Terrorism of culture illustrates the interconnection of social rights since it not only harms the participation rights in the cultural scene, but additionally feeds extremist organizations both economically and immaterially, supporting violence and terror, and its accompanying breaches of, in addition to other things, the rights to life.
In addition, the right to religious freedom is directly infringed when cultural heritages that are religiously significant, such as churches and mosques, and religious items, is vandalized. In Syria and Iraq, Daesh has concentrated its efforts on these groups. Cultural heritage sites and museums may be essential economic drivers, particularly in less developed areas where they can provide jobs directly and indirectly via tourists during more tranquil periods, guaranteeing the right to a decent quality of life for the local population.
Consequently, Daesh’s methodical destruction of Mosul’s cultural treasures is planned and deliberate. Daesh released a list of more than 38 monuments in Nineveh province on social networks before its attack on northern Iraq and stated its intention to obliterate them. This ‘purification’ has a remarkable breadth of application. The destruction of Mosul’s Islamic period architecture has grave and unrecoverable ramifications for both the city’s cultural legacy and the world’s. Almost all of the city’s architectural features have been demolished, leaving behind a distorted view of the landscape. Furthermore, nearly all of the shrines and mosques raised during the time of Badr al-Din Lu’lu’ have been destroyed in this devastation. This school was one of the few in the Islamic world to combine Christian and Shi’ite architectural styles, and experts have done a very little study into it. Several notable Early Ottoman mosques have also been lost. The city, which once was among the most beautiful historical centers in the Near East, has shed many of its genuine aspects. Graveyards and religious sites that have been revered for centuries are exploited to humiliate and disintegrate communities and the broader globe in the continuous ideological conflict.
Iraq’s cultural heritage issues must be addressed by all interested parties, including Iraqi and Kurdish government agencies, like the State Board for Antiquities and Heritage, working together. This coordination’s primary goal would include bringing foreign resources and expertise to Iraq in close collaboration with government agencies and other relevant parties. Duplication of money and effort will be avoided, and the ability to respond quickly to immediate, medium-term, and lengthy cultural heritage challenges will be maximized. If a national workforce of paid site guards is employed, they cannot also provide security. However, there are concerns that they may not be able to stand up to the terrorists’ troops (Harmanşah, 2015).
It is therefore possible to interpret the Islamic State’s demolition of archaeological areas, museums, and historical monuments as a sort of place-based terrorism that seeks to obliterate the local community’s feeling of belonging and its collective memories. On top of everything else, the Islamic State uses its own image-making apparatus, which includes advanced visualization and communication technologies, to orchestrate and choreograph these devastations as a third estates’ spectacles of terror directed at objects and sites of cultural heritage, which take place as reenactments or historical performances. As a consequence, not only are tangible objects destroyed, but also the memories of people’s way of life, which is a terrible loss. The monetary worth of these items has been completely lost to the rest of the world and the political system. This defines modern genocide that must end at all costs.
References
Harmanşah, Ö. (2015). ISIS, Heritage, and the Spectacles of Destruction in the Global Media. Near Eastern Archaeology, 78(3), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.78.3.0170
Management consulting
Management consulting
Management consulting represents a faction of the organization dedicated to provision of autonomous advisory services independent from other organization bodies essentially facilitating managers and the comprehensive organization with solutions to problems in the business, identifying and analyzing business opportunities, educating organization personnel and direct involvement with organizational changes. Management consultants contracted by an organization have the responsibility of ensuring that they provide objective resolutions and independent insight into matters of interest. They simply define analyses and present a scope to a subject of interest to the organization. With an ever growing economy, the need for management consultancy grows with the same intensity but through the years of its existence it has managed to accrue a number of criticisms from clients and management scholars.
Management consulting has exponentially grown since its inception in the 1980s and only experienced a fluctuation to the growth in 2009 due to the economic unrest of the period. The present economy has diversified into articulation of management consulting into broader subsections that include large consultancies that deal with broader problems, medium sized consultancies and boutique firms that focus on a predefined industry. However the increased reliance of management consultancy has led to the emergence of aspects conflicting with the purpose and scope of the profession. Research shows that management consultants has the tendency of using colloquial management perspectives when pertaining to their duties where they a lesser intent to primarily serve their client needs or develop an analogy that the client can easily implement. Management consultancy in more than one case operates in deliverance of management façade that translates to the inability of a business implement comprehensively changes suggested through the consultancy. According to Schaffer, despite management consultancy actually deriving objectives that will facilitate the business growth and provide resolution to certain problems, the reality of most analogies provided through consultancies do not have a true picture of their revelation in application hence gaps and inconsistencies that arise negatively impact the business (Schaffer, 1997).
Reference
Schaffer, R. H. (1997). Time to reengineer management consulting! Consultants News, 27(1), 45
Zikmund,W.G. (2013)., Chapter 6 The Seven Steps of the Research Process
Abortion remains a controversial topic that has drawn significant attention from politicians, academics, and the public.
Abortion remains a controversial topic that has drawn significant attention from politicians, academics, and the public. Throughout the years, this act was illegal; however, it is not until the 1973 landmark supreme court ruling that abortion was made legal.
The abortion supreme court ruling of 1973 is popularly known as the Roe vs Wade case. Jane Roe, a fictitious name given to the plaintiff, instituted a lawsuit against the district attorney of Dallas, Henry Wade. At the time, Jane Roe lived in Dallas, and the lawsuit challenged the Texas law that made abortion unless given by a doctor’s order illegal. This legal lawsuit argued that the state laws were vague and infringed on the plaintiff’s right to privacy.
During this ruling, the supreme court opposed the state’s move to regulate abortion as it infringed on women’s privacy rights. The supreme court also noted that only a compelling state interest justified state regulations that limit fundamental rights like privacy. The court pointed out that a fetus can only have meaningful life outside its mother’s womb after twenty-four weeks of pregnancy. Therefore, state laws can only regulate abortion after a fetus is twenty-four weeks old (Ginsburg, 1984). This ruling created a balance between the state interest in regulating abortion and individual right to privacy.
This case recognized a woman’s right to terminate a pregnancy through abortion as it falls under the right to privacy as mandated in the fourteenth amendment. The ruling also recognized the government’s interest in protecting potential life. Overall, this historical ruling s directed that only the pregnant woman and the attending physician can make decisions about abortion within the first trimester of pregnancy. In the second trimester of pregnancy, the state can only implement abortion regulations in instances related to maternal health. In the third trimester, the fetus reaches a point of viability; hence, the state has full rights to regulate or completely prohibit abortion unless the woman’s life is at risk.
Reference
Ginsburg, R. B. (1984). Some thoughts on autonomy and equality in relation to Roe v. Wade. NCL Rev., 63, 375.