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Gender Roles
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Gender Roles
Introduction
The essay focuses on Gender Role as the topic for the interview. I have chosen this topic owing to its immense contribution to the process of understanding the gendered social systems in different societies. In most societies in America and around the world, gender roles have been primarily personal and cultural. These roles determine how men and women should speak, dress, think, labor, and interact within the societal context (Sudha 126). Learning has been essential toward shaping the gender roles. Socializing agents such as parents, peers, teachers, music, movies, religion, and books play significant part of teaching and reinforcing gender roles all through the entire lifespan of humanity. However, parents are perhaps exerting the greatest influence considering that they intervene and mould the character together with the roles of male or female child throughout childhood, and even occasionally at adulthood (Sudha 126). Many of the parents involve themselves in actively shaping the gender roles and expectations of the youngsters conceivably because they were also at one time recipients of similar expectations.
Going by the traditional norms, fathers taught boys how to build and fix things, whereas the mothers taught their daughters how to sew, cook, and maintain the house. Once the children have conformed to the conventional gender expectations, they would then assume roles that were universally and culturally acceptable. Other socializing agents would then come in to strengthen further these assumptions particularly on the kind of roles expected on male children and those associated with females (Wayne 4). For instance, teachers, peers, and the media were critical to socialization and shaping up gender roles. Accordingly, the gender roles adopted at a time when the individual was very young continue into adulthood. The subject is also evident at different workplaces, as many organizations tend to design certain responsibilities specifically for particular gender. Various forms of gender stereotypes have arisen due to the widespread expectations associated with distinct gender or sex. Apparently, the culture along with upbringing highly influence gender roles and stereotypes based on gender (Wayne 10). In summary, gender role refers to a set of behavioral and social norms that are socially acceptable or appropriate for people of particular sex, within a definite society or culture. Gender role may also refer to a set of traits or characteristics that distinguish between men and women (or boys and girls), and determines the gender identity of an individual. Ordinarily, societies across the globe have two main genders namely the masculine (male) and feminine (female).
Description of the Interview
The 30-minute interview was conducted on June 6, 2013 between 1000 and 1030 hrs.
Interview Questions
(i) What do you understand by the term Gender Role?
(ii). What is the traditional point of view on the subject of Gender Role?
(iii). Do parents or guardians anticipate different things from sons as compared to daughters?
(iv). Do you consider certain professions as meant for either males or females?
(v).Should boys and girls be brought up in absolutely different way?
(vi). Are men and women equal in their intelligence and physical ability?
(vii). What are the similarities and differences between gender roles, gender stereotypes, and gender identity?
(viii). Who do you believe should primarily provide for the family?
(ix). Do you believe gender roles exist at place of work?
Short Description of the Interviewee
The interviewee is a professional editor of the school newspaper. The editor (a female) has several years of experience as a journalist and expert in matters of gender and women in society. She had previously worked at a non-Governmental organization as a consultant on gender issues before taking up the role of researcher and newspaper editor of the school newspaper. She mainly focuses on just, impartial, and professional journalism particularly on matters touching on gender or sex of students, tutors, and the school community in entirety. She holds bachelor’s degrees in Sociology and Mass Communication, and a Master in Gender Studies. She has had a successful career in the NGO world and earned promotions in different capacities.
In the same way, her determination and intelligent contributions has led to growth in popularity and readership of the school newspaper. Today, the demand for the newspaper by student fraternity, teachers, support staff, and those in the neighborhoods and beyond has increased tremendously. She has categorically influenced the way reporters and the editorial team present news to the readers by ensuring there is impartiality, fairness, and sensitiveness to the existing gender roles, gender identity, gender stereotypes, and sexual orientation within the school context and the society. Therefore, I was convinced this editor was the right person to interview to gain adequate insight on gender issues, particularly the gender roles.
Summary of Response to the Interview Questions
The newspaper editor provided a comprehensive response to every question I fronted. She acknowledged the fact that there are several definitions for gender role. In her view, the meaning and implication of gender role primarily depended on the standpoint as well as understanding of a group, ethnicity or society. Similarly, the definition would change taking into consideration the era or period of reference. She argues that gender role from the traditional perspective refers to the conformation to conventional expectations. In this regard, parents and close relatives played a vital role of teaching the male and female children what was expected of them culturally and universally (Wayne 4). Furthermore, she recognized the fundamental role that teachers and peers played in shaping the gender roles and sexual orientation of young people. Nevertheless, she asserted that the media (print, electronic, and new media) could influence the gender role and identity of individuals in a positive and negative manner.
