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Brown V. Board Of Education (1954) Simulation
Brown V. Board Of Education (1954) Simulation
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Brown V. Board Of Education (1954) Simulation
Introduction
Justice, equity and equality are all very important elements of a state or a nation. About the United States of America, this brings even more concern when people of colour are denied their rights and privileges. Herein the case of brown versus education board is discussed in a simulation form, which reveals the nature of the American system and how this system affects people of colour. This is brought out in the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954). In the case, Oliver Brown accused the district education board of segregation of the white students from the black students because he was denied admission into a white school. He came up with a class-action suit against the board of education and stated that the segregation laws violated the 14th Amendment to the constitution. Herein the party and the case are discussed, the argument presented by the accuser, the counter-argument is also considered and finally, the conclusion. This paper discusses this case in a simulation format.
The Party & Case
The case is mainly about the violation of the constitution and the effects of the violation of the constitution towards Oliver Brown, who was denied admission to a white school. Representing Oliver Brown in the case, the client will provide the evidence and the information needed. Oliver Brown was the father of to girl who was denied admission. He went forward and accused the district board of education of denying the student equality since according to the 14th Amendment, the blacks and the whites were supposed to interact freely and learn together. However, in cases that were difficult to be together, the resources and amenities present in the schools had to be the same for both the whites and the blacks, and this was one thing that was warring. This is because segregation not only considered the resources available but also the social effect on black students was too much to be just left alone.
The social effect the segregation had on the black students was very bad in that when the students saw that they were supposed to go to a certain school because of their skin colour, the one thing that came to their mind was the fact that they were less superior. The quality of education they were going to get from that school was very poor, and they were not going to benefit (Brown v. Board of Education (1954), n.d.). The good thing about observing the 14th Amendment and making sure that both whites and blacks were equal is social justice and an equal share of the resources available.
The fact that the party discriminated against was a black person also made the case very ambiguous. It was easy for most people within the justice system to do away with the case and decide against brown. This shows the continuous systemic racism which has always existed within the American system, with its roots in the slavery form ingrained into the minds of the whites about the blacks. Oliver Brown and her daughter were black made him lose the case in the district court and failed admission into the white school, respectively. The failure to be admitted into the white school was a big issue since it was not just denial and being given a better or equally good chance (Ethridge, 1979). Oliver’s daughter was denied a chance at the white school, which was the closest school to their home, and given a chance in another school that was far away and inconvenient to the girl. This brought out a very large desire to know more about the 14th Amendment and if it provided for this kind of treatment towards the daughter of Oliver brown.
After detailed research and reflection, Oliver brown decided to sue the board of education, and he failed. However, he appealed his case at the united states supreme court, and this was when his intentions were discovered to be very serious since he never gave up. He wanted to fully make sure that he got to all places possible to see her daughter get a quality education without having to go through a hell of experiences in order just to fit into the white led society. He wanted her daughter to get the best education possible, and that would give her everything she needed to become who she wanted to become in her life.
The Argument
The possible arguments range from law to common basic human logic. The major way to convince the judges that the point is valid is to make sure that the facts being talked about are very well documented and connected from law, logic and basic human emotions.
The first and the most important thing is the clear analysis of the 14th Amendment concerning racial relations in schools and how this has affected the American educational system. The 14th Amendment is about the equal application of the law. This Amendment states that the same laws will bind every person within a state, and they are not supposed by any chance to be treated better or in a bad way than the others since this will result in the faulty application of the law, and it is illegal. When a state allows a certain group of people to engage in a certain activity and at the same time denies another group the same right, then it becomes evident that the equal application of the law is not being observed.
When cases about the 14th Amendment are brought before the judges and the jury, there is a very clear consideration of the situation at hand. The two major ways of the court system to look into the issues are rational basis and legitimate state purpose (14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | United States law, 2020). For example, suppose a state imposes a certain law and a person who feels offended by the same law. In that case, they are allowed to present the issue in a court of law and based on rationality, and the judges decide if the issue is based on ration or legitimate purpose or something else. For example, some police officers getting loans, and others are not being given loans. This can be a valid argument, and it can raise a lot of questions.
