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Home-Style Cookies
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Home-Style Cookies
Cookie production starts as soon as orders from distributors are received by management. These orders are used to schedule production. At the beginning of each shift, the person in charge of mixing will receive a list of cookies to be made that day. The master list indicates the ingredients necessary for each cookie type. This information is entered into a computer which determines the amount of each ingredient according to the amount of cookies ordered. The data are sent to storage silos, which contain flour, sugar, and cake flour. These ingredients are sent automatically to giant mixing machines where they are combined with proper amounts of eggs, water, and flavoring. Once ingredients have been mixed properly, the batter is poured into a cutting machine. Individual cookies are then cut. The cookies are dropped onto a conveyer belt and transported through one of two ovens. An additional step of filling and folding is required for filled cookies such as apple, date, and rasp-berry. The non-filled cookies are cut diagonally rather than round. As they come out of the ovens, they are fed onto spiral cooling racks. Once off the cooling racks, the cookies are placed into boxes manually by workers who also remove broken or deformed cookies. Wrapping, sealing and labeling of boxes is done automatically.
Productivity has been improved by giving the cookies a diagonal-cut which requires less space than straight-cut cookies. An increase in length of each oven by 25 feet also increased the rate of production. The quantity of cookies produced was as a direct result of the oven’s increase in length.
The company is making the right decision. This is because automating the packaging process means foregoing quality. Broken or deformed cookies are removed on the last stage of production just before packaging.
In such a situation, companies would have to lay off workers once automated packaging began. Its obligation to the employees was to safeguard their source of income. The company feels obligated to employ the 30 women from the community who do the boxing manually.
The size of the town matters. Since it is located in a small town, the labor costs are low due to the presence of unskilled labor. If it were located in a large city, the labor cost would be higher. Yes, the size of the company is also a factor. If it were a larger company, production would not necessarily begin when orders arrive because the company would be supplying many distributors and would need to have a stock supply. It would also need a larger work force for their operations.
HAZEL
The competitive advantage Hazel has over professional lawn care services is that she started working on her neighbors’ lawn. Once people realized she was available, they wanted her to work on their lawns, which means they felt somehow more assured to have someone they know work for them. This is also evident from the fact that other people switched from professional lawn care services.
Hazel has to consider how each equipment makes on its own has an advantage over the other. The edgers’ increase productivity while the chain saw is used for tree pruning. While pruning may lead to strong, healthy, and attractive trees, if she were to focus on a short term gainful result then whatever increases her output is advisable. With edgers, she can work faster and save on time and costs.
She definitely needs a mission statement. Hazel believes she can expand further if she wanted. To do that she will need to know what she wants, how to attain them and the benefit to the customer. A targeted mission statement will certainly improve performance. She must also consider the fact that she will be going up against professional lawn care services on a larger scale than just her neighborhood, and they will undoubtedly have a mission statement.
GRILL RITE
The first problem that would need an overhaul is Jimmy Joe Sorely’s policy of dividing the inventory among the warehouses. One regional warehouse having an ample supply while another has no stock clearly shows that, in one area, the demand for the grills is higher. Next, looking into the monthly or quarterly sales per warehouse would show which one would need a slightly higher supply than the other, since it has more “actual customers”. This also removes the need of a safety stock in regional warehouses that do not need them and will reduce the inventory holding costs. The main warehouse would then have to ship the actual quantity of orders requested on time, to curb the loss of sales. The company should, therefore, have a timeline on when the barbecue grills will be delivered to a particular regional warehouse from the time an order is placed.
Homeostasis and the Nervous System
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Homeostasis and the Nervous System
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain balance in a system. In the body, homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal conditions within the body. The maintenance of a balanced environment requires continuous regulation as the conditions within the body adjusts (Gustafson et al. 2017). Homeostatic regulation, therefore, is the regulation of and the adjustments of the physiological systems in the body, which involves mechanisms such as; the receptors, the control center, as well as the effectors.
The receptors play a crucial role in homeostasis in that they help in receiving information indicating change in the internal body environment. The control center receives the information and processing it and providing a ready solution ready for implementation. After processing the information and providing the necessary remedy, the effector conveys the commands of the control center through either enhancing or opposing the stimulus. The process is continuous as the systems constantly work to maintain or restore homeostasis.
The process of homeostasis involves a series of positive and negative feedback loops to achieve the desired environments. Negative feedback involves a reaction to reverse the direction of change while positive feedback is a response that amplifies the change. During homeostasis, the nervous system acts as the control center as the impulses are sent to the brain where the information is internalized and a stimulus generated in response to the condition affecting the body. The nervous system is made up of the central and the peripheral nervous systems all that work together to regulate the body environment and therefore a crucial part of the homeostasis process.
Examples of homeostatic processes in the body
Vision
The nervous system is greatly involved in the visual perception which helps in maintaining homeostasis. In humans, there is a thin layer of the nervous tissues that cover the back of the inside eye called retina. The retina is populated with millions of receptor cells known as photoreceptor cells, the bipolar cells, and the ganglion cells (Sherwood, 2015). The cells in the retina detect light and transmit the electrical information through the optic nerve to the brain resulting in a visual image. The dilation of the pupil is also controlled by the nervous system, aiding in optimizing the amount of light entering the eye for a better vision.
Vision allows humans and animals to see and escape danger, find mates and food to sustain their lives. When there is not enough light, an eye can’t perceive the image clearly, impulses are sent to the brain alerting blurry images due to inadequate lighting. The brain in response may respond in two ways, one, and the pupil which is responsible for regulating the amount of light is commanded to dilate, expanding the diameter and allowing more light to enter the retina. Besides, if the light is not enough, the brain necessitates the need for artificial lighting, prompting the person to light the bulb.
