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overpopulation
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My topic in this paper will be the issue of overpopulation. It signifies a population that exceeds its sustainable size within a particular habitat or environment. This issue culminates from an increased birth rate, the immigration of individuals to a new ecological niche, decreased death rate, or the sudden decline in the available resource. It is an issue that has been in existence for some time now. The population increase first happened on a small scale and with relatively moderate intensity in America and Europe, more or less between 1750 and 1950 (Hendrixson et al., 250). It first became a problem at the beginning of the 19th century whereby the number of I billion was exceeded for the first time in history. Afterward, growth augmented, and the number of 2 billion individuals was already exceeded around 1920. A first, the issue was better in the past but become worse after some time, still in the past. It is an issue that affects people at large. When overpopulation occurs, it impacts poor individuals mostly in one way or another. An increase in the number of people brings about increased demand for housing, food, healthcare, energy, transportation, and more. As a result, it leads to increased conflicts, environmental degradation, and a high risk of large-scale pandemics and disasters. overpopulation is an issue that has both health and economic effects. Both the government and common individuals are obliged to ensure the sustainability of persons on the earth.
The population of the world had gone through continuous growth following the Great famine of 1315 and 1317 and the culmination of the Black Death in 1350 when it was approximately 370 million. Industrialization and other developments resulted in death rates falling, whereas birth rates remained high (Hendrixson et al., 253). The population grew rapidly, and the size exploded. Historically, several attempts have been made in an effort to fight overpopulation. Historically, the government has emphasized empowering women, promoting family planning, one child legislation, and many more in order to combat overpopulation. Historically, overpopulation has done more harm than advantages to us. Every year, 1.5 million individuals perish from tuberculosis, and another eight million are newly infected due to overpopulation. This issue has historically exacerbated a lot of environmental and social factors, including pollution, malnourishment, overcrowded living conditions, and inadequate health care. It has also historically silently aggravated the forces behind habitat loss, intensive farming practices, the sixth mass destruction, and the consumption of finite natural resources, such as arable land, freshwater, and fossil fuels. When pointed out, industrialization and other developments resulted in the failing of death rates (Uniyal, 20). As a result, the birth rates continued to be high. The beginning of overpopulation also resulted from ecological degradation, agricultural advancement, poor contraceptives use, and lack of family planning.
Overpopulation has been a concern that has brought several arguments all over the world. From the arguments, there have been attempts to deal with the issue of overpopulation. It is a rising concern, particularly in developing nations. Many people in power argue that we must attempt and look forward to the future and try to save the best for future generations. The issue now is that individuals are more concerned about the future consequences. Most scholars assert that we must attempt to create a more sustainable world to live in, one that will not have harm to the quality of life. Overpopulation needs immediate solutions as it has reached its alarming rates. This issue can be managed efficiently by the use of family planning. It is essential to educate individuals in society on the importance of family planning since many of them are not aware of the importance of family planning. It basically signifies efforts to create a balance between the resources left and the population. According to this argument, overpopulation is an immense problem that the universe faces. It is not a fictional thing, but it is real and occurring. It is a problem since it results in further issues such as poverty and shortage of resources.
Due to the problem of overpopulation, citizens in overpopulated developing countries go through hardships in order to survive. They struggle to acquire just the basic needs that include food and shelter. Such a nation barely gets any support funds on birth control. In many learning institutions, the girls leave school at an early age, and they try to make a family. Several research papers and studies have proven the lower the education, the higher the birth rate. Due to overpopulation, the argument asserts that the demand to meet the supply of food becomes a problem. The farmers fail to acquire enough land to grow their foodstuffs, which creates a lot of issues with the supply of food. Due to overpopulation, a lot of nations fail to develop and grow. It damages the economy as a result. It is associated with adverse economic outcomes ranging from impacts of deforestation, and water pollution, over-farming to global warming and eutrophication. The theoretical analysis argues that overpopulation reduces private and public capital formation, creates pressures on limited natural resources and diverts additions to capital assets to maintaining instead of increasing the stock of capital per worker.
