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Population Health Management
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The article highlights challenge the hospitals have been facing to improve the quality of the health care and operational efficiencies. Nevertheless, recent reports reveal that an estimate of over 200,000 Americans die from preventable medical errors, some of which are related to facility-acquired conditions. The reports reveal that the medical error in United States was at a cost of $19.5 billions in 2008. Additional medical costs accounted to 87% of the medical errors including such as the ancillary services and prescription drug services. According to a study conducted by Milliman in 2010, the cost of $1.4 billion was associated with increased mortality rate. In additional, a cost of $1.1 billion was as a result of loss of productivity at the workplace due to short disability claims. However, with such increasing costs and preventable deaths, quality care is the best care, but not consistently delivered in many hospitals in America. Whatever the measure, the patients and the society are paying high costs due to poor quality of the health care. As a result, the article reveals that the health care leaders and professionals are taking steps on health reforms quality strategies that will improve the safety of the population.
The article reveals that preventable medical harm has been an on-going process, and hospitals have been receiving reimbursements to ensure quality and patient’s safety. Hospitals operating under free-for-services system have fared better since patients follow-up the health care after an error has occurred. Nevertheless, Patient Protection and Accountable Care Act (PPACA) which is a recent health reform legislation, has brought up a number of quality improvement provisions. Some of the provisions include value-based purchasing and accountable care organization which aim to change the method of health care provision in the United States.
The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has approved that the provisions will stop preventable readmissions and health care facility–acquired conditions. As noted in the article, several failures in the US health care systems has led to several medical errors. As a result, the recently enacted health reform has been a major factor by cutting down the expenditure cost on the federal government for the health care. Under PPACA, the article explores incentives and disincentives being provided in every hospital, nursing home and physician for better quality care. For example, the article indicates from a patient’s safety survey that the new purchasing procedures of multi-dose medication compared to a single dose have reduced the risk of harm and death of patients.
Also, the article indicates that the legislation reform promoted new investment in technology development and medication. A new goal has been propelled by the life cycles of equipment used in health institutions that limit the plans to purchase new technology. In addition, the article reveals that the new reform has scraped off the accreditation process which was instituted in the past and replaced the medicine field with financial penalties for those who practice poor health care. Apart from providing better health care, the article explains how the legislation is intended to reduce the costs of Medicare, as well as insurance. The aim of the PPACA legislation under Medicare and Medicaid innovation is to improve efficiency and reduce costs by establishing test innovative payment and service delivery models. The article proposes the use of a health reform system that will develop a culture of safety and quality health and reduce liability to the population.
References
Andel, C., Davidow, S.L., Hollander, M., & Moreno, D.A. (2012). The economics of health care
quality and medical errors. Journal of Health Care Finance, 39(1). Retrieved from: http://www.wolterskluwerlb.com/health/resource-center/articles/2012/10/economics-health-care-quality-and-medical-errors
Population Growth and its Negative Effects in Zambia (2)
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Population Growth and its Negative Effects in Zambia
A population is an increase in the number of people living in a country, state, area, or city. To choose whether people have made progress, go with the condition: (birth rate + development)-(passing rate + resettlement) is used. This information is used by associations and regulatory bodies to make these decisions about placing assets in specific systems or regions. Populace development is an unusual condition in which the amount of the present human being exceeds the passage to Earth’s farthest point.
A part of the factors leading to population adjustment join; the decreased rate of passage, better useful workplaces, use of considerable resources are relatively few of the causes leading to overpopulation. If it cannot improve on lives, it is possible for a poorly populated area to end up being thickly populated.
With each coming year, humanity has been impacted by different viewpoints by improving development headways. One of these was the ability to spare lives and provide better treatment than everyone else. The expansion of future and population improvement was a rapid consequence of this. Populace progress has had an impact in the past 50 years or so and has recovered to overpopulation. The rate of birth and death could reliably alter any species and maintain a percentage of population improvement that can be supported.
In 2017, as per the latest enumeration figures, the entire population in Zambia was evaluated at 17.2 million individuals. In the 1960s, Zambia had a population of 3.0 million people. The below image illustrates the change in society from the year 2010 to 2018 in Zambia. As it is in the figure, the number of people has been rising all through from 2010 to 2018.
