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Genetic engineering as a field of scientific knowledge is important for various reasons
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Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering as a field of scientific knowledge is important for various reasons. It has enabled the society to address various challenges effectively. In medicine for instance, it has promoted curing of diseases such as cancer. In economic production, it continues to help the society to address problems related to food shortage. However, it has permeated various fields in the recent past. If the practice is not legally controlled, the outcomes can be adverse. It should be regulated by the government for various reasons.
One of the technological procedures that are advocated for by genetic engineering is cloning. This is creation of multiple copies of the existing organism. Various scientific procedures are employed during cloning, to ensure that the ultimate product has only the best qualities. For example, cloned human beings are designed to have the best physical and mental qualities. Failure to regulate the practice can lead to production of persons of similar attributes. This will do away with racial diversity that characterizes humanity currently. Regulation of the practice is significant for ensuring human diversity and preventing creation of one single human race.
If genetic engineering is not regulated, it can lead to the extinction of important species. Humans utilize both plant and animal species for various purposes. Naturally, diversity cushions populations against negative effects that occur periodically. Extinction of important species and creation of dominant species undermines the very existence of humanity. In particular, it exposes the human race to various social, economic and environmental threats that can wipe out the entire generation. Regulation of the practice would ensure that humanity has sufficient resources to rely upon when faced with various social, economic and political problems.
Finally, unregulated genetic engineering can have negative effects on the global economy. Since all products and production processes would be ideal, there would be no need for employment. Innumerable products that are currently in the market would be taken to waste if cloned products were to be allowed to flood the market. Business would lose meaning and the economy would be unstable. Regulation of genetic engineering by the government would help in ensuring that markets operate normally and the economic wellbeing of the populations is not affected.
In sum, recent developments in the field of knowledge have led to the exploration of genetic engineering. This allows for manipulation of the genetic composition of living organisms. Although the practice has various benefits, it needs to be regulated by the government. Lack of regulation culminates in extinction of important species, exposure of the human race to social, economic and environmental threats due to the creation of dominant species, and destruction of the global economy. Undoubtedly, these impacts have far reaching implications on the general wellbeing of the human race. Thus regulation of genetic engineering is very important.
Genetic Differences between People
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Genetic Differences between People
It can no be disputed that there is a high degree of diversity between human beings. Besides the sexual differences, there are genetic as well as physical and intellectual differences. These differences can be attributed to the various environments that the individual live. In addition, the differences can be caused b varied genes that characterize individual living in different areas. Usually, these differences are instrumental in helping the individuals to cope with the environmental conditions with ease. Further, these differences are useful in enhancing growth and continuity of the human race because they enable the humans to respond to external conditions with ease. In other words, the diversity boosts human immunity to social as well as environmental conditions that can be potentially harmful.
As aforementioned there are various differences between men and women which have diverse implications on their functioning and general way of life. Genetic variations between these two sexes have diverse implications on their physical as well as biological performance. One of the genetic differences that have increasingly come under analysis pertains to the differences in the length of the index as well as ring finger between men and women. From a theoretical point of view, it is widely agreed that women have a longer index finger and a shorter ring finger while men have a shorter index finger and a longer ring finger. The findings of the experiment carried out ascertain that indeed, women have longer index fingers and shorter ring fingers while men have shorter index fingers and longer ring fingers. From a genetic point of view, this trait is sex influenced and the gene that controls the respective trait is dominant. However, the findings of an individual study also relate the differences in the index and ringer fingers length in men and women to familial inheritance.
According to Wilson, the dominant gene that determines these variations is called the allele (111). In men, this influences the development of short index fingers as compared to their ring fingers. While in women, the allele influences development of a longer index finger as compared to the ring finger. In some instances, the index finger in women tends to be equal to their ring finger. Basically, women require two short-finger alleles in order to produce the determinant short-finger effect. Men on the other hand require only one short-finger allele for them to have the effect. In his review, Brooker indicates that this gene is found in the X chromosome (52). This is based on the fact that in most instances, sex influenced traits are usually automosal. It is widely agreed that the gene that the gene that influences the development of the short index finger is dominant in males but recessive in females.
