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Article review – The great workforce shortage
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Article review – The great workforce shortage
The specific topic for the article is “The Great Workforce Shortage” authored by Patrick Connole. The article addresses the work shortage problems, reasons and possible solutions for the high turnover rates in the long-term and post-acute care. The article is written to address the shortage of workers as a problem facing the caregiving field; therefore the audience of the article is to the relevant parties that are concerned with the recruitment of workers to provide long-term and post-acute care. Some of the relevant parties include; the government and the private sector. The employees need to look at the welfare of the workers to reduce the gap in employment in the caregiving field.
The author of the article has stated an explicit thesis, “All levels of workers are needed to fill the vacancies that exist throughout the skilled nursing and assisted living communities.” According to Patrick, the compensation is relatively static. The push for the long term and post-acute care should be considered more than a marginal job. The general compensation level and job characteristics for the direct care workers in most ways have minimally changed over the last ten years. According to Robert Espinoza, the wages have remained as 10-11 dollars per hour and adjusted for inflation, which has been the same for the last decade. The compensation for workers, therefore, has remained to be the same for many years and does not seem to change much compared to the inflation rate of the economy. Most of the workers are perceives that they are underpaid and despite the high economic problems that have increased the cost of living, the health care providers have continued to be remunerated in the same way that was done to workers in the same field ten years ago.
The main problem that faces the long term and post-acute care field are that the job has not been taken seriously in the past and even at present, the same trend has continued to manifest. Due to this, for the people who have been working in the sector for a long time, the most challenging thing is finding and at the same time keeping workers who have always been considered a tough sell. The jobs have never been considered a real profession, and this can be termed as the main reason as to why the workers in this field are offered a low pay despite their efforts to provide health services to their customers. The caregiving job has been faced with biases for a long time, and this dates back to 1930s where the political discourse argued that the caregiving job was not a real profession. They argued that most of the care giving jobs which are mostly held by women are innate and thus they required minimal skills or training. The same issue plays in the current times in that the caregiving job is considered as a female job of which doesn’t require much training as the females who are also parents have already attained the experience of providing care through parenting.
Worker longevity is needed in the caregiving field to reduce the rate of staff turnover. Meeting worker longevity is the hardest task, but if closely checked, it only requires motivation of employees through the rewards system. A lot of creativity is needed in the management of workforce issues especially in the long-term and post-acute care providers. Better remuneration, solid benefits packages along with focused attention to the employees’ needs and facility upkeep are key measures in reducing the staff turnover rate to as low as 5 percent in any given year. The article states that long-term rewards should accompany the hard work of the care providers. Workers who stay and works for the institutions need to be rewarded after a certain period as this will give the potential employees an urge for loyalty. Besides, providing the workers with the right tools for work is another biter method of rewarding the workers in that they would not have to strain with tools that are not effective and they would better relocate to a company that treats them in the right way. Providing the right tools for work simplifies the work of a caregiver, and this may result in a lowered staff turnover.
The article is an observation, and through this, the author is able to analyze what other people talked about the subject. Convincing the audience can be a challenging issue, and to do it the author quotes direct words that are related to the topic of discussion. Connole has acknowledged the statements of various scholars who have provided their views on the subject quoting the problem and as well, providing solutions to the problem. The author as well provides examples in the article to make it more concrete and convincing, telling how other companies have adopted the strategies of rewarding their employees to achieve worker longevity.
The thesis statement calls for all levels of workers to fill the vacancies throughout skilled nursing and assisted living communities. The article has been effectively tailored to address the issues that have resulted in the shortage of staff making it hard for the organizations in the long-term and post-acute care to staff their organizations. The article cites such problems as low salaries, lack of recognition and inadequate training have been at the forefront in hindering the effective hiring and maintenance the caregivers in their jobs. Poor remuneration is one of the causes of low recruitment, and it also influences staff turnover. Workers who are paid poorly don’t work for a long time in service, and this means that worker longevity is never achieved. On the hand, the article provides the relevant solutions that are all targeted at improving worker longevity at their place of work. The article states that employees need to be treated in a friendly manner; they need to be recognized as part of the company to develop a sense of belonging. For this to be possible, employee motivation is essential, and this only happens through a long term reward system. Employees who have worked with the company for a long time need to be rewarded as a way of appreciation for a good job and a symbol of loyalty. Better tools need to be provided to the employees to make them feel comfortable at the place of work as this will make them more pleased to work with the organization.
The caregiving job is just like the other professions that require training a better remuneration. The work is not specifically meant to be done by women as there are men who have ventured in the field. In the present world, most of the jobs have ceased to be one gender dominated field, and this means that both genders can venture into them and therefore, the perception that prior training is not necessary should but pulled off. Every job requires training for a worker to be effective in the provision of services. Workers need to be well paid and effectively trained to make their job success and as well, satisfy their clients. Poor services are as a result of inadequate training and lack of contentment among the employees, and therefore, if the vacancies will have to be filled, the wages need to be revisited, and the employees have to work on rewarding the workers to improve their longevity.