Body Temperature
The nervous system regulates body temperature through positive and negative feedback mechanisms. When the external conditions are too warm, the body temperatures also change increasing the temperatures in the internal environment. As a result, impulses are sent to the brain and excess heat detected, the nervous system commands several processes to curb the situation and restore the body temperature to normal. The blood vessels dilate, protruding to the surface causing heat loss to the environment (Baker, 1982). Besides, the nervous system triggers the sweat glands to release fluid, the sweat that evaporates causing the skin to cool. Also, the skin hairs bend trapping less air thus helping in cooling the body. Conversely, in the case of temperature drop, the blood vessels constrict, conserving heat to the body. The brain also commands the mussels to shiver to generate heat and warming the body. The hairs rises, trapping more air on the surface and helping in keeping the body warm.
Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation refers to the process through which excess water, salts, and urea are removed from the body. The kidneys are the major organs in the body that are involved in regulating the amount of water and toxins in the body with the help of the aldosterone hormone. When the water level in the body falls, the information is sent to the brain and the information processed with the solution that the body needs more water (Rowland & Mark, 1999). As a result, the brain instructs the kidneys to reduce the amount of water being excreted from the body as there is a deficit. The kidneys filter more water from the waste and take it back into the body for use. Besides, the person begins to get thirsty, taking in more water which helps in increasing the level of water in the body. In the event of an increase of water in the body, the brain commands the kidneys to excrete more water as waste and this increases the rate of urination.
GlucoregulationGlucoregualtion involves the regulation of the amount of glucose in the body. The pancreas is the major organ in the body responsible for sugar regulation in the body. In the event of an increase in the glucose level in the body, the brain commands the pancreas to reduce the amount of insulin in the body allowing a chance for the body to utilize the already available glucose in the body (Abrahamson, 2016). The excess sugars are converted into fats and more complex sugars and stored in the body until there arises a need for more sugars. In the event of a decrease, the pancreas increases the amount of insulin into the body elevating the level of glucose in the blood, and the situation is restored back to normal.
References
Abrahamson, E. M. (2016). Body, Mind, & Sugar. Pickle Partners Publishing.
Baker, M. A. (1982). Brain cooling in endotherms in heat and exercise. Annual Review of Physiology, 44(1), 85-85.
Gustafson, C. E., Lamar, D. L., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2017). Age, T Cell Homeostasis, and T Cell Diversity in Humans. Handbook of Immunosenescence: Basic Understanding and Clinical Implications, 1-20.
Rowlands, M., & Mark, R. (1999). The body in mind: Understanding cognitive processes. Cambridge University Press.
Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning.
Article Review Atlantic Crossings
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Article Review: Atlantic Crossings
In the Atlantic Crossings, Daniel Rodger explores the American socio-political factors beginning from the Gilded Age to the New Deal. Through his discussion he uncovers international roots including various social reforms that happened during this period including the municipal transportation, workplace regulation, public housing, city planning as well as rural cooperatives. Rodgers argues that these ideas were important in shaping the progressive social politics as individuals carried the ideas back and forth to the Atlantic. There are several sources that have been utilized including magazines, newspapers, dissertations, as well as public documents. In this book, Rodgers aim is to understand the trans-Atlantic socio-politics during this period in America’s past.
According to Rodgers, the U.S social policy from the period of 1870 to the World War II resulted from Atlantic internationalism. He argued that America thought it was the best country and the only one that mattered. This may have been contributed but journalist such as Ray Stannard Baker who posed a question “Was there a world outside of America”. This statement is a perfect example that most Americans during the Progressive Era lived in a world of tunnel vision. Rogers, however points out that American Progressivism was not born in America but rather was built in Europe. It was as a result of the concern on best ways that human welfare can be promoted in the industrialized world. The American wanted to be at pare with the European government that they considered to be good especially for Germany and retain.
There were several factors that improved the trans-Atlantic connection including journals such as Nation and New Republic that ran account on the social reforms in both Europe and United States. There were also international conferences, official inquiry commissions. Rogers points our emergence of American Academic social scientist in the 1880s was an important factor for the creation of Atlantic politics. Most of these American traveled to European countries such as German to enhance their education discovering new ideas that challenged the previous perspectives that they had. Young scholars begun challenging American policy of exceptionalism (Rodgers, pg. 159).
Rogers points out several movements that shaped Progressive Era in America but started in Europe. These movements included the Settlement house movement that begun in London and was led by Toynbee Hall and Jane Addams (Rodgers, pg. 160). The women suffrage movement began in the U.S but Alice Paul Walker who was among the founder was trained in Britain on non-violent tactics as well as civil disobedience. Progressive was English before it was American. It was born in Municipal politics around the 1900s before it crossed to America during the Atlantic.
In his book, Rodgers also talks about the industrial evolution and how it created an Atlantic economy where individuals were able to design reforms and the international market place game them a platform. The economic needs were able to erode local differences that existed and now they had a common goal on the societies in the Atlantic region. Aside from the market need being a common factor, there were other uniting factors including labor violence that took place between 1880 and 1890s which was as a result of Atlantic Internationalism. The labor violence as well as other social and economic factors helped America realize that previous notions on American autonomy as well as distinctiveness setting a stage for anti0exceptionalism.
In conclusion, Rodgers work is a great addition on history of progressivism. He brings t light individuals as well as institutions that were able to help in movement of ideas across the borders. His analysis shows advantages of looking into the transnational; connections. His arguments are well backed by an array of research and other supporting documents showing America participated in exchange of ideas from late 1800s to the end of World War II
Works Cited
Rodgers, Daniel T. Atlantic crossings. Harvard University Press, 1998.