Fundamentally, the traits that are solely controlled by one gene locus are categorized as monogenic traits. Naturally, every individual has to genes or alleles for the respective monogenic trait. The alleles may either be different or identical. In instances where the genes or alleles are different, they may in some cases interact in different ways to develop a distinct phenotype. If one allele manages to mask the attributes of another allele, the former becomes a dominant allele while the later is a recessive allele.
According to the experiment, the sex of an individual plays an important role in determining the length of the individual’s index finger. However, this trait also has a familial relationship in the sense that it can be inherited. In this regard, Elrod and Stanfield argue that sex influenced traits can in some instances be inherited (67). Statistical evidence indicates that three out of five siblings inherited these sexually influenced attributes from their parents. However, it is worth appreciating that unlike other automosal traits, sex influenced traits exhibit distinct differences during inheritance. The differences are apparent in the frequencies of occurrence in the offspring as well in the nature of the traits that re inherited. With regards to the comparisons in lengths of the index and ring finger, inheritance of this is greatly depended on the family histories too. This can be used to explain why there were differences in the experiment that was carried out initially. Of the three parents that I examined, their children exhibited similar traits regarding index finger length. Arguably, the fact that similar attributes were exhibited by the children can be attributed to incidences of family histories.
As it has come out from the study, women have longer index fingers and shorter ring fingers while men have shorter index fingers and longer ring fingers. These genetic differences are vital for effective functioning of both genders. The determinant dominant allele tends to be dominant in men and recessive in women. The fact that the trait is sex influenced also explains this state of affairs. As identified, the differences can also be attributed to familial inheritance. The resultant attributes however differ considerably from similar attributes exhibited by other automosal traits.
Works Cited
Brooker, Robert. Genetics: Analysis and Principles. USA: Mc-Graw Hill Science, 2008. Print.
Elrod, Susan and Stanfield, William. Schaum’s Outline of Genetics. USA: McGraw Hill Publishers, 2010. Print.
Wilson, Glenn. Finger-Length as An Index of Assertiveness in Women. Personality and Individual Differences, 4.1 (1983): 111-112. Print.
Genesis book, Bible
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Genesis
The question of the creation of the world has been one of the most commonly discussed issues among Christians in the Christian religion. The book of Genesis in the Bible entails the formation of life and the beginning of life as part of God’s Creation. This has influenced various generations since the creation of man and the world at large. This aspect has made Christians of different generations think up means by which they elucidate the work of creation from a Biblical perspective.
The first verse in Genesis chapter one says that, “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth” (New International Version, Gen.1.1). This Biblical assertion triggers in the mind of every Christian that there is given beginning for everything that exists on earth. It makes it clear and easy to believe that God had a plan for His creation since He decided to begin with the heaven and earth. Each step made by God in the process of creation was typically methodical. Verse two of chapter one says that, “the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters” (New International Version, Gen.1.2). This case provides the way God is really powerful. Both the first and second verses have created the impression that God has no definite beginning. This is because everything started from his creation. He could even see what to do even before light was created. This further implies that whatever God did was meant to be a blessing to the product of His work of creation, especially to human beings. This is seen in the case where he commands that, “Let there be light: and there was light” (New International Version, Gen.1.3).
The creation story in the Christian religion is unique from other religions and scientific interpretations. In essence, various aspects or happenings found in Genesis have been attracting the attention of scientific institutions. In this regard, some institutions seem to oppose some creation stories while others aim at providing some geological and biological evidence about the stories of creation and Noah’s Flood (New International Version, Gen.9.16). The various scientific explanations and mythologies of creation and Noah’s flood have been presented in the world today, but are often accompanied with their inconsistencies and fallacies in the attempt to disagree with the Christian Bible. Nevertheless, the flood happens due to Gods anger towards human beings. The book of Genesis says that, “Never again will I curse the ground because of humans” (New International Version, Gen.9.21). This implies that natural happenings are not only by chance but because God’s will.
