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Artificial Intelligence in Sports-Annotated Bibliography
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Artificial Intelligence in Sports-Annotated Bibliography
Kakavas, Georgios, Nikolaos Malliaropoulos, Ricard Pruna, and Nicola Maffulli. “Artificial intelligence: a tool for sports trauma prediction.” Injury 51 (2020): S63-S65.
Authored by Kakavas et al, the article “Artificial intelligence: a tool for sports trauma prediction centers on the subjects matters of artificial intelligence within the sports field. The article is part of Injury journal of 2020. The researchers assert that artificial intelligence helps to predict injury occurrences on players. Seeing that they have a negative impact on performance and rehabilitation costs artificial intelligence has helped sports teams and coaches predict future injuries. Kavavas et al predict that numerous dynamic systems including political forecasting, weather and projecting traffic fatalities. In conclusion, the researchers propose the use of artificial intelligence in assessing risk and predicting future sports injuries. The text is reliable seeing that it was published by a renowned publisher known as Elsevier Ltd. The article is also reliable as it is up-to-date as it was published within the last three years.
Li, Dongnan, and Jianpeng Zhang. “Computer aided teaching system based on artificial intelligence in football teaching and training.” Mobile Information Systems 2021 (2021).
Published by Hindawi, a Amsterdam-based publisher, the article, Computer Aided Teaching System Based on Artificial Intelligence in Football Teaching and Training, was authored by Li, Dongnan, and Jianpeng Zhang. It is part of the Mobile Information Systems of 2021 journal. The main subject matter includes football, athletes, education, coaches, athletes and training. The main point is that football being the biggest sport in the world has affected participants and impacted political culture and economy. The researchers note that for developing countries, the best way to boost stability in youth football is improving football. They note that to solve the problems of football players, making plans and designing systems is important. They also insist on formulating training programs which align to the individual characteristics of young people. The authors suggest research methods such as questionnaires survey, literature retrieval, comparative analysis method, training empirical method, support vector machine model, and interview mode based on integrated FTT systems. The experimental results indicate that 90.70% of sports players like FTT systems which help boost player enthusiasm in learning. The text is reliable seeing that it was published in the last five years and by a renowned Publisher known as Hindawi.
Lv, Jiyong, Xiangzhi Jiang, and Ang Jiang. “Application of Virtual Reality Technology Based on Artificial Intelligence in Sports Skill Training.” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (2022).
The 2022 article title Application of Virtual Reality Technology Based on Artificial Intelligence in Sports Skill Training”, was authored by four researchers namely Lv, Jiyong, Xiangzhi Jiang, and Ang Jiang. The article is part of the Wireless communications and mobile computing, 2022, Vol.2022 Journal. The researchers opine that the rapid advancement in technology and economy has significantly affected the habits and lifestyles of people. That said, less people are conducting offline sports activities and while some choose gyms, and others offline exercises as the high cost of gyms tends to reduce their desire to exercise. The text notes that despite measures being taken to exercise, people still lack enthusiasm for exercise leading to frequent physical injury. The researchers highlight the possibility of applying virtual reality technology in sport skill training. Also, the text delves into the application of virtual reality in tennis. The researchers conclude that application of virtual reality technology in future sports raining is advtangeous. The information in the article is reliable as it was recently published in 2020.
Works Cited
Kakavas, Georgios, Nikolaos Malliaropoulos, Ricard Pruna, and Nicola Maffulli. “Artificial intelligence: a tool for sports trauma prediction.” Injury 51 (2020): S63-S65.
Li, Dongnan, and Jianpeng Zhang. “Computer aided teaching system based on artificial intelligence in football teaching and training.” Mobile Information Systems 2021 (2021).
Published by Hindawi, a Amsterdam-based publisher, the article,
Lv, Jiyong, Xiangzhi Jiang, and Ang Jiang. “Application of Virtual Reality Technology Based on Artificial Intelligence in Sports Skill Training.” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (2022).
