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Management- China Entry Modes
Entry Modes into China
(Author’s name)
(Institutional Affiliation)
Introduction
Research studies explain that China has steadily risen to become one of the major contributors of the global economy in the last few years. With a gross domestic product growth of an estimated 10%, the country is ranked position three with relation to the world’s largest economies. Economic forecasts predict that by the year 2050, China would have surpassed all industrialized nations with relation to purchasing power parity, and for that reason, will be the leader of the global economy (Fishman, 2005). Evidently, the country has been subject to a considerable amount of economic growth, and more companies are looking into the ways through which they can tap the Chinese market. Accordingly, China’s astounding economic renaissance has encouraged business organizations and investors to examine the different ways through which they can enter the Chinese market.
As researchers explain, it is crucial the organizations device new approaches regarding the entry and retention of the business into the Chinese market. Further research on the issue explains that by the year 2005, China had reached a economic high, as the country attracted a revenue of about $1 billion per week (Naughton, 2007). This goes to show how good of a market that China has become over the years. For that reason, business organizations have considered various modes of entry into the country so as to assure their companies of the best possible success in the international market. Most of the firms that have made it in China have looked into business strategy options such as the acquisition of resources and supplies, the diversification of the different sources of supply and low-cost business strategies for the Chinese Market (Fishman, 2005). An examination of the performance of these businesses and firms in the Chinese market, as well as, the market entry modes and the different factors for success is necessary to understand how firms can best survive doing business in China. Though most organizations are reluctant in revealing company information regarding this issue, various successful entry modes have been identified to help in understanding of the Chinese market and its significance to businesses and organizations.
This paper examines the different types of entry modes available for companies wishing to expand their business to the Chinese market. Fundamentally, the paper identifies home production, contractual market entry, and foreign production as the three key entry modes into China. The advantages and disadvantages of each mode will also be examined, and a discussion of the various ways in which the modes have changed overtime provided.
Entry Modes into China
The mode of entry into a new market is one of the most fundamental decisions that business organizations have to make at one point in their business cycle. As research studies explain, a company’s choice of entry into a new market influences the organization in various ways including an organization’s production and marketing strategies. Fundamentally, the choice of a business’s entry mode into a new market determines the how the company faces the various challenges it faces in the new market (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). There are as many as fifteen different modes of market entry options for firms wishing to enter a new market. However, these modes of entry vary according to the market, which the company aims to expand its business. More specifically, researchers and economists have identified three chief entry modes into China including, home production, contractual market entry and foreign production (Li, 1995). These three key modes of entry have been subdivided into other options, which companies have employed to ensure their success in the Chinese market.
Home production
Also referred to as the export strategy, the home production entry mode into China defines a market entry point whereby an organization produces goods and services at their respective home countries, and sells to China as their host nation. With an estimate 200 million consumers, China has paved the way for companies to export products and services to their market, thus making it a preferred entry strategy for most businesses and organizations (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). This entry mode has been identified as one of the best business strategies for entry into the Chinese market, especially since it avoids the costs related to setting up shop in China. This entry mode, however, cannot work without the use of private entities that help the business organization in selling their products or services in China (Li, 1995). Accordingly, home production, as a mode of entry into China can occur in two main ways including direct and indirect exporting.
Direct exporting
Direct exporting is a form of home production that companies entering China export directly to Chinese customers interested in the purchase of the company’s products and services (Li, 1995). With such an entry mode approach, the business organization handles all market research activities, as well as, the distribution methods that the company will take on for success in the Chinese market. However, the organization will be required to have a connection to the Chinese market, which may be in the form of foreign sales representatives or foreign distributors. If a company opts for the use of foreign sales representatives, they will be required to assign representatives in China to sell their products and services (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). The use of foreign distributors demands that companies assign distributors in China whose responsibility will be the distribution of company products and services to the Chinese market. Some of the advantages of this market entry approach is the potentiality to increase profit owing to the elimination of intermediaries, as well as, having full control over the company’s activities. The main disadvantage of this strategy is that it demands a considerable amount of people power, so as to, ensure that the business is successful in China.
