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Homework Assignment 4
Homework Assignment 4
Professor Ozer
The following table presents regression models from a famous article called “Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind”. Each model presents analysis on a different dependent variable.
Political information is a measure of political knowledge, with higher scores indicating that the respondent knew more about politics. Republican party identification was measured so that higher scores indicate that the respondent more strongly identified with the Republican party. Family income simply measured the amount of money the respondent made in a year, measured in 1000s of dollars. All variables have been rescaled to run from -1 to 1 or 0 to 1.
When interpreting the results, please be sure to include the actual numbers in your answers.
Question 1: Has the income gap increased?
What effect does political information have on the perception that the income gap has increased? How can we tell if the effect is statistically significant?
What effect does Republican Party identification have on the perception that the income gap has increased? Is the effect statistically significant?
What percent of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by our independent variables?
Question 2: Is the income gap a bad thing?
What effect does political information have on the perception that the income gap is a bad thing? How can we tell if the effect is statistically significant?
What effect does Republican Party identification have on the perception that the income gap is a bad thing? Is the effect statistically significant?
What percent of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by our independent variables?
Question 3: Have you thought about the tax cut?
What effect does political information have on how much the respondents have thought about the tax cut? How can we tell if the effect is statistically significant?
What effect does Republican Party identification have how much the respondents have thought about the tax cut? Is the effect statistically significant?
What percent of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by our independent variables?
Question 4: Do you favor the tax cut?
What effect does political information have on how much the respondents favor the tax cut? How can we tell if the effect is statistically significant?
What effect does Republican Party identification have how much the respondents favor the tax cut? Is the effect statistically significant?
What percent of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by our independent variables?
Homework Ch.6
Homework Ch.6
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Homework Ch.6
Three basic components of a modern astronomical instrument are Telescope, detectors, and a sorting instrument. A telescope is primarily used to collect and measure light or radiation coming emitted by an object. It is capable of containing more amount of light compared to human eyes. For the detectors, they recognize the areas of the selected wavelength radiation and permanently records the observation. Thirdly, a sorting instrument is usually connected to the Telescope, and functions to categorize the visible light based on wavelength.
Two spectral windows through which electromagnetic radiation reaches the surface of the Earth are Radio Waves and Visible Wavebands. The largest-aperture Telescope currently in use for each window is the Gran Telescope Canarias, with a 305-m primary mirror. The largest single-dish radio telescope in Arecibo telescope.
Largest-aperture single Telescope currently in use in each of the following brands of the electromagnetic spectrum: radio -305- m primary mirror, X-ray – Chandra in space, gamma-ray – FERMI, in space.
Astronomers discuss the apertures of their telescopes by saying bigger is better. When the aperture is more prominent, it creates room for more magnification, thus producing higher resolution. Besides, it can detect fainter sources instead of smaller ones since it collects light making for a sharper image.
The Hooker telescope at Palomar Observatory has a 5 m, and the Keck I telescope has a diameter of 10 m. Keck telescope can collect four times as much asHooker Telescope in the same amount of time.
Reflecting Telescope uses the mirror to form images instead of a lens. At the same time, Refracting Telescope utilizes the lens as the central optical element for image formation because it has a long tube containing a large glass lens at one end.
The largest visible-light telescopes in the world are made with mirrors rather than lenses because they use a small secondary mirror that permits more light to go through the system, hence getting more clear images.
Compare the eye, photographic film, and CCDs as detectors for light. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? The eye is cheaper and comfortable, and at the same time, an eye is not perfect since humans usually process with their imperfect brains. Also, it has a limited integration time. The photographic film uses a photographic plate that creates an irreversible record. The photographic film tends to be expensive and inefficient. It’s only a mere 1% of the light that leads to the chemical change for image formation. CCDs can collect light over a long period similar to a phone camera hoked to a telescope.
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a light-sensitive integrated circuit storing and displaying information for an image. A single picture element in an image is changed into an electrical charge. It is used in astronomy to detecting light.
Why is it difficult at infrared wavelengths? Because distinguishing the amount of heat radiation reaching the Earth’s surface from the stars and galaxies and that radiated by Telescope is somewhat difficult. What do astronomers do to address this difficulty? It is a prerequisite for astronomers to protect the infrared detector, usually by cooling. They can as well keep the sensor in space or mountains.