The Bible presents the Creation of man as a blessing, and this has been passed on from one generation to another. Man was created on the sixth day of creation. As depicted in Genesis, the creation of man was completely unique from the rest of God’s creation. The beginning of life started in the waters. While this assertion is lightly absorbed by many Christians, scientists have actually supported the Christian Bible for this claim. Geologists and biologist have tried to prove that life started from simple to complex structural forms and that the fishes were the first to evolve. Scientists and various institutions today believe that human beings are as a result of ultimate evolution in that they form the most complex and the most advanced of all life forms on the planet. Reflection on the Bible makes it clear about this, although evolution is not a point spoken in the Bible. It is pointed out in Genesis chapter one verses 20 to 23 that “God commanded, ‘Let the water be filled with many kinds of living beings, and let the air be filled with birds.’ So God created the great sea monsters, all kinds of creatures that live in the water, and all kinds of birds. And God was pleased with what he saw” (New International Version, Gen.1.20-23). Due to this notion, it has been known over many generations that life started from the waters and not on land. This was even before scientific institutions were intelligent enough to discover this conception. The bible seems to influence various scientific aspects and norms just as seen in Genesis. Generations have come to know that God loved whatever He created and loved it dearly.
Today, scientific have made people believe that life started in the seas, but the Bible affirms the same stipulations. The chapter of Genesis in the Bible has made this notion be passed across generations for a very long time since the Bible was written. Chapter one of Genesis clarifies that life emerged on land after it had started in the waters. God commanded that “Let the earth produce all kinds of animal life: domestic and wild, large and small” (New International Version, Gen.1.24-25). The scientific norms and deduction do not seem to hold in this case since the Bible provides that this trend occurred as a result of God’s command. People have believed that the Biblical trend of creation was aimed at providing a perfect living environment for human beings. Further in Genesis chapter one, it is confirmed that “… God made them all, and he was pleased with what he saw” (New International Version, Gen.1.25). The Bible has always developed a Christian culture and beliefs that God is perfect in what He does. He is always pleased in His work.
The notion of man as a special creation is has been held for many generations in the past, and the same is likely to be held for many generations in the future as long as the Christian religion remains strong. The book of Genesis brings this out in a clear way. In chapter one, it is asserted that God said, “And now we will make human beings; they will be like us and resemble us. They will have power over the fish, the birds, and all animals, domestic and wild, large and small” (New International Version, Gen.1.26) Generations have confirmed this Biblical clarification regarding the special nature of human beings. They are intelligence and powerful over everything else created by God. This comes out as a result of God’s blessings to human beings, an aspect that has been passed across generations, which has also shaken up established institutions as well as cultural beliefs and norms.
From a broader perspective of the Book of Genesis, Christianity upholds the belief that God is in three aspects: God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The book of Genesis puts this in vivid way, as the story of creation unveils. Genesis Chapter one verse 26, which says, “And now we will make human beings; they will be like us and resemble us” shows that ‘God’ is not a single supernatural being. This aspect has for long been the central aspect in Biblical teachings within the Christian religion. Essentially, the creation story is based on the scriptures in Genesis 1 and 2.
The notion that God has neither a beginning nor an end is clear to every Christian. According to the Christian Bible, God always existed, he roamed on the unformed universe and waters and within seven days, he created everything in existence. While scientists do not have a proof of who God could be, they also believe that the forces of nature have the same characteristics. In fact, the vastness of nature is beyond human imaginations and so does the power of God to Christians.