Indirect exporting
Indirect exporting is the second approach when considering the option of home production as a market entry strategy into China. As research studies illustrate, companies that have used this entry mode as a strategy have been successful in acquiring Chinese customers especially since it demands the use of Chinese intermediaries to facilitate business activities. This market entry approach requires a company to sell their products and services to an intermediary, who in turn sells these products and services to Chinese consumers (Li, 1995). Accordingly, this market entry approach can be conducted in two main ways including the use of local agents and trading companies in the home country, which in this case is China. The main advantage of this market entry mode is the fact that it is a risk free strategy, that assures the company of almost immediate acceptance of their products and services into the market (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). It also frees the organization from various responsibilities, thus allowing the organization to focus on other important business activities.
Contractual Market Entry
Researchers have also identified contractual market entry as the second mode of entry for business organizations wishing to gain a market share in China. In definition, contractual market entry defines the use of contracts as a way of penetrating into a new market. Contractual trade in business involves two or more companies entering into a contract and agreeing to do business with each other. Research studies explain that contractual market entry has long been favored by companies when entering foreign markets (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). In most cases, the contractual agreements involve the main company contracting other local companies for the sale of their product and services. In essence, the entry mode requires that a formal permission be granted to local companies in a host nation for the use of the foreign company’s resources for payment. This can occur in two main ways including licensing and franchising.
Licensing
Licensing is a form of contractual market entry strategy whereby local companies are provided with licenses to operate with the main company’s resources and facilities (Li, 1995). Most companies that have succeeded in their market entry into China grant Chinese local companies the permission to conduct business activities using the various brands that the company has. The main advantage of franchising as a market entry mode is that it helps in building a company’s corporate image, and facilitates the development of marketable products and services (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). However, this strategy provides a lot of restriction for the companies being licensed, and if not, the licenser will not have control over the sale of the products or services.
Franchising
Franchising is another form of contractual market entry strategy, and it has also been widely used by companies entering into the Chinese market. It is a mode of entry that defines the use of a firm’s name or business model so as to conduct business operations in a particular place (Li, 1995). Franchising in China is commonly used as a business strategy for international companies in the food and beverage industry. Just like licensing, the main advantage of this entry mode is that it helps build a company’s corporate image. This entry mode also benefits companies in terms of staff training and development, as the local franchise companies are provided the opportunity to train their staff members to the standards of the franchising company.
Foreign Production
Also referred to as the equity strategy, foreign production refers to the a mode of entry, whereby a company carries out both production and sale activities in their local home, as well as, the host nation (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). Research studies illustrate that out of the three entry mode strategies into China, foreign production is the most widely used entry mode strategy by big companies such as Coca Cola.
Strategic Alliance
A strategic alliance refers to a hompe production approach to market entry whereby a business organization enters into an agreement or collaboration with another firm in the host nation. With this entry mode, the companies that are in alliance share responsibilities of the production and sale of goods and services (Li, 1995). This strategy is advantageous to companies wishing to gain a market share in China because it assures the foreign company of an already existing market. By obtaining an alliance with a company in the host nation, foreign companies benefit from the host company’s market share. However, this strategy can be disadvantageous because of the sharing of profit between companies.
Joint Ventures
The last identified mode of entry for organizations into china, joint ventures are an approach to foreign production whereby instead of sharing company duties and responsibilities, they share ownership of the company (Li, 1995). Accordingly, joint ventures allow shared ownership between the foreign company and a company in the host nation. The advantages and disadvantages of joint ventures are similar to those of strategic alliances.
References
Fishman, T. (2005). China*Inc., How The Rise of The Next Superpower Challenges America
and the World. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Gielens, K. & Dekimpe, M. G. (2007). The Entry Strategy of Retail Firms into Transition
Economies. Journal of Marketing, 71(2): 196-212.
Li, J. (1995). Foreign Entry and Survival: Effects of Strategic Choices on Performance In
International Markets. Strategic Management Journal, 16(1): 333-351.
Lou, Y. (2000). Multinational Corporations in China. Hendon, VA 20172-0605: Copenhagen
Business School Press.
Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge
Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Abortion Is The Most Controversial Social Issue
Abortion Is The Most Controversial Social Issue
Abstract
This paper will look at one social issue and use two theories to explain it. The theories in question here are structural functionalism, and symbolic interaction. These two theories are going to be used in the paper to explain abortion as one of the most controversial social issue. More specifically, they are going to be used to explain the abortion pill as one of the current social issue.