Works Cited
Patrick Connole. The Great Workforce Shortage. December 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.providermagazine.com/archives/2018_Archives/Pages/1218/The-Great-Workforce-Shortage.aspx
Article Related To Eye Witness Testimony
Becoming a Better Eye Witness
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The eye witness testimony can be a key to proving an individual’s innocence or guilt in a particular case. Many judges seem to assume that the eyewitness report is almost true unless they have taken a psychology study. Eye witness accounts are frequently wrong even though some witnesses become certain that their perceptions were accurate. Unfortunately, perceptions don’t provide an instant replay of the incidence. Impressions generated when an individual is stressed, threatened, or surprised are normally prone to falsification. Since perceptions are regularly as distorted or imprecise of an expressive eyewitness, it is worth more lenient of others’ opinions. Placing more weight on the testimony of the victims may be a great mistake.
Summary of an Article Related To Eye Witness Testimony
Eyewitness memories are normally critical sources of evidence and information for probing an incident that occurred during a criminal offense. Even though playing a significant part in decision making and criminal examinations, eyewitness proof has time and again been found to be undependable and constitutes the main contributing feature behind unfair convictions. Inaccurate eyewitness information is occasionally a result of a witness’ well-thought-out lies about the target occasion (Brewer & Weber, 2018). Possibly less obvious, and another main cause of eyewitness mistake, is when an eyewitness provides truthful and straight information but recalls things wrongly.
While distinguishing between false and sincerely correct memories might be difficult to get valid legal judgments, the study has proven that individuals have great hardship in arbitrating others’ reminiscences’ exactness (Ackerman et al., 2011). Regardless of its significance to the judicial practice, quite little study has researched the magnitude to which the wrong witness recalls may contrast from those that are true. Whereas sureness in our memories is not a good predictor of correctness, investigation depicts a consistent positive association between memory accuracy and confidence judgments. According to theories, actual recollections of an eyewitness include more semantic information and contextual sensory, whereas fictional memories consist of more references to reasoning operations.
The article does not support the eyewitness testimony but rather discusses the possible issues associated with perception. It tries to provide insights into possible differences between false and incorrect verbal eyewitness testimonies. The article gives new support to the concept that retrieval power in eyewitness responses is crucial for discerning correct from wrong memory of occurrence facts. Furthermore, it proposes that a harsher but more comprehensive extent of deferrals before and in the course of a rejoinder clarifies more difference in exactness than response latency. The article does not address a particular legal case but rather explains eyewitnesses’ accuracy and inaccuracy in a specific event or circumstance.
The use of eyewitness accounts is very common and frequently measured by the criminal fairness system to hold a great probative importance, particularly when the eyewitness has no intention to tell lies and when the witness memory confirms reality or the witness is very confident (Brewer& weber, 2018). Assessing eyewitness testimonies has demonstrated a hard task. Incorrect shreds of evidence are easier to retrieve than accurate proof, and confidence in a witness is based on retrieval effort. While accurate reports are usually given faster than mistaken ones, delays in retorts prove a good forecaster of accurateness than retort inexpression.
Reference
Ackerman, Rakefet, and Asher Koriat “Response latency as a predictor of the accuracy of children’s reports” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 17.4 (2011): 406.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., & Bolker, B. (2015) Walker. S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw, 67(1), 1-48.
Brewer, N., & Weber, N. (2008) Eyewitness confidence and latency: Indices of memory processes not just markers of accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 22(6), 827-840
Homelessness- Causes, Consequences, Policy issues
Homelessness- Causes, Consequences, Policy issues
Homeless children and youth are into two categories that include children and youth classified as unaccompanied and those who experience family homelessness. The education sector contains a wide and comprehensive definition of homeless children and youth founded under the McKinney-Vento Act. The act defines homeless children and youth as those children with unstable, in consistence place to stay at night (Aratani, 2009).
CAUSES
Homelessness is a sign of depravity from basic human needs. While other kinds of deprivations such as famine majorly happen due to poverty and economic insecurity, elements causing homelessness are multi-faceted; they vary depending on the type of homelessness that children experienced. These elements consist of home violence, lack of social support and affordable housing, behavioral health, economic insecurity, and lack of involvement in the child wellbeing (Aratani, 2009).
Since 1993, the world continues to witness a decline in the number of affordable housing units. This is because of the loss of older, lesser-quality apartment in the private market. Within 2005, 40% cases of households with children from birth to17years had the following housing problem: overcrowded housing, physically inadequate housing or exorbitant cost of housing (Aratani, 2009). Today, households spent over half of their income for rent payment. The inadequate affordable rental housing with current economic downturns is most likely to increase the number of homeless children and youths. Since the beginning of the 2007 recession, the incidences of unemployment have been on the rise, and the rate is even higher among those individuals with casual or blue-collar jobs. This makes low-income households vulnerable to layoffs. Statistics indicate that 80% of homeless households with children come from female-headed families, and 54% of children from low-income households are partial orphans (Eberle et al, 2001).