There is also an opposing side of the overpopulation argument. Some people believe that overpopulation is not a problem and we as a human race can deal with it. The asset that we can adapt to our situations, whatever it might be, by letting it change us or we change it. A number of arguments say that there are some benefits of overpopulation in a way that more people means more work force. Overpopulation can produce more things, and more people will purchase more products. Availability of cheap labor and human resource help in economic growth. It is in a way that if the population is above the optimum size, the nation will be capable of making better use of its resources. The market size will increase hence enabling forms to take greater advantage of economies of scale. Logic indicates that s nation with overpopulation will ensure more of a demand in particular industries (Hendrixson et al., 255). For the reason that North America is a capitalist and consumerist society, many individuals would consider overpopulation as a positive effect.
The opposing side is incorrect about the issue of overpopulation. This issue has more negative impacts on society compared to the positive effects it has. Domestic and global overpopulation contributes to conflicts over energy, open space, food, water, school rooms, and numerous other problems. In developing nations, large family size is a leading cause of poor health and poverty. Overpopulation impacts the environment by producing waste and the use of natural resources—these results in increased pressure on land, loss of biodiversity, air, and water pollution (Uniyal, 29). Overgrazing and excessive deforestation by the growing population have resulted in land degradation.
In conclusion, overpopulation is an issue that negatively impacts individuals in several ways. Each person has the right to get the most basic needs, which include housing, healthcare, employment, education, food, and water. Overpopulation has been a hindrance to these basic needs. So, it is very vital that we take action today and ensure that we create awareness for the future. The government and non-governmental organizations should come together and establish initiatives on the issue of overpopulation. Overpopulation has led to several environmental and economic problems. It has led to issues like poverty, increased conflicts, environmental degradation, and a high risk of large-scale pandemics and disasters.
Works Cited
Hendrixson, Anne, and Betsy Hartmann. “Threats and burdens: Challenging scarcity-driven narratives of “overpopulation”.” Geoforum 101 (2019): 250-259.
Uniyal, Shivani, et al. “Human overpopulation: impact on environment.” Megacities and Rapid Urbanization: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice. IGI Global, 2020. 20-30.
segregation or apartheid era
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Introduction
This paper seeks to analyze a concrete piece of legislation from the segregation or apartheid era. It studies a historical document and discusses what the apartheid state did and how its actions were designed to affect different people living in South Africa. Apartheid which is also known as separateness or apartness in the Dutch or Afrikaans signifies the designation that was given to the course of action of segregating individuals by race, with respect to where they schooled, lived, worked, and died. It was a policy that was presented in South Africa in 1948 by the National Party government and that remained functional until 1994. The apartheid policy governed associations between South Africa’s non-white majority and white minority and allowed racial segregation, economic and political discrimination against nonwhites (Clarke and William, 2). The rise and fall of Apartheid give a comprehensive, conversant, and clear overview of the major subjects with reference to apartheid South Africa, its establishment, development, and eventually its end. It provides a quick and enlightening entry point for those who are not much familiar with South African history, covering a wide-ranging outline of key societal, economic, and political issues. It gives an analytical and accessible understanding of apartheid South Africa. The system of racial discrimination in South Africa was executed and enforced by several acts and other laws. The legislation functioned to institutionalize racial segregation and the supremacy of white individuals over persons of other races.