Introduction
The issue of abortion has resulted to some of the most significant and controversial debates on morals and social issues in most countries today. The issue begun in 1973 with the ruling of the Supreme Court that it is within the constitutional rights of a woman to secure an abortion especially if it is during her first trimester. Several interest groups have remained opposed to the issue arguing that abortion is equivalent to murder of an unborn baby. Most recently, the FDA has approved the utilization of the abortion pill as an alternative to other abortion remedies such as surgical surgery.
Symbolic Interaction
To effectively use this theory in explaining the abortion pill as a social issue, it is essential to use the three core principles of this theory. These include meaning, language and thought. In most cases, women who secure abortion using the pill usually create a meaning of what all this. For example, they create the meaning that they can use this option to terminate their pregnancy because it is less complicated and more private. As a result of this meaning, the women decide to secure an abortion using the abortion pill. On the other hand, other interest groups also create a meaning about the use of this pill. Regardless of the fact that they think that this pill could open better chances and opportunities for women who decide to have an abortion, they create the meaning that the abortion pill is a setback in medicine since it will cause the loss of numerous lives of unborn babies.
The language used to explain this issue is also complex, especially when it comes to the language used to explain where life begins. One of the reasons why this issue has been controversial is because of the fact that the two opposing groups differ on the issue of where life begins, whether at conception or after a few months of pregnancy. The language used to explain ‘the start of life’ can mean different things to different people. The interest groups take any kind of abortion as a termination of life, whether that abortion was done after 1 week of conception or after 2 months. Other people understand that aborting an embryo does not amount to killing an unborn child. Thought is the final facet of this theory. The thoughts that abortions are immoral, antisocial and against religious beliefs are some of the reasons why most anti- abortion campaigns think that abortion should be eliminated. The thought that abortion is the constitutional right of the woman is what drives the legalization and acceptance of abortion by many.
Structural Functionalism
This theory explains a social phenomenon by use of both the negative and positive facets of structures in the society. For example, the abortion pill has numerous positive functions. It is a private way to secure an abortion, it does not involve surgery, and another advantage is that it leads to lesser psychological complications since it takes in young pregnancies. This abortion option, however, also has a number of negative functions. For example, it makes it easier for women to choose abortion over childbirth, the recovery process is slower, it can lead to complications and more lives are lost.
Conclusion
Abortion is an extremely controversial issue that has existed for a long time in many countries. There are numerous opinions upon which the two opposing sides base their arguments as indicated in the above analysis.
BUIDLING BRIDGES TO ACCESSIBLE MENTAL HEALTH CARE
TO: LEGISLATORS BELONGING TO THE MENTAL HEALTH INITIATIVE COMMITTEE
FROM: DIAMOND MARIE BRELAND
SUBJECT: BUIDLING BRIDGES TO ACCESSIBLE MENTAL HEALTH CARE
CC: DR. NANDAN KUMAR JHA
SEPTEMBER 8, 2018
Introduction
The inaccessibility to Mental Health has become problematic in the United States. Each year, millions of Americans with mental illness struggle to find care. Nearly half of the 60 million adults and children living with mental health conditions in the United States go without any treatment. People who do seek treatment must navigate a fragmented and costly system full of obstacles. Many people cannot access mental health care when they most need it. Despite the passage of federal mental health and addictions parity law in 2008, significant barriers exist in obtaining mental health treatment and support. Barriers include high rates of denials of care by insurers, high out-of-pocket costs for mental health care, difficulties accessing psychiatric medications and problems finding psychiatrists and other mental health providers in health insurance networks. In 2016, NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness, conducted its third nationwide survey to explore the relationship between health coverage and access to mental health care. The study found that people with mental illness continue to experience significant barriers to finding affordable, accessible mental health care. These barriers exist whether the person is covered by private insurance or by a public plan such as Medicaid.