Poor behavior health in families is the cause of children running-away and becoming homeless. Higher exposure to trauma or violence is the cause of behavior problems among homeless children and youth. Unaccompanied children have a higher likelihood of having a depression that can lead to psychological or drug abuse problems, unlike accompanied children. These homeless children record more cases of behavioral problems than their counterpart. Home violence has great influence on whether children become homeless or not. A study on women with children in domestic violence and homeless shelters exhibited same features, including their exposure to traumatic experiences. In addition, more children in homeless programs and on runway reported emotional or physical abuse from their family members, especially their biological mothers (Aratani, 2009).
Consequences
A strong foundation of family tie mostly correlates with educational success of children and youths. Equally, homelessness contributes to poor educational performance by children. Comparison between homeless and non-homelessness children revealed that homeless children are more likely to report poor grades than their counterparts. They change schools frequently, are ever absent while others engage in other immorality. This dwindle their chance of succeeding academically and end-up scoring grades that are below average, and some even fail to complete their high school education (Aratani, 2009).
In the homeless shelters, children feed on foods that are below the standard nutritional recommendations, leading to insufficient intake of vital elements such as magnesium, vitamins, iron and zinc. More studies show that a number of children in homeless shelters are overweight or at risk of becoming obese as a result of improper food consumption. Furthermore, this class of children is at a higher risk of contracting diseases such as STDs beside teenage pregnancy. Therefore, homeless children face severe food insecurity which affects their health (Aratani, 2009).
Homeless children may decide to involve in delinquent survival means while on the streets. Factors accounting for this include limited legitimate means of survival, and those with often runaway incidences are more vulnerable to get involve in criminal survival means such as shoplifting, drug selling and other unlawful deeds. A study done in Canada revealed that the longer a child experiences homelessness, the higher the likelihood of him/her committing an offense. They are also at risk of contracting mental health disorders because of the traumas they undergo. The trauma may arise due to sexual or physical victimization, and even some, due to the pressure of being homelessness, end-up committing suicide (Aratani, 2009).
Policy Issues
Over the last decade, homelessness has been a social issue in most developed countries, an issue that is now under research by both policy and research communities. The initial debates circumnavigate around socio-structural causes such as poverty, changing labor, housing system and the state of welfare, and psychological and personal factors mirrored on individual agency, including alcohol addiction, drug abuse, not to forget behavioral and social issues. However, none of the approach has correctly identified the full intricacy of homelessness (Eberle et al, 2001).
Therefore, effective programs and practice policies should include combinations of early intervention, crisis interventions, preventions, and long-term support models directed towards independence. They should support provision of services that promote skills that will result to social competency, secure a home and end social exclusion. Effective practice policies should also be built on sufficient understanding of both primary causes and immediate events that can prompt homelessness, and correspond with the continuum of individual and structural issues. There is a possibility that the prompts and causes can be related with a relevant policy approach (Minnery & Greenhalgh, 2007).
Therefore, homelessness policies need to tackle prevention through a series of social and welfare issues. Similarly, it should address certain accommodation challenges, provide support and care as well as to encourage reintegration of marginalized groups and individuals. They should be innovative and tackle both social and the shelter needs of children while clearly incorporating integration across relevant programs, and aiming at building independence through capacity building (Eberle et al, 2001).
Current homelessness policies in U.S. include Housing subsidy, the McKinney-Vento Homeless assistant act, Chafee Foster Care Independent act, the Runway and Homeless Protection Act, and the 34CFR Part 200: “Improving the academic achievements of the disadvantaged” (Unicef, 2007). In summary, homelessness in children has denied them their fundamental rights, especially, the right to access quality education.
Reference
Aratani, Y. (2009). Homeless Children and Youth: Causes and Consequences. National Center for Children in Poverty. Retrieved from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu%2Fdownload%2Ffedora_content%2Fdownload%2Fac%3A126258%2FCONTENT%2Ftext_888.pdf&ei=NiV0UoDfM4Gm0AXYlICYDw&usg=AFQjCNF3U0zDSpRC1Uox9CzzcmaxkgnT_g&sig2=-tfwEXket9wUUNgX2uno3w.
Eberle, M. et al. (2001). Homelessness: Causes & Effects. Retrieved from http://www.housing.gov.bc.ca/pub/Vol2.pdf.
Minnery, J. & Greenhalgh, E. (2007). Approaches to Homelessness Policy in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 63(3). pp. 641-655.
Unicef. (2007). A Human Rights-Based Approach to Education for All. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/A_Human_Rights_Based_Approach_to_Education_for_All.pdf.