Genetically Modified Food
Genetically Modified Food
Introduction
My argument is against genetically modified food, for the reason that they are not safe for consumption. A befitting meal is that which has no side effects after one devours it, hence making the particular diet an all-time safe to eat food. Genetically modified foods are mostly linked to health problems like liver dysfunctions, obesity and many other health and natural mishaps. Genetically modified foods are foods that are derived from manipulation of original and natural genes that does not occur it any natural form. Example: Introduction of other genes from a different species direct to another one.
Thesis
Genetically modified foods are becoming surprisingly common within people as they are easy to access, readily available hence harmful. This kind of food is also hard to run out; reason being that they grow tremendously quick to support the surrounding population with the commodity without any kind of rationing subjected. Though they appear safe to consumers, they also pause a big challenge when it comes to health and growth of the same individual, who has little or no information about the effects that come with genetically modified foods. The concerned party or governing body that is responsible for such like developments should therefore educate the masses who were to consume the food before making any advances of selling them the products.
Background
Genetically modified food has not been on this surface for a long time, as they were first invented a few decades ago in the 80’s. The first genetically modified plant was invented in 1983; it was a tobacco plant that was made resistant to anti-biotic (Cramer 2001). Later, cotton was genetically engineered the same way, paving way for further research and development in the said field. In 1990 the cotton plant was successfully field tested and approved. Five years advanced and their came a company well known then as Monsanto that enhanced soy beans to be herbicide immune. The technology was further enhanced in 2000, through a discovery that it can be used to impart some nutrients and vitamins enriching the foods.
From the view of things and occurrences above, one cannot fail to notice that all those modifications were made on the basis of surviving the plant and making it more productive forgetting everything about its safety for consumption.
Genetically Modified food harms the environment.
From the looks of all the enhancements, it comes to my knowledge that these crops cause a serious biodiversity imbalance through many ways. Their associated herbicides tend to be with such complexity making them poisonous or unfit for the survival of soil organisms which aerate the soil to make it more productive. Birds, insects are also on the verge of dying from the same conditions as they go about with their day to day activities of pollinating the plants. Without mediums to support pollination, then the plants will be unable to reproduce.
Marine life is a pillar to bio diversity that is also threatened by the same modification of genes and herbicides. This causes the threat when rain falls only to meet and mix with the herbicides washing them away in to the water bodies i.e.; Oceans, lakes and rivers. The outcome of the combination will thereafter cause an imbalance by either killing the marine plants or fish that live in the particular water sauce. This will in a hugely impact on the supply of naturally available proteins that people get from fish and maybe ending up making the marine life completely extinct.
Water pollution is the other key factor that will be directly affected from the herbicides leading to eruption of known and unknown outbreaks that may lead to death of humans and animals at large. Rain water will also get contaminated as evaporation in the water bodies will not only include pure water but also chemical wastes that are mixed in it. That’s how the toxins will spread to other areas making the whole region unproductive and dangerous to living species.
Genetically Modified foods are unhealthy.
From information gathered, it was revealed how this kind of food is a health hazard to those who consume it either knowing or unknowingly. If substantial similarity can be established apart from a few specific samples of genetically modified food, further assessment emphasizes on newly introduced attributes. They demonstrate deficiency in amino acid structure homology to well-known protein or allergens that was assumed unsafe as a new protein (FAO/WHO, 1996).
The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) clearly urges prescription of non-Genetically Modified foods/diet to all patients’ reasons being:
Cited animal study showing damaged organs, gastrointestinal and even immune disorders and to top it all, one would be noticed ageing at an abnormal pace. Reproduction is also affected as they also lead to infertility.
Their contamination stays for the longest time possible therefore causing it not to wear off easily either through global warming or even nuclear wastes.
Genetically modified Organism do not increase yields as the research conducted on the developing countries clearly shows how non-GMO methods of agriculture could lead to yield increase of 79% or even higher. On average GMOs do not in any way increase the yields compared to the counterpart.