Specific Challenges
1. Difficulty finding a new provider
In the United States, getting psychiatric care has been harder than it should be, patients around the country have challenges booking appointments for outpatient care (Linehan, 2018). Besides, the mental health patients face significant hurdles concerning the provision of the inpatient psychiatric care. Various reasons can be attributed to this difficulties:
a. Current Providers are overwhelmed
The number of the psychiatric patients in the United States are limited. With the limited supply of the psychiatric therapists and more people are obtaining insurance coverage under the Affordable care act. A large number of the psychiatric doctors are not taking new patients as they are already overwhelmed with the current number of people with a mental health condition, and this makes it harder for the new patients to obtain care from the doctors. According to Dr Renee Binder, the immediate past president of the American Psychiatry Association, there is a shortage in the number of psychiatrists, and the number gets to be more limited when it comes to those that deal with child and geriatric psychiatry. Per the American Medical Association, the numbers of the children and adult psychiatrist only increased by 12 per cent since the year 1995 to 2013, that is from 43,640 to 49,079. The number lags far behind the 45 per cent increase in the total number of physicians as well as the general population growth in the United States.
Despite the efforts by the Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act that was enacted in the year 2008 to ensure that the mental health services got covered in level with the medical and the surgical health insurance benefits. Psychiatric experts articulate that the coverage of mental health in the United States still lags, and this compels a large number of the mental health patients to pay out of pocket for the psychiatric services or even forgo the coverage. A large number of psychiatrists, on the other hand, don’t accept the private insurance or even the Medicare, while others have decided to opt out of insurance plans or networks, as they cite what they perceive as the unfavorable reimbursement levels.
b. Not enough providers to meet demand
The demand for the mental health services is on the rise nationally, and this can be attributed to the rising number of mental health patients both adults and children and the limited number of the psychiatric health providers such as the psychologists, psychiatrists, counsellors as well as therapists in the United States. As a result, the comprehensive mental health legislation is gaining momentum in Congress for the first time in many years. According to Thomas Insel, the director of the National Institute of Mental Health, More than half of the United States counties have no mental health professionals and therefore do not have any access to the mental health services.
According to statistics, nearly one out of five individuals in a population of about 43 million people had a diagnosable mental health condition within the past year. To almost 10 million individuals, the situation was more pressing to affect their ability to carry out their daily activities. Millions of adolescent struggle with a debilitating mental disorder making the demand for the mental health services to rise in a significant proportion. A majority of the people as well have become eligible for coverage of mental health following the 2010 Affordable Care Act. Despite the high number that is eligible for coverage, finding professionals to deliver the much needed mental health care has increasingly proven to be tough.
c. Providers are not located in areas of high need
According to a research conducted by Merritt Hawkins a physician search firm, among the list of 20 most in-demand medical specialist, psychiatry trailed only the primary care doctors in the list. According to the Patient Advocacy group Mental Health in America, the states with the lowest access as well as the highest rates of mental illnesses are in the south and west, with the rural areas experiencing the highest deficits. The lack of psychiatrists, as well as the other mental health providers, are part of the overall shortage of the physicians in the United States. A study conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges indicated that the nation would be faced with a deficit of between 46,000 and 90,000 doctors within a decade. Besides the shortage in supply of the primary care health providers, the largest deficit will be among the specialists caring for the elderly and to whom the psychiatrists are included. Thus an implication that the demand of the mental health providers will be on the rise, but on the contrary the demand will not be met due to the shortage of specialists.
d. Providers are not responding to inquires
The mental health professionals are already overworked as they are understaffed. Besides, the demand for the mental health care has been on the rise, a fact that can be based on the significant increase on the number of people who are eligible for mental health services under the Affordable care act. With the demand for the psychiatrists and other mental health providers being very high, it is unfortunate that there is not enough number of the mental health care providers to cater for a large number of people with the condition. Due to the high demand and understaffing of the mental health professionals, a large number of queries often go unattended as it is impossible for the limited workforce to cater for the high demand appropriately. On the other hand, the mental health services as earlier observed are not provided in all the regions that they are needed especially in the rural areas where people have limited access to the mental health specialist (Jansen et al. 2017). In these regions, it is rare for the mental health professionals to be deployed and therefore any queries relating to mental health services and care remain unanswered.