On the aspect of parent expectations, the newspaper editor responded by stating that fathers expect their sons to take up roles similar to those they executed during childhood and adulthood. Similarly, mothers influence gender roles of their daughters by explaining to them roles they consider relevant and necessary for a girl child because they (the mothers) have been in one way or the other involved in discharging those roles or duties. Although the interviewee attested to the assumption of society that certain professions are meant for specific gender, she was quick to substantiate that modernity and globalization have changed the perception. In essence, men and women in the contemporary society are gradually embracing professions that were traditionally a preserve for members of particular gender.
Furthermore, she argued that the social environment and family set up highly influenced how boys and girls are brought up in the society. In terms of physical ability and intelligence, the interviewee avowed that the alleged differences are merely gender stereotypes. To her, the level of intelligence or even physical ability would depend on the individual regardless of gender (Wayne 4). The similarities and differences between gender role, gender stereotype, and gender identity would depend on the context, and society assumptions among other considerations.
On the issue of who should provide for the family, she believes that the spouse should collectively contribute to provide for the family. However, the man is conventionally the provider for the entire family. However, she believes that with modernity, the difference in terms of gender roles has diminished significantly. Thus, gender roles no longer exist at workplace.
Analysis of the Interview
From the interview, I have discovered that activities and responsibilities that were traditionally based on gender have diminished significantly. Today, nearly every individual irrespective of sex or gender can effectively perform any role provided they have relevant experience, academic and professional qualifications. Through the interview, I have come to realize that traditional gender roles largely determined how men and women looked and acted. In essence, gender roles corresponded to the respective behaviors and traits of each sex.
In some societies, especially the Modern West, gender role have been associated with the gender identity of the person. In effect, Western concepts such as ‘heterosexual’ and ‘homosexual’ have emerged. Thus, individuals in these societies would take up roles depending on the type of gender they identify with (Wharton 3). In the same way, socially enforced values and norms influenced behavior of individuals. Gender stereotypes have also contributed substantially to the kind of roles traditionally associated with individuals of particular gender. Finally, gender typing as a process, has influenced children’s (males and females) acquiring the values, behaviors, and motives regarded as suitable within the culture and society.
Works Cited
Sudha, D K. Gender Roles. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2000. Print. 126
Wayne, Tiffany K. Women’s Roles in Nineteenth-Century America. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood Press, 2007. Print.
Wharton, Amy S. The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Chichester [etc.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. Print.
Rhetorical Analysis
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Rhetorical Analysis of Nontraditional Texts
A simple text from the film, “A Simple Text” by Louis Theroux, is analyzed in its cultural implications and the author goes on to describe how the text is not just a simple text but one that needs to be seen as of such. The text is full of various metaphors, examples in specific literary techniques, and a more complex textual analysis. The phrase that stands out to me most from this film is, “We were in love…and we were happy”. This phrase at first, is said to the author by a woman who is dealing with the loss of her husband to cancer- not just any woman, but his wife. After the interview, he casually asks her what happens when she dies and their only daughter leaves for college. The two discuss that they will be put into a cardboard box and pushed behind a fridge where most people don’t see them. They continue to discuss why this is and it is agreed upon that it was because of their lifestyle choice- they weren’t part of the “normal” social activity. The text also reflects on some real life issues such as technology and youth culture. This analysis shows how these texts have practical applications for everyday life today. It also discusses theories such as post-modernism and cyber culture in relation to the work discussed.The author has a clear understanding of the text’s rhetorical analysis and its practical application for everyday life. The ‘practical’ nature of the work allows the reader to understand how the ideal uses of this text in everyday life. The rhetoric analysis is clear and concise, not only dealing with the textual analysis but also giving some background of the theoretical context that may assist further comprehension. Theroux takes a delightfully complicated subject matter—it is to be fair, not a simple text—and provides an extremely clear and concise piece of writing regarding his texts analysis in relation to reality.