Analysis
The Rise and Fall of Apartheid scrutinize the history of South Africa from 1948 to the contemporary day, covering the commencement of the unjust policy when the Nationalists came to authority, its rising opposition in the 1970s and 1980s, its ultimate failure in the 1990s, and its legacy up to the current days. Apartheid was produced by Hendrik Verwoerd. He is normally referred to as the architect of apartheid for his part in influencing the execution of apartheid policy when he was a minister of native affairs and at that time prime minister. He once described apartheid as the policy of neighborliness. Apartheid policies prohibited black individuals in South Africa from entering urban areas without immediately getting a job (Clarke and William, 8). It was unlawful for someone who was black not to carry a passbook. They could also not walk down the aisle with white people. Whereas the majority of this legislation was passed after the election of the National party, it was led by discriminatory legislation sanctioned under earlier Afrikaner and British governments (Clarke and William, 15). World War II resulted in up surging economic issues in South Africa and influenced the government to reinforce its rules of racial separation. In 1948, the Afrikaner National Party succeeded in the general election under the watchword “apartheid.” The Afrikaner nationalism renowned within a framework of increasing secondary industrialization and urbanization during the period between the two world wars, in addition to the ongoing British imperial influence in South Africa.
Many rules were passed in the formation of the apartheid nation. A number of them include the Population Registration Act, suppression of Communism Act, Bantu Education Act /Bantu Authorities Act, pass laws, Sexual apartheid among many others. For instance, when talking about the preferment of the Bantu Self-Government Act 1959, it asserted that dissimilar ethnic groups had to dwell in different regions. Just a small fraction of South Africa was left for the black individuals to make their dwellings. This law as well removed the black spots inside white regions by moving them out of the metropolitan area. Well-recognized eliminations were those in Lady Selborne, District 6, and Sophia centre. As an alternative, the black individuals were put in settlements outside of the township in a way that they could not possess properties there, only rental since the land could only be possessed by white individuals. This act triggered a lot of resentment and hardship. Black people lost their dwellings, others were removed from the property they possessed for numerous years, and were placed in underdeveloped places far away from their employment places. This act made the separate places of South Africa in which affiliates of each race could dwell and work, classically putting aside the best agricultural, and, and urban places for the whites.
The Bantu Self-Governing Act restricted occupying property or renting in the places well-thought-out as white regions except when they have acquired approval from the government. The institution of the Bantu Self-Government Act of 1950 made the Bantustans for the black individuals depending on their ethnic groups. They were stripped of their privileges to partake in the state regime of South Africa when the Bantu Establishments Act was made. Sanctioned in 1951, the Bantu Establishments Act generated a foundation for the racial regime in African reserves, called the “motherlands.” They were initiated by the state administration to function as independent states. Black individuals were allocated to a homeland on their tribal groupings according to their record of origin. The laws were so tough to a place that black individuals needed passports to get in South Africa, the land that had previously been their land of nationality.
Conclusion
The apartheid in South Africa came to an end through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993 and also unilateral stages by the de Klerk government. Outside protest and pressure at home eventually convinced the head of state to end apartheid. In 1990, he lifted the prohibition on the ANC and released Mandela. De Klerk and Mandela put efforts to bring to end apartheid which culminated in the 1994 multiracial general election whereby Nelson Mandela won and became the president.
Works Cited
Clark, Nancy L., and William H. Worger. South Africa: The rise and fall of apartheid. Routledge, 2016.
of gender identity
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In this paper, I aim to discuss how the subjects of gender identity and alternate sexualities perceived in a different way in the reading of Twelfth night than in the comprehending of the Globe Production expounded by James Bulman in “Bearding the Queen: Male Cross-Dressing at the New Globe.” According to Bulman, the all-male production is different from the other type in which women play women and men play men. Twelfth night is a fast-paced idealistic humor with a number of intertwined plots of practical jokes, mistaken identities, and romance.