There is also suspect classification whereby the state views that a person is a suspect. They are being placed in a situation of segregation or just any situation whereby they cannot get away with their suspected crimes. When a jury realizes that a case involves a case of suspect segregation, it is even looked into deeply. The jury looks at all the factors and decides upon the best interpretation of the law and the case at hand.
In the case of brown versus education board, there is a suspect classification whereby the supreme court had to review the while issue and later came up with their decision, favoured brown due to discrimination he faced because of his daughter wishing to join a white school.
The number one argument is that the 14th Amendment was violated because even though the resources might be the same for the white and the black school, the quality of education and teachers were not the same. The other thing is that the 14th Amendment never mentions it is good to separate blacks and whites (Lutz, 2005). The other argument is that it was not logical for students to be denied access to a nearby school just to be given a chance in a school far away from their home. The other argument was that in the development of the constitution and its amendments, there was a lot that was not yet present. There were new developments that were not foreseen by those who amended the constitution. Therefore we have to be logical and only remain fixed onto a rule that was made when almost no black person attended school.
The Counter Argument
Even though the accuser presents the 14th Amendment as the best weapon, the accused can do the same. The major counter-arguments of the other party would be that the 14th Amendment was not violated in that both schools had the same kind of educational system and that the quality of education was the same (Brown v. Board of Education (1954). From this perspective, therefore, the accused can state that the kind of life that the child chooses to live, whether they feel discriminated against or not, is theirs since they have provided the same resources and everything for both schools. This can add to the accuser’s statement that even though all the material resources are available, how can the teachers be motivated, and how can the black people be helped to deal with their many psychological issues without affecting the performance and success of both schools.
Another counter-argument that the accused can bring up is the case of Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896, which stated that racial segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment. In this case, it is possible that the accused can state that there is no problem with the district board of education practising segregation since the same Supreme Court stated that it was not illegal. The Supreme Court was not supposed to contradict itself by judging otherwise. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court argued that it was not wrong for racial segregation as long as the issues at hand were the same. In this case, the accuser can get information from the accused in that the facilities were the same, but the situations were not the same. In this, therefore, the accuser wins.
The accused’s other argument could be that the accuser was not denied basic rights like the right to education. The accused can state that the accuser was given all the rights only just the inability to choose where to study from the in the real sense when this was denied, it was for the good of the accused since going to a far school enabled her to interact with new people (14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | United States law, 2020)
. The accuser can learn from this that even though everything can be provided, sometimes the intention matters a lot and not the amount, quantity, and quality of actions taken.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the case of brown versus the board of education does not go through an easy route, but justice is served because brown wins over the board of education. This is justice, and it was what was most needed. There is also a mention of contemporary interpretations of the constitution, which was very important because issues keep coming up and building up, leaving no law to deal with the issue.
References
14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | United States law. (2020). Www.getlegal.com. https://www.getlegal.com/legal-info-center/14th-amendment-equal-protection-clause/#:~:text=14th%20Amendment%20Equal%20Protection%20Clause%20The%20Equal%20ProtectionBrown v. Board of Education (1954). (n.d.). LII / Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/brown_v_board_of_education_(1954)Ethridge, S. B. (1979). 5.2 Impact of the 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision on Black educators. Handbook of Research on Teacher Education, 30(4), 650.
Lutz, B. F. (2005). Post Brown vs. the Board of Education: The effects of the end of court-ordered desegregation.
Management and discrimination revised
Management and discrimination revised
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Abstract
This paper will assess case studies of unprofessional behaviors and discrimination by professionals and business people. In so doing, it aims at bringing to attention of the reader that such behaviors are unethical and should be avoided for the sake of a harmonious society.
Introduction
Bahrain, a country in the Middle East, is well known for collectivist culture. Based on collectivist theory, collectivist cultures tend to have strong and deep relationships. Under collectivism, people have a tendency of favoring similar groups that share same values and have a common background as them. Besides, there are also other subgroups within the main culture. These affiliations are sect based since Bahrain is predominantly Islam. The major sectarian subgroups are the Sunni and Shiite. Each one of them has its own values and norms, and their members have strong interpersonal relationships.
The sects openly favor and prefer one of their own whenever a choice involving different sects has to be made. To put it in black and white, they discriminate against each other along sectarian lines and racial divide. In the mentioned cases, it was obvious how that concept was applied. In the first case, the manager of the saloon preferred Noor to Eman