In a culture of social networking and instant messaging where people often use abbreviations to say what they mean, and in the process risking their grammar structure, the author points out that one has to be careful what they do or risk losing their audience. “The idea is not to try to use the same, but to find new and different ways of getting across the same meaning. The way, for example, some people might write down a text message on a piece of paper and then type it out in full: those two bits of language are very different, yet both achieve the same thing.”
The rhetoric analysis takes in the context of everyday life today. The author does not just provide information about how this text may be seen as a simple text, but also discusses how this text has practical application for everyday life today. The theoretical context is discussed in a clear and concise manner, not just dealing with the textual analysis but also giving some background of the theoretical context that may assist further comprehension. visual analysis on the film
The context of everyday life today is discussed in a clear and concise manner, not just dealing with the textual analysis but also giving some background of the theoretical context that may assist further comprehension. Hidden meanings, what counts as a “simple text”, textual analysis and the role of technology are all important themes in this work.
In order to communicate clearly, both explicit and implicit knowledge must be used to create meaning. The author shows an extremely clear understanding of how this text can be seen as a simple text; however it is also demonstrated how this text has serious implications for daily life today.
The author has a clear understanding of the text’s rhetorical analysis and its practical application for everyday life. The ‘practical’ nature of the work allows the reader to understand how the ideal uses of this text in everyday life. The rhetoric analysis is clear and concise, not only dealing with the textual analysis but also giving some background of the theoretical context that may assist further comprehension.
From an academic perspective, Theroux goes into detail regarding his texts analysis by explaining what he has analysed and why he has chosen to analyse certain sections in particular. Theroux also provides the reader with some background of the theoretical context that may assist further comprehension.
The article also discusses how the text may be more effective if it was written in a more formal manner. Also, one should always be watchful of what they are writing as there are always ways to make it better, namely through editors and proofreaders. The next step of analysis involves new media and its implications on culture, specifically youth culture. In relation to technology, the article is about how text messaging is changing youth communication style. It also describes how youth culture has changed and how technology has been used by the youth for communication.
The text goes on to demonstrate the post-modernism and its implication on culture, specifically in relation to the text. This article concludes that one should be careful of what text they are reading because it could be more than just a simple text. As one is reading they should be aware of the mediation between audience and author so as to avoid losing their audience. This article is about the text of the same name that is in the film A Simple Text. It talks about how there are different forms for one to go about reading a text. This article shows how Theroux has made sure that his audience understands his texts analysis and its practical application for everyday life today.
The rhetorical analysis takes in the context of everyday life today and it also discusses theories such as post-modernism and cyber culture. The author goes on to demonstrate the practical application of this text to daily life by giving examples of people who use texts to communicate with each other, as well as explanations why they sometimes use these ways. In relation to technology, this article discusses how text messaging has changed communication style in youth culture.
Gender Roles in Entrepreneurial Leadership
Gender Roles in Entrepreneurial Leadership
Cullen Strady
Florida State University
ENC 2135: Research, Genre, and Context
Andrew Zolot
July 06, 2022
Gender Roles in Entrepreneurial Leadership
Introduction
Extant scholarship on the role and conception of gender in entrepreneurial leadership remains an area of incessant debates and discourse. Scholars in the discipline of entrepreneurship focusing on exploring perceptions of female entrepreneurial leaders have demonstrated a consensus that women and entrepreneurial leadership have habitually been exhibited as incompatible concepts. This tends to reinforce the notion that the attributes and characteristics relating to successful entrepreneurial leadership are aligned with masculine engagement and performance. Tlaiss and Kauser (2019) affirm this point, contending that entrepreneurial leadership research is frequently gendered as masculine or male when describing men’s dominant role and influence in leadership tasks. These presumably distorted perceptions of women as inferior and men as superior in entrepreneurial leadership imply that gender roles in this area of community discourse comprise a subject of heated deliberations and ceaseless controversy. The current investigative field essay aims to offer a perspective that contributes meaningfully to the discourse on this controversy.