Subjects of sexual category identity and alternate sexualities register in different ways when reading Twelfth night than in viewing the Globe Production by James Bulman in “Bearding the Queen: Male Cross-Dressing at the New Globe.” When seeing the Globe Production described by James Bulman in “Bearding the Queen: Male Cross-Dressing at the New Globe, gender identity is seen as performative instead of innate (Bulman 75). In this Globe production, gender is perceived as a cultural construct and sexual desire instead of merely a simple dissimilarity in natural science. It signifies that sexual category is recognized by an extended code of conduct and situational behavior instead of an essential and interior gender identity. Alternative sexuality and gender identity and appear to be different in the interpretation of the Twelfth Night and the Globe Production in a way that particular scenes have comic relief. The play shows itself as comic as a result of its all-male actors having male and female characters. On the other hand, the written type of the drama is less witty since the sexual category characters are set with a traditional players of feminine thespians for female personalities. According to the Bulman article, the Twelfth Night and the Globe production acquired a real Elizabethan method through casting all-male actors for the production of the Twelfth Night comedy. The characters of Viola and Olivia in the Globe production description of the drama presented the viewers a female on the female homoerotic affiliation between Olivia and the player who casted the character of Cesario. Viola’s awareness that she is sexually female prevents her from letting sexual desire or love form for Olivia. In spite of the homoerotic attraction, Viola’s monologue denies that they are satisfying to her in any way, asserting, “My state is desperate for my master’s love” (2.2. 37).
When reading twelfth night, gender identity and sexuality are used as an idea of self-identity. The manner in which Viola cross-dresses as Cesario assists in demonstrating the extent she got a lot of advantages when she was a woman than when she was a man. Histrionic satire quotes such as, “A little thing would make me tell them how much I lack a man” (3, 4, 255-6) reoccur all through the drama and are perceived as a cue the personalities have casual feminineness. Viola, who goes through a transformation of self and the same way as her name, her behavior changes the conventional female behavior. This is especially depicted in Act 2.2 when Viola speaks to herself as Olivia, “Poor lady, she was better to love a dream! Disguise, I see thou art a wickedness” (2.2. 26-27). Viola dwelled in a mannish commanding society on her own after her father and brother died, which was difficult. Despite that, she worked as a man and took on the manlike clothing. The men attire is perceived as practical means of endurance, even though she recognizes herself as a female. As a result of cross-dressing, she switches herself as a man and becomes in charge of her life.
According to Bulman writings, the all-man production is different from a traditional version whereby women play women and men play men as it casts in all-male characters of the play. There is a difference between the Elizabethan stage and the traditional version where every sex would act their gender parts. It signifies that it was an all-male performer and dressed Elizabethan attire as the male cross-dressed. The all-male production or Elizabethan stage is a stage where substantial fluidity and multiplicity are perceived when directing sexual dynamisms. I fully agree with the thesis of Bulman that a traditional version would not be similar, and it would have eradicated the witticism and the comical relief of the cross-dressed males. The acting of Viola masked as the side Cesario is demonstrated to be much allowable as in the Globe production, the all-male characters act as an alienating device to identify with gender identity and sexual desire. The viewers were open to the sexual category incitements in a common setting like the Globe production, which deeply pleas to sightseers, families, and school broods.
If I were producing a version of this play, I would cast it regarding sexual category of the traditional cast for the drama. I would do this for the reason that the traditional cast will appeal to most viewers and would be simple. By casting female to female and male to male in their exact sexual category, the addressees would have it easy to comprehend gender and alternate sexualities matched of who is female and who is male. Despite that, the traditional casting would have its drawbacks as the component of comicalness in the comedy is sacrificed, which is shown in an open manner when an all-male cast is presented. The factors that will influence my choice on the production variety would be the type of addressees seeing the play. Perhaps, if the drama were to be produced to addressees those individuals acquainted with Twelfth Night and Shakespeare, I would have picked an all-male production. A different manner in which the addressees would influence my decision of casting is that the individuals who are acquainted or have read the Twelfth Night and Shakespeare would hold the homoerotic trace in the production.
Works Cited
Bulman, James C. “SHAKESPEARE ON AMERICAN STAGES.” The Shakespearean World (2017): 60-80.
Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night: Or, What You Will. Vol. 13. Classic Books Company, 2001.