Genetically Modified Food create dangerous side effects
Mixing of genes from completely unrelated species unleashes without doubt a host of erratic effects that cause disorders of various kinds namely:
Gluten sensitivity – Gluten is a kind of protein found in wheat, barley or rye, the increase of reaction to this has come to affect 18 million Americans according to the research conducted. Gluten sensitivity ranges in brutal from insignificant discomforts i.e. bloating and gas culminating to celiac disease, that’s seriously auto immune disorder that if not taken care of would lead to a 4-fold death increase.
Vulnerability to viruses – Virus is blocked from infecting plant through gene silencing, this happens when unfamiliar genes are introduced to the primary then they multiply so as to confuse and win over the host genes. When such a plant is thereafter introduced to a human DNA, they lead to random disorders.
Birth disorders – We have seen children born pre-maturely or with defects that are beyond imagination all in the name of nature’s “unruly” behavior. This turns out to be wrongly persecuting the nature as the modifications made to every food, living species consumes is prone to alter the normal body function leading to unceremonious outcomes.
Cancer – This may sound outrageous but the standing truth is that majority of cancer patients were exposed to genetically enhanced foods or commodities such as cigarettes and medicinal stuffs. These products contain toxics that are harmful to bodies after they pile up for several years later to unleash the sickness.
Genetically Modified crops reduce world hunger.
Food production in real sense consumes a huge and significant arable land and natural water resources. GMO holds a promising appearance to lessen the burden by usage of small space to generate high yields. As according to research it is estimated that by 2050 we will be having a world population to 9 billion yet the arable land at the same time is decreasing due to natural calamities and urbanization (FAO). If the usage of land remains the same then it will need at least 4 times the current space to sustain the population at hand. Biotechnology companies say that such ranges of crops will be able to improve the livelihood and the nature of farming around the world. GMO companies brag on the basis that their crops are offer higher yields and are tolerant to modified herbicide leading to a 1.7% increase in productivity (USDA). Therefore rescuing the world from hunger, malnutrition and meeting the target of food required globally.
The real causes of hunger, malnutrition, inequality and lack of access to food and arable land is poor governing and lack of civic education to the population that is concerned in the farming industry. Hunger is also highly generated from the result of poverty due to negligence of the concerned governing bodies that have no good policies to running the country.
Inequality is the prioritizing of certain people in the society that are deemed to be more important than the rest. Prioritizing on regions and clans also fall under the same category as they cause other parts to remain undeveloped leading to hunger and access to food is a challenge to the dwellers of the said region.
Land is the primary and major source of farm products without it, there is no way one could be able to practice any kind of farming. Land shortage is brought about by urbanization and construction of buildings and infrastructure hence leading to clearing of bushes, forest that would make good harvesting havens when rehabilitated. Land is also hard to access reason being that it’s expensive for those who were not lucky enough to inherit or rich enough to buy. Land is the most expensive asset one could own on this planet, though fertile land is the one that is preferred by many making it the most expensive one. Rehabilitation of desert land is a solution to land problems as it is known to many to be unproductive.
Planting of trees near deserts or semi-arid areas could attract rains hence leading rehabilitated ready to use land. Though the process will take some time, it will be of good returns afterwards and expand the land coverage that supports farming naturally.
Recommendations
So as to stop the world from suffering from food shortage and opt for Genetically Modified Foods, governments should lay across good policies leading to land reclamation allowing more people to engage in farming.
Civic education ought to be conducted so as people would make correct decisions when it comes to consumption of food and what to plant.
Strict laws should be put in place to run and govern the production of genetically modified foods so as to make them less harmful for those who can’t access naturally grown food.