Overview of Perspectives and Orientation
The visualization and portrayal of women and entrepreneurial leadership as two contradictory constructs have ensued from implicit and explicit gendered biases that persist when conceptualizing leadership in entrepreneurship scholarship. According to Kimbu et al. (2021), these biases are indeed a legacy of masculinity and patriarchal dominance that is predominantly endemic in this area of scholarship. Subsequently, exemplary entrepreneurial leadership has been linked with masculine performance, consequently generating notions that consider female entrepreneurial leaders subordinate and incompetent. Eventually, this notion subjects women to a dichotomous framework that intellectualizes them as inferior when compared to their “sagacious” masculine counterparts, who are viewed as enviable entrepreneurial leadership archetypes (Kimbu et al., 2021). Ultimately, such a dichotomous framework has created a predisposition within the entrepreneurial leadership literature where everyone in society has to be gauged for leadership competency by being compared to this already established masculine scoring standard. For this reason, the experiences of women in entrepreneurial leadership roles have not been encounters to pride in, especially when factoring in the elements of competency and performance.
With the discourse taking ever-expanding directions, the feminist theory has, however, induced a new twist to the tale in the gendered discourse. Greater engagement with this theory, coupled with the ongoing realization that entrepreneurial leadership is socially constructed, has driven some scholars to unearth assertions entrenched in universalism, which are pervasive in the dominant perspectives about entrepreneurial leadership (Kakabadse et al., 2018). Other recent feminist researchers have cautioned that the feminization of entrepreneurial leadership remains apparent amidst new shifts toward complexity. According to Kakabadse et al. (2018) and Kimbu et al. (2021), this feminization is characterized by alternative performances becoming more associated with women. This creates a tendency to reemphasize the already prevailing gendered dichotomies. Essentially, this constrains the possibility of deconstructing the established masculine standard, eventually ignoring the multiplicity attached to masculinity.
This perspective furthers the discourse surrounding the perpetual placement of women as the proxy for gendered roles in entrepreneurial leadership. Kakabadse et al. (2018) contend that positioning women this way waters down the essence of proper epistemological positioning and direction of research that accounts for a deeper contextual understanding of gendered perspectives by considering an extensive gamut of gendered experiences that transcend the beyond “women” dichotomy. From another angle, Tlaiss and Kauser (2019) express their thoughts within the post-structural feminist lens of viewing this discourse. They sustain that the narratives given by women in the two groups they studied (compliance group and hesitant group) show that cultural norms leave them unfree to perform their gender as they would desire. This is the case even when it comes to entrepreneurial leadership functions. Looking at these diverse perspectives, the discourse on gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership is broadening. It is vital to join the conversation as it progresses, a feat realized via this investigative field essay.
Relevance and Significance
Readers of this investigative field essay will find it important because it will give them insights into the predominant perspectives that have prevailed in conceptualizing gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership. Further, they will learn about some of the theories upon which these perspectives are premised, understanding the relevant abstractions that precipitate divergent claims regarding the role of women in entrepreneurial leadership within a seemingly patriarchal framework. Further, this investigative field essay will be relevant to its readers by allowing them to comprehend differences in cultural values and identities relating to women’s engagement in entrepreneurial leadership. This is by examining and comparing these cultural values and identities between Western and non-Western cultures. Finally, the essay will be relevant to the readers by giving them a hint of the expected future direction of the discourse regarding the gendered nature of entrepreneurial leadership conceptions. At a personal level, this investigative field essay is valuable to me because I focus on becoming a commercial entrepreneur. In other words, I was interested in this area of investigation initially because of my passion for becoming a competent and ambition-driven entrepreneur in the mercantile domain after my graduation. So, the essay will impart insights into what I anticipate concerning the dynamics, patterns, and considerations of ethical entrepreneurial leadership when running my future enterprise.
Methods
Toward accomplishing this investigative field task, I approach the research using two approaches. The first method is to consult scholarly literature addressing this topic through a systematic literature review of professional publications. The second method is to collect data about perceptions surrounding gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership via an interview with an expert in this discipline to garner additional insights into conceptions and perspectives about the subject matter. Concerning the first method, I have already conducted a literature review using resources annotated previously and other extra publications. I am currently in the interview process with a professional in this discourse area using an informational interviewing approach. I have chosen an informational interviewing technique because it helps gain in-depth details about the subject, as Lun (2020) suggests. The aim of leveraging both methods of investigation is to obtain data to help address some questions, including the following:
Do feminine and masculine gender role characteristics positively influence the self-efficacy of entrepreneurial leaders?
What normative notions have persistently placed men and women in intrinsically different positions based on a dichotomous framework of conceptualizing entrepreneurial leadership?
How do cultural values and culture at large contribute to observable differences in feminine and masculine entrepreneurial leadership?