The number of citizens in Zambia speaks to 0.20 northeast of the entire population of the world, which seems to imply that one ordinary person on the planet is an inhabitant of Zambia in every 518 individuals. This page contains-Zambia Population-genuine qualities, information recorded, conjecture, graph, insights, commercial logbook, and news. Zambia Population has last refreshed in April 2019-genuine knowledge, marked diagram and schedule of discharges. Zambia is honored with tremendous natural assets, yet its kin stays poor. It is irritating to peruse and know about the evoke rich collected by certain individuals having a place with the gathering in influence amid neediness for the poor more significant part.
The present condition strengthens the claim that in Zambia, despite the serene having won climate and a high number of human capital, political autonomy did not have equivalent monetary freedom. Zambian lawmakers have also been a part of the corrupt elites of the “African character” since the reemergence of multipartyism in 1991. In Zambian legislative matters, the president’s individual neglects to adjust to the common rationale of accountability as well as to recruit the general public in the running of the nation’s issues. It is undeniable that Zambia on the African continent is not just an exceptionally Christian nation, but a more dedicated country on the outside of the planet earth. However, it beat the overview among African nations that are most uncivilized and deeply compelled.
It is indisputable that Zambia is extremely rich in assets. Be that as it may, assets do not perceive subsequently into wealth for the benefits of Northwestern region’s networks opposite the clinginess tag, irrespective of being the nation’s highest donor to GDP as shown in the 2017 commonplace GPD report.
For the ten years up to 2014, Zambia had one of the fastest developing economies in the world, with positive GDP growth generally averaging 6.7 percent per annum, but development hampered in the period from 2015 to 2017 due to decreasing copper costs, decreasing power age and deteriorating kwacha. Zambia’s lack of financial improvement and dependence on copper as its only substantial fare makes it helpless against changes in the world wares market, and costs shuffled to the ground in 2015 as a result of China’s declining demand; the Democratic Republic of Congo overloaded Zambia as the largest copper maker in Africa.
The following chart diagram shows Zambia GDP per capita of the year 2019;
The last documented per capita GDP in Zambia was 1646.14 US dollars in 2017. Zambia’s GDP per capita is directly proportional to the world average of 13 percent. In Zambia, the per capita GDP reached a midpoint of USD 1299.30 from 1960 to 2017, reaching an undisturbed high of USD 1722.10 in 1965 and a record low of USD 903.90 in 1994.
Impacts of Overpopulation in Zambia;
Overpopulation reduces per capita availability of capital whereby a rapidly developing population is prompting a gradual decline in capital affordability per worker. This also led to lower cash flow and sustained losses. There is a high number of unemployed youths in Zambia since agile popular development means multiple going to the work advertisement for which business can’t be conceivable. Due to this overpopulation, Zambia has had problems with lack of enough food among its citizens. (Zambia 2018) Expanded masses means more sustaining mouths, thereby making weight on the available food supply. That’s why immature nations with rapidly developing populations are usually looked at with a nutritional deficiency issue. This overpopulation causes a decline in social infrastructure. There is also a decrease in standards of living. It is their per capita payments that dictate the way of life. Equally applicable to the direction of life are the components impacting per capita salary in connection with population development.
In conclusion, popular strategies may be said to be subconsciously inserted into various government activities, which obscure their reality as a particular strategic arrangement. The same impact between the operations of improvement and the demographic factors is evident. The solid connections between political activity and demographic change need to be determined. The effects of their advancement arrangements on demographic factors should be known to policymakers; this should help to anticipate the ideal heading and size of population change. From numerous points of view, population and development are interlinked; not every one of them is fully understood. Also, the impacts of population development may vary broadly, depending on the institutional, financial, social, and statistical framework. Moderate population advancement itself required new alterations in line with helping the ward older develop weight.
Works Cited
Beveridge, Andrew A., and Anthony R. Oberschall. African businessmen and development in Zambia. Vol. 1433. Princeton University Press, 2015.