Reference
HYPERLINK “../../../Omari/AppData/Local/Temp/History of Genetically Modified Foods. (n.d.). History of Genetically Modified Foods. Retrieved November 21, 2013, from http:/www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/workspace/sect008/s8g5/history.htm”History of Genetically Modified Foods. (n.d.). History of Genetically Modified Foods. Retrieved November 21, 2013, from http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/workspace/sect008/s8g5/history.htm
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Institute for Responsible Technology. (n.d.). – 10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs. Retrieved November 21, 2013, from http://www.responsibletechnology.org/10-Reasons-to-Avoid-GMOs
HYPERLINK “../../../Omari/AppData/Local/Temp/Genetically Modified Crops. (n.d.). Terrascope websites. Retrieved November 21, 2013, from http:/12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/genetically-modified-crops”Genetically Modified Crops. (n.d.). Terrascope websites. Retrieved November 21, 2013, from http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/genetically-modified-crops
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Genetically engineered foods. (n.d.). University of Maryland Medical Center. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/genetically-engineered-foods#ixzz2l1UjUcIX
HYPERLINK “../../../Omari/AppData/Local/Temp/WebAccess. (n.d.). Penn State Secure Login:. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http:/library.cqpress.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/cqresearcher/”WebAccess. (n.d.). Penn State Secure Login:. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://library.cqpress.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/cqresearcher/
Horton Hears A Who
Horton Hears A Who
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Horton Hears A Who Analysis In Relation To the Theory of Ethics
The three normative tenets of Kant’s deontology expressed through the movie clip include; utilitarian, deontological, and virtue ethics. These three tenets are often used in considering and determining ethical behavior (Stos, 2018). The actions in the animation “Horton hears a who” can be assessed using these components to have ethical consideration. The first tenet is utilitarian ethics. This ethic holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the most significant number (Stos, 2018). It is applied in making a decision that will benefit the majority. This tenet forces a decision-maker to guess the outcome of a decision they make, yet it is not always possible to predict an outcome. Also, this ethic only considers the majority and, in the process, it may harm the minority hence causing a rift between the two parties.
Secondly, the deontological ethic also contributes to considering and determining ethical behavior. This ethic states that all people should be treated with dignity and respect (Stos, 2018). It holds the idea that everyone needs to identify their respective duties and act upon them. Deontological ethics creates awareness that the right choice can have dire consequences. There is a possibility of conflict in duties and a disagreement on the principals involved in decision-making. The third tenet is virtue ethics which focuses on the person rather than the action. It looks at the person’s moral character carrying out an action since it holds that a person needs to live virtuously. It is applied in making decisions with the favored virtues (Stos, 2018).
Horton hears a who is an animation that has depicted the three tenets of the normative theory. The primary moral value learned from this animation is that a person is a person, no matter how small (Sailor, 2019).’ The movie tries to show us that even one person can make a difference. For instance, when people from Whoville were shouting, it was not until the little boy joined in the shouting that they were heard. However small Jojo was, he contributed to the voices and made all the difference. Also, Horton decides to protect Whoville because he believes they are tiny people from another universe. In the beginning, he is the only one who hears the voice of the small people in the speck of the dust. The others were convinced that Horton had gone crazy for talking to dust, and the decision to lock him up favored the majority. All the other characters drag him to a cage to lock him up, believing it was for their safety. However, in the end, they realize that there are tiny people in that dust after they hear the voices.
All the actions and decisions made in this movie have consequences, and they are made to benefit the majority (Sailor, 2019). The scenes also prove that everyone plays a role in the development and success of society. According to Horton, the majority that could be benefitted are the small people from Whoville, whereas Kangaroo believed that her people are the majority. Their decisions could be considered ethical in applying utilitarian ethics because they benefitted the most significant number. Therefore, Kant’s deontology of the normative theory and its tenets is applicable in the movie and real-life (Sailor, 2019). The three principles can be applied in the process of considering and determining ethical behavior.
References
Sailor, M. J. (2019). Helping Horton Hear His Whos. ACS Sensors, 4(2), 265-266. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b00255Stos, S. (2018). Utilitarianism, Deontology and Virtue Ethics: Teaching Ethical Philosophy through a Case Study. Journal of Business Ethics Education, 15, 315-322. https://doi.org/10.5840/jbee20181516