What are the trends and patterns of gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership?
Addressing some of these questions via this investigative field essay will add meaningful knowledge to the present discourse about gender roles in shaping entrepreneurial leadership.
Investigation Results
The literature review revealed vital findings concerning the interplay between gendered attributes and entrepreneurial leadership. These findings agree with the interview results from the professional in the entrepreneurship discourse community to illuminate gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership. The pseudonym I used for the interviewee is Martin Gonzalez. I deemed using this penname vital in maintaining the interviewee’s confidentiality and safeguarding their personal identity. This interview generated valuable insights into contributing meaningfully to the discourse about gendered entrepreneurial leadership.
One important thing I learned from the literature and the interview about gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership is that a gender-dichotomized framework of inquiry pervades dialogs surrounding the exploration of the leadership construct within entrepreneurial contexts. Within this frame, the dominant dichotomies are masculine/feminine and male/female, which establishes a seemingly absolutist nexus between entrepreneurial leadership, gender, and entrepreneurial performance. Tlaiss and Kauser (2019) suggest that this entrepreneurship and leadership nexus views entrepreneurial leadership as a blend of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial management, and entrepreneurship orientation. Harrison and Leitch (2018) admit that these dichotomies place male or masculine in the position of a universal, neutral touchstone against which the female, woman, or feminine concept is judged for their entrepreneurial leadership performance. This is consistent with Kimbu et al. (2021), who agree about the gender dichotomies of entrepreneurial leadership entrenched on a male-dominated agenda. These scholars suggest that the inclination to masculine-centered evaluations propagates the tendency where all people in entrepreneurship must be appraised for leadership competency via comparisons to an established masculinity-based scoring criterion.
Essentially, judging women’s competencies and capabilities using a patriarchal standard often produces subjective and biased outcomes concerning their ability to deliver when serving in entrepreneurial leadership positions. Echoing similar thoughts, the interviewee mentioned that contemporary approaches to this discourse are already prejudicial. The reason is that women are screened for entrepreneurial leadership abilities using a masculinity-based paradigm, ultimately depicting the feminine as inferior when given leadership positions (Gonzalez, M., personal communication, June 29, 2022). Consequently, women’s entrepreneurial leadership encounters and experiences are nothing to apprize because the masculine scoring ideals set limits that eventually display their leadership competencies and performance as mediocre. These assertions explain that placing gender roles within a distinctly masculine context will ultimately fail to generate the true picture of the nexus between entrepreneurial leadership, gender, and leadership proficiency and performance for women. This is why Kakabadse et al. (2018) advocate that investigation into this nexus of leadership, gender, and entrepreneurship necessitates paying attention to contexts wherein women entrepreneurial leaders function. Otherwise, gendered notions will continue to influence entrepreneurial leadership development.
Further, the literature and interview revealed crucial findings about the importance of culture and cultural values in comprehending gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership. As per the interviewee, women play an imperative role in entrepreneurship, but feminine free enterprise and entrepreneurial leadership remain significantly lower than their masculine equivalents, which is attributable to culture and cultural principles (Gonzalez, personal communication, 2022). Numerous scholars agree with the interviewee. For instance, Bullough et al. (2022) contend that many constraints and barriers to successful entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial leadership female entrepreneurs encounter stem from cultural norms, values, and traditions. Sharing similar sentiments, Megheirkouni et al. (2020) establish that national cultural values and stereotypical characteristics of gender in non-Western cultures (specifically Middle Eastern) contribute to the gender differences in entrepreneurial leadership evident in these primarily male-dominated cultures. Kimbu et al. (2021) found that non-Western cultures, specifically African cultures, maintain gendered sociocultural norms inclined to defining and assigning general and entrepreneurial leadership as an attribute of masculine identity. Probably, this stems from the entrenched universality of the already formed male-centered scoring standard for leadership.
Other researchers have appreciated the role of cultural values in shaping discourses about the gendered nature of entrepreneurial leadership, consistent with the interviewee’s opinion. For instance, Cherie Blair Foundation for Women (2021), Harrison and Leitch (2018), and Kourtesopoulou and Chatzigianni (2021) affirm that challenging sociocultural norms, gender role stereotypes, problematic cultural interactions, and lower culturally-constructed societal feminine expectations in these masculine-dominated cultures hamper women’s success in entrepreneurial leadership. In extension, this implies limited opportunities for women regarding entrepreneurial leadership development and promotion to higher leadership positions. From another stance, Tlaiss and Kauser (2019) assert that sociocultural values pull women in Lebanon (a male-dominated culture) in different directions concerning entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurship. These scholars, however, observe that these women entrepreneurs are now leveraging different strategies to adopt, utilize, and even reject gendered and sociocultural norms that define their entrepreneurial identities.