2. Out of Pocket Costs are too high making it unaffordable
The cost of obtaining therapy for the people with a mental health condition has proven to be too high with the patients being forced to pay around 200 dollars a session (Follette & Cummings, 2016). Mental illness being mental illnesses being a critical condition that demands immediate care to avoid harm such as suicide and to which has affected a large proportion of people around the United States and besides there are insurance covers to cater for the treatments, should not cost the patient too much. On the contrary, the cost of seeking mental health services has proven to be too costly keeping in mind that the mental health professionals do not accept the insurance services citing the reimbursement problems from the government. Due to this, the patients are required to pay for the services from their own pockets of which it is too costly taking up to 16 per cent of individuals’ income. The demand for the mental health services is on the rise, but the number of mental health providers has been limited over time increasing at a prolonged rate, and this has resulted to the high cost of getting psychiatric services. It is not worthy for a single therapy to cost more than 200 dollars as very few individuals can afford to take into consideration that a significant number of individuals live just below the poverty line and this makes it harder for them to pay the amount.
Spotty coverage for the prescription drugs can be another reason as to why the treatment of mental illnesses could be termed as being too much expensive. After therapy, a patient is advised to purchase certain medications that aid them through recovery and therefore these are essential drugs. Unfortunately, these drugs are too expensive and require good money to buy them, proving to be costly for a majority of the patients. Some of the conditions that require to see a psychiatrist are not diseases, but the policy or notion for the coverage that requires a diagnosis before one can pursue a mental health treatment may prove to be not only time-consuming but as well expensive. The reason is that an individual has to seek a physician before being attended by a mental provider.
3. Lack of inpatient mental health care facilities
There is a severe shortage of the inpatient care for the individuals suffering mental illnesses, and this has amounted to a public health crisis (Strauss, 2017). The reason behind is that the number of individuals who are struggling with a range of psychiatric problems is still on the rise. According to Dominic Sisti, the disappearance of the long-term care facilities as well as the psychiatric beds has escalated over the past decade, as a result of deinstitutionalization of the people with a mental health condition in the 1950s and 60s. A report by the Treatment Advocacy Center, a nonprofit organization of the year 2012 found that the number of psychiatric beds had decreased by 14 per cent from the year 2005 to 2010 (Fakhoury & Priebe, 2002). The organization works in the elimination of treatment barriers for the individuals with mental illnesses. In 2010, there were 50,509 state psychiatric beds and the reduction meant that there was only 14 bed available per 100,000 individuals. Dominic continues to state that a majority of the individuals relying on intensive psychiatry care find themselves homeless or more while others in prison. Much of the mental health care for the individuals have now shifted from hospital-based to the correctional facilities.
4. The stigma surrounding mental health treatment
Any person who had previous experience with mental illness can attest that despite the advances in the field of psychiatry and psychology as well, there has been a great deal of the role of stigma inhibiting a person from seeking medical attention. The mental health field has made tremendous progress, but despite all this, the issue of stigma has continued to be a reality. There are two types of stigma that includes the social stigma that involves the prejudiced attitudes that other people in the society have concerning mental illness. Self-perceived stigma is another type of stigma that involves an internalized stigma to which a person with the mental condition tends to suffer from. Both kinds of stigma are real and affect the individual in various ways.
A review of the studies regarding the public stigma of mental illnesses indicates that it is still widespread, despite the public being more aware of the nature of the various conditions related to mental health (Katz, 2014). While some people accept the medical or the genetic nature of the mental states and treatment, a significant number still possess the negative view towards those with the mental condition. The perceived stigma leads to an internalized shame of having the mental illness, and it has been found that the internalized stigma leads to poorer treatment outcomes leading to stigma being the primary challenge that hinders the treatment of mental illness due to relapse.
Future Challenges
If the inaccessibility to mental health services isn’t resolved, this can lead to complicating and detrimental challenges in other sectors of society.
1. An increase in homelessness
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 20 to 25% of the homeless population in the United States suffers from some form of severe mental illness (Wright, 2017). In comparison, only 6% of Americans are severely mentally ill. In the year 2006, Markowitz published data regarding 81 United States cities, the correlations between the decreasing availability of psychiatric hospital beds and the increase in crime, arrest rates and homelessness. It was reported that as the state hospital bed capacity reduced, the number of mentally ill homeless individuals increased. Besides the crimes and arrests associated with homelessness also increased. The results are consistent with a similar study conducted in Massachusetts, Ohio and New York in the late 1980s with findings that within six months, 27 to 38 per cent of patients discharged from the mental hospitals were homeless or had no known address homes.