Radio and radar observations are often made with the same antenna, but they are very different techniques. Compare and contrast radio and radar astronomy in terms of the equipment needed, the methods used, and the kind of results obtained—a radio consists of a dish reflector, spectrometer, and a detector. The dish functions as a mirror as it reflects Telescope, collecting and focusing radiation. It capable of detecting objects that are far away. In radar, a radio dish functions as a radar telescope on instances fitted with superior transmitters and receivers. A radar emitter is necessary for the experiment, and it is only capable of detecting closer objects.
Look back at Figure 6.18 of Cygnus A and read its caption again. The material in the giant lobes at the edges of the image had to have been ejected from the center at least how many years ago? 160, 000 years ago
Astronomers place telescopes in Earth’s orbit to get above the atmosphere’s distorting effects to a visible and infrared wavelengths. The advantages for the different spectrum regions include bypassing Earth’s limiters such as clouds, storms, and moisture. It eliminates Earth’s distractors.
What was the problem with the Hubble Space Telescope, and how was it solved? Following the Hubble Space Telescope launching, there was some detectable error in the shape of the primary mirror. To resolve the situation, scientists fixed a collector plate serving to boost the camera prior to releasing HTS back into the orbit.
Describe the techniques radio astronomers use to obtain a resolution comparable to what astronomers working with visible light can achieve. It uses an interferometer as an image sharpener as it links several telescopes together electronically. Astronomers integrate a significant figure of radio dishes into an interferometer.
What kind of visible-light and infrared telescopes on the ground are astronomers planning for the future? Why are they building them on the ground and not in space?
In 2021, astronomers are planning to make a massive 8.4 – meter Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Building such a telescope in space will be very expensive and at the same time is heavy.
Describe one visible-light or infrared Telescope that astronomers are planning to launch into space in the future. Scientists anticipate making James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and to prevents the Earth’s substantial infrared glow interference, it will be launched into a solar orbit.
Article Summary and Critique
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Washington Football Team Faces Problem with Trademark Request After Patent Ruling by Greg Patuto
Recently, the Washington Football Team has found itself in jeopardy after a trademark issue. The football team risks losing its trademark name after issues were found in a patent ruling. Maybe the most straightforward name in the history of the NFL is the Washington Football Team. The trademark is rather simple; it states the city name and the sport the team plays. It cannot get any simpler than that. Or maybe it can. As it turns out, the request for the WTF trademark made by the team may be at stake due to confusion. The U.S. Trademark Office and U.S. Patent have denied this request due to another pre-existing application similar to that of Washington. The office denied the request on the grounds that they felt consumers would be mistaken, confused or deceived about the commercial source of the service and of goods of the involved parties. Back in 2013, the owner of the Washington Football Team, Daniel Snyder, made the decision to drop the nickname Redskins and simply –go with Football team as they settle on a new name for the teams. But the franchise began experiencing problems when they tried to trademark their names for apparel sales.
In the June 2021 article Patuto mentions that, one Phillip McCauley was awarded numerous trademarks for potential names dating back to May 2015 with Washington Football Club among them. This halted the trade marking process for WFT. The Club was given six months to respond to the refusal failure to which their application would be abandoned. As a result, the team had the options of submitting evidence and arguing against refusal, asking for a withdrawal or refusing to delete a class to which the refusal concerns. To make the matter worse, the office announced that there were two trademark fillings for the football team. This would continue to make the process even more complicated moving forward for both Synder and the company. Washington’s Football team Jason write said that the football’s name may stick as there are a group of fans that have made a case for it and this is according to the June 19th article by Patuto.
In my viewpoint, the team‘s trademark case should not be an issue of concern. I do not hate their trademark name “WFT” but I must say that the name sounds a bit controversial. The names may come off as confusing to receipts. But if the football club itself has no issues and the fans are satisfied with it, then I do not see any issue. I think the name fits perfectly because it describes the city and the sport being played. From my standpoint, the name is a good fit because it cannot get better than that. The abbreviation acronym sounds exactly like a word that has the exact same three letters that is considered a curse word. But come to think of it, if one is used to referring the team as Washington Football Club for so long, will not find it difficult to refer to them as the WFT. I believe that it is only a matter of perception and how conscious a person is when using the trademark WFT. In essence, to the fair, the ruling should have allowed the club to use any work that they are happy with. They should give them the freedom to brand themselves in whatever manner they like as long as it does not infringe on the sport’s laws. https://www.si.com/nfl/commanders/news/washington-football-team-problem-trademark-request-nfl