Census of Population and Housing National Analytical Report 2010 Central Statistical Office, Zambia
Council, British. “Overpopulation.” (2018).
Mutale, Emmanuel. The management of urban development in Zambia. Routledge, 2017.
United Nations Statistics Division. “Population by sex, a rate of population increase, surface area and density” (PDF). Retrieved 9 November 2007
The decisions that lead to the success of Apple Inc
The decisions that lead to the success of Apple Inc
The reality of the technology has changed quite significantly in the past ten to fifteen years. People now find themselves controlled by the gadgets and items that they have. In order to make decisions, people use the things that guide them and this is can be seen all over the world. Apple is one of the leading mobile and computer technology companies in the world. Since the beginning, Apple has had the intention to succeed, and almost everyone can acknowledge this fact. People are surrounded by Apple TV’s, Mac Laptops, iPads and iPhones, among others. The gadgets can be used to satisfy various needs, such as sending emails, making calls, playing games, among others. Steve Jobs is the man responsible for the success of Apple, and he used his creativity to improve reality. This paper seeks to give a critical analysis of how Steve Jobs used his unique leadership and decision making abilities in order to make Apple Inc, a success.
The first product that Apple introduced to the market was known as Apple I. It was quite different from the Apple products that people see and use today. It was a handmade computer that Steve Wonziak, the co-founder of Apple constructed. It did not have a graphic user interface and thus its buyers had to add a display as well as a keyboard. Steve Jobs the other co-founder convinced his partner to sell the product commercially. In the year 1976, they put up the Apple I for sale at a price of $666.66 (Gallo 14). Wozniak and Jobs ventured on to create extremely innovative and creative products. Later on, their company had total sales of more than $ 1000000. However, in 1983, another product known as Apple Lisa was introduced, but it did not succeed. Furthermore, there were many internal conflicts in the company and it seemed that Apple’s future would be in jeopardy.
In the year 1997, Jobs returned to Apple after some time away from work in order to save the company that was going to ruins. When he returned he came up with the latest era of Apple that the world would recognize. The first thing he did was to change the corporate culture of Apple. While Jobs was away, the employees were quite open about their projects and he introduced a policy known to be closed door. Up to date, Apple does everything possible to ensure that its technology is always protected from outsiders. Also, the information that it has is valuable and thus cannot be given to anyone who is not an asset to the company. As part of the changes to improve Apple, Jobs came up with a flat organizational structure instead of having various management layers (Gallo 33). He was the only person who could address the employees directly. However, the most noticeable change in the company was the product lines that were to exist in the electronics industry.
The iPod was launched in the year 2001, and this gadget changed the music industry. Also, Apple came up with ITunes software that ensured that users could upload songs into other Apple products. This meant that people could easily put their personalized songs into various libraries. The ITunes became popular and today people download millions of tunes that they like. In the year 2007, Jobs changed the name of the company to Apple Inc, from the previous Apple Computer, Inc. This meant that Apple not only dealt in the computer manufacturing, but also in other consumer electronics. Some of these products were iPads, iPhones, ITunes, iPods and the Apple TV, among others. Apple wanted to re-invent the computers that it already had in the market. When the iPad was introduced it started to take control of the market share with regards to the computer industry. Once the tablet was introduced there was a drastic decline in the sales of net books, laptops and desktops. Even analysts believe that the tablets have a bright future in terms of growth (Gallo 56).
Steve Jobs is a leader who seized opportunities that were available to him at all times. He used strategic planning and the approach of positive deviance in order to identify existing opportunities. Also, Jobs studied the external environment so that he could position his company to seize opportunities. Therefore, this requires that a leader should not only be interested in the stakeholders’ needs, but the impact of the needs. A company should be able to create and reinvent new services, customers, products and markets. The skill needed to seize opportunities is part of leadership whereby an individual can take control of external forces and trends. Afterwards, they use this knowledge to formulate strategies and build scenarios that will differentiate their company from others (Stavros & Hinrichs 29).