The individuals with psychiatric disorders had been swept into the tide of homeliness that was due to macroeconomic shifts that included the loss of unskilled industrial employment, the rise on the service economy as well as the emerging shortage of low-income housing. The homeless epidemic among the people with a mental health condition was the unforeseen by-product of deinstitutionalization. People from the mental illness left the state-funded institutions to return home, nursing homes and other community-based homes. However, nearly half of the proposed community-based dwellings that were to replace the hospital facilities were never built and among those completed, ran into financial distress rendering a large number of the mental health patients homeless. It is projected in the future that the prevalence of the homeless psychiatric patients will be on the rise and this will be a massive problem in the treatment of the people with a mental health condition.
2. An increase in incarceration rates
As a result, 2 million people with mental illness are booked into jails each year. Nearly 15% of men and 30% of women booked into prisons have a severe mental health condition (Lurigi & Harris, 2016). Mental health conditions among the prisoners have consistently exceeded the rates of the disorders in the general population. Despite the court mandate for access to adequate health care in prisons, the treatment depends on the availability of resources available, and therefore the treatment for mental health conditions has been sporadic. The lack of sufficient community-based health treatment options has resulted in the drastic increase in the number of incarcerated individuals with mental illness. For example, the correctional facilities in New York Chicago and Los Angeles are currently among the most significant psychiatric facilities in the United States. The number of hospitalized individuals with severe mental illnesses decreased from 550,000 in the 1950s to 70,000 in the year 2012. On the contrary, the population in prison increased from 178,000 in the 1950s to around 5.6 million currently. The proportion of individuals with severe mental illness in the prisons increased from 0.7 per cent in the year 1880 to 21percent in 2005. The number of incarcerated individuals with psychiatric conditions is also on the rise, and the biggest problem is resulted due to homelessness.
3. An increase in avoidable emergency room visits
Mental conditions in the United States are common. Between 2007 and 2011, the rate of ED visits related to M/SUDs increased by over 15 per cent (Canady, 2017). ED visits involving M/SUDs are considered potentially avoidable—if these conditions were adequately managed through appropriate outpatient care, then ED visits should be rare (Owens et al. 2017). The rate of emergency department visit per 100,000 population related to mental and substance abuse use conditions increased between 2006 and 2013, with the highest increase being evident among the mental health disorders with 55.5 per cent being on depression, stress reactions and anxiety; 52 per cent was for psychoses or the bipolar disorders while substance use disorders accounted for 37 per cent. Between 2006 and 2013, an increase in the population rate for the emergency department visits involving the M/SUDs was more common among the lowest income communities with an increase of about 40.8 per cent substance use disorders to 79 per cent for the mental disorders such as depression, stress reactions and anxiety. The trends on the EDs that are preventable are on the rise, and therefore this possesses a significant challenge in the treatment of the mental disorders.
Implementation
Policy Analysis on the problem of mental health care being inaccessible needs to happen fast as people are falling victim to their untreated mental health illnesses. Mental health illness is a contributor to other negative events that are occurring in our country. By addressing the mental health of our citizens, we are giving people the ability to continue their pursuit of happiness in this country. Inaccessibility to Mental health in a public health crisis where the cure can be found through policy analysis. We ask that you allot funding to research the best practices to address the challenges outlined in this memo. Exploration and implementation cannot be done without support from your legislation.
Reference
Canady, V. A. (2017). Economy, ACA likely cause for ED trends involving mental health, SUDs. Mental Health Weekly, 27(4), 1-6.
Fakhoury, W., & Priebe, S. (2002). The process of deinstitutionalization: an international overview. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15(2), 187-192.
Follette, W. T., & Cummings, N. A. (2016). Psychiatric Services and Medical Utilization in a Prepaid Health Plan Setting II. In Psyche’s Prophet (pp. 47-59). Routledge.
Jansen, J. M., du Preez, M., Exner, R., & Stroud, L. (2017). A guiding framework for the development of a trans-disciplinary community mental health student teaching and learning platform. South African Journal of Higher Education, 31(6), 218-242.
Katz, I. (2014). Stigma: A social psychological analysis. Psychology Press.
Linehan, M. M. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Publications.
Lurigio, A. J., & Harris, A. J. (2016). Inmates with serious mental illnesses. Advancing Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy, 355-69.
Strauss, A. L. (2017). Psychiatric ideologies and institutions. Routledge.
Wright, J. (2017). Address unknown: The homeless in America. Routledge.