The chronological order of creation and the realistic time duration seem to create different views among scientists, especially those trying to disagree with God’s power in creation. Although God’s creation happens in 6 days, proponent of this Biblical view believes that God can really do greater things within even a shorter time. The Book of Genesis specifies that on the first day, he created light and darkness. On the second day, he separated the waters from Earth and created Heaven; thus it is said “Let the water below the sky come together in one place, so that the land will appear” (New International Version, Gen.1.9). On the third day, he created plants on the dry land. On the fourth day, God made the light ‘day’ and the darkness ‘night’. He made the creatures of the sea and the sky on the fifth day. On the sixth day, God made man. On the seventh day, he rested and declared that day ‘a Sabbath day’. To the opponents of these chronological assertions in the Bible, the six days depict vast ages. Christians strongly believe that God accomplished all that in six days by theorists could consider each day to represent several thousands or even millions of years.
The first humans to be created were Adam and Eve with Eve being as created from Adam’s rib. She was to give company to him, since God saw that it was not good for man to stay alone. It is said that “the Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man’s ribs and then closed up the place with flesh” (New International Version, Gen.2.21). The humans were given authority over all creation, including authority to name the other living things. Adam and Eve were forbidden to eat the fruits from the middle tree; however, the serpent used the woman and caused the humans to eat from the tree of knowledge, though God had forbidden it to them. This made God drive them to toil by themselves outside His garden. The Lord “the Lord God banished him from the Garden of Eden to work the ground from which he had been taken” (New International Version, Gen.2.23). This aspect shows how humans go against God, but they receive the respective punishment. It shows the beginning of sin and suffering as it has been the case across generations. They bore two sons and from then humanity began. This aspect is a Christian perspective of how the human race came to be, as opposed to the scientific institutions that support evolution.
The Christian creation story may have inconsistencies, but the religion and faith requires that Christians have to belief in everything said in the Bible. Inconsistencies may be present in the Genesis story of creation because it is a story based on faith of God having existed since eternity. It is not clear where the superior being, God, came from. Nevertheless, Christians do not need to question the power of God. Furthermore, not even scientist can understand the vastness of nature, like the case of the universe especially regarding its beginning and end. Therefore, scientists have not successfully established the origin of God, or if God exists at all since He is said to have existed before everything else (New International Version, Gen.1.1).
The humanist approach of the creation theory can be considered as an institution whose influence is also attributed to the Genesis creation stories and the stories about the emergence of the human races. This institution has been influenced by Biblical stories of creation to an extent that it involves explanation of supernatural occurrences leading to creation. Christians would always attribute such supernatural occurrences to the power of God. This can further be attributed to the allegations that the study of creation is the point at which theology and science meet.
Generally, it is important to note that different people of the world believe in diverse creation theories, but Christians hold their faith to the creation stories provided in the Bible. The differences in beliefs are based on one’s cultural as well as religious backgrounds. The aim of the creation stories is to explain the genesis of life and how Earth was formed. Both scientists and astrologers have joined hands towards researching the one key theory, which closely described the creation of everything in place.
Typically, no particular creation story is fully acceptable by all the people of the world apart; the different theories have inconsistencies, which determine their credibility amongst different people. Nevertheless, each of the myths upheld by the various institutions and religious norms, aims to explain the beginning of creation. The central argument conveyed is for the creation to occur, we had to start somewhere. Despite the fact that each of these institutions tackling the story of creation and the origin of life in general has inconsistencies, and thus people cannot suspend their rationality concerning religion, especially the Christian religion. The inconsistencies simply prove that religion operates on different standards that may not necessarily be proved just like science. Nevertheless, various scientists have tries as much as possible to prove or disapprove some Biblical happenings especially those mentioned in the Book of Genesis. The book of Genesis has however been a great way of conveying the power of God as depicted by the eternal existence of God (New International Version, Gen.1.1). Such stories have been considered as basics to the Christian faith. This aspect makes it important for the key stories pointed out in the Book of Genesis to be passed from one generation to the other, especially due to their impact on moral values and respect to God.
Works Cited
New International Version. [Colorado Springs]: Biblica, 2011. BibleGateway.com. Web. 30 Sep. 2014.