Apple was positioned in order to seize opportunities; Jobs aligned the strategy of the firm while focusing on external opportunities. He made sure to acknowledge the fact that Apple did not have a large niche in the computer industry. Jobs had a strategy that would be long-term and thus he would venture into various markets served by technology. He was able to succeed because he seized opportunities and even adapted to initiating and recognizing trends. His strategic solutions were welcoming to opportunistic perspective and this was possible because he pushed his employees. They were meant to ensure that Apple’s future was secure at all times. His role as a leader was to create innovative products because consumers are not sure of what they really need. In fact, Jobs sometimes compared himself to Henry Ford who did everything possible to ensure that his customers would have a variety of motor vehicles to choose from. The fact that Jobs was a risk taker made him succeed when grabbing opportunities. He embraced creative disruption in order to change the rules of the industry (Gallo 58).
Steve Jobs had desire to have a learning organization and thus used his talent to ensure that he achieved this purpose. The advantage of learning organizations is that they are highly skilled in retaining, transferring, acquiring and creating knowledge. In turn, the employees can use the knowledge so as to have productive results. In such type of companies, knowledge is not only for the purpose of adapting and reacting to the external conditions of an organization. Learning assists in employing a feedback system that is double-loop with regards to a company’s holistic and reflective actions (Stavros & Hinrichs 45). The strategy approach used by learning organizations is quite resourceful because employees can be able to reconfigure knowledge so as to achieve the company’s goals.
There was a constant need by Steve Jobs to come up with strategic stories that would provide directions, inspire and engage directions for its stakeholders. Job’s transformational leadership helped in positioning Apple so that it could seize opportunities, as well as build core capabilities. This would then produce excellent results that would exceed the stakeholder’s expectations (Stavros & Hinrichs 68). It is no wonder that many business students from all over the world study about Steve Job’s leadership as well as the decisions he made to ensure the success of Apple. He is a true example of a leader that revived a company that had many problems to be fixed and he used conventional solutions. Jobs envisioned various marketplace possibilities then used that to expand the value preposition of Apple. This means that he was able to connect the status quo of the consumers beyond what they had ever expected. It is thus possible to claim that the decisions made by Jobs created memorable moments in the history of business.
It is quite evident that Apple has an optimistic and bright future ahead of it. Most consumers are cult followers of its products and thus quite loyal to it. Apple services and products are made to ensure that the consumer experiences superior solutions when compared to those being offered by the competitors. For example, one of the new offers being introduced by Apple is the iCloud that will impact the music industry. Apple wants to partner with top record labels so that consumers can upload their favorite music at one go. Currently, consumers can only upload individual or single songs and this lessens their music experience. However, it should be known that Amazon and Google offer almost similar services but Apple will have many songs in its playlist. It is because it has the support of record labels and that of iTunes. Upon seizing this wonderful opportunities, Apple is sure to increase its share in the consumer electronics and music industry (Gallo 81).
Apple has also faced some threats such as lawsuits from its competitors who believe that there intellectual property was stolen. Furthermore, the tight hold it has over its services and products is another disadvantage that it has. When compared to Google, the latter has an approach that is open. This has in turn allowed for innovation as well as collaboration with other sources (Gallo 83). The main competitors of Apple’s iPhones are the android phones produced by Google as they continue to have a large market share. Therefore, Apple will have to re-examine its closed system to find out if it works best for the company.
In conclusion, the past few years have seen quite a tremendous improvement in Apple. It has quickly gained pace in the consumer electronics and computer industry that is constantly evolving. The diversification route it has decided to follow has enhanced its product success as well as its corporate culture. Apple has been propelled to heights that no one could have envisioned when Wozniak and Jobs first sold the Apple I, in the year 1976. Apple has shown that it is clearly not stopping any time soon and the consumers will not reduce the admiration they have for it. Therefore, no one can deny the fact that the wise decisions made by Steve Jobs have made Apple a company that is recognized globally. Indeed, the use of a positive deviant strategy by Jobs has made Apple reach its ultimate goals.
Work Cited
Gallo, C. The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs. New York: McGraw Hill, 2009.Print.
Stavros, J. & Hinrichs, G. The Thin Book of Soar: Building Strengths–based Strategy. Bend, Oregon: Thin Book Publishing Company, 2009.Print.