Finally, some cultures conceptualize gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership from the level of emotional and cultural intelligence, which are deemed crucial leadership traits. Within the discourses about leadership in entrepreneurship, the gender with low cultural intelligence is associated with limited capabilities to display high work engagement and innovative work behavior necessary in entrepreneurial leadership (Pinela et al., 2022). In male-dominated cultures, women will typically be fingered as having low cultural intelligence and even emotional intelligence. However, Kourtesopoulou and Chatzigianni (2021) found that women perform better in emotional intelligence, particularly the self-awareness component. This implies they show better performance in handling recoveries from service failures and leveraging stress coping strategies. Even so, many cultures remain entrenched in the dichotomous framework that conceptualizes men as sage and omniscient exemplars (Kimbu et al., 2021). Regrettably, entities in these cultures will still be predisposed to view women as inferior to men regarding the demonstration of cultural and emotional intelligence in entrepreneurial leadership.
Summary
The research and interview findings in this investigative field essay show that gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership comprise an area of ongoing scholarly discourse. The most noticeable elements in the discourse are cultural values and the dichotomous frame of reference when addressing women’s gender roles in entrepreneurship and leadership. Discovering these discourse features and their impact on conceptualizing gendered outlooks in entrepreneurial leadership research helped make imperative contributions to the conversation. Therefore, I appreciate having engaged in this investigative inquiry, as I have gained insights into what I expect to face when delving into leadership in commercial entrepreneurship.
References
Bullough, A., Guelich, U., Manolova, T. S., & Schjoedt, L. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurship and culture: gender role expectations and identities, societal culture, and the entrepreneurial environment. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 985-996. Doi: 10.1007/s11187-020-00429-6.
Gonzalez, M. (June 29, 2022). Personal interview. Martin Gonzalez.
Harrison, R. T., & Leitch, C. M. (Eds.). (2018). Research handbook on entrepreneurship and leadership. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kakabadse, N. K., Tatli, A., Nicolopoulou, K., Tankibayeva, A., & Mouraviev, N. (2018). A gender perspective on entrepreneurial leadership: female leaders in Kazakhstan. European Management Review, 15(2), 155-170. Doi: 10.1111/emre.12125.
Kimbu, A. N., de Jong, A., Adam, I., Ribeiro, M. A., Afenyo-Agbe, E., Adeola, O., & Figueroa-Domecq, C. (2021). Recontextualising gender in entrepreneurial leadership. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103176, 1-12. Doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2021.103176.
Kourtesopoulou, A., & Chatzigianni, E. E. (2021). Gender equality and women’s entrepreneurial leadership in tourism: A systematic review. Gender and Tourism, 11-36. Emerald Publishing Limited. Doi: 10.1108/978-1-80117-322-320211002.
Lun, M. W. A. (2020). Informational interview: Broadening helping field professional students’ perception of employment opportunities in the real world. Journal of Social Service Research, 46(1), 124-132. Doi: 0.1080/01488376.2018.1532943.
Megheirkouni, M., Thirlwall, A., & Mejheirkouni, A. (2020). Entrepreneurial leadership in Middle East sport businesses: The impact of gender differences in cultural values. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(2), 167-188. Doi: 10.1108/GM-01-2019-0006.
Pinela, N., Guevara, R., & Armijos, M. (2022). Entrepreneurial leadership, work engagement, and innovative work behavior: The moderating role of gender. International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), 10(2), 19-40.
The Cherie Blair Foundation for Women. (November 2021). Gender stereotypes and their impact on women entrepreneurs. Survey Report Exploring the Experiences of Women Entrepreneurs in Low and Middle Income Countries. The Cherie Blair Foundation for Women.
Tlaiss, H. A., & Kauser, S. (2019). Entrepreneurial leadership, patriarchy, gender, and identity in the Arab world: Lebanon in focus. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(2), 517-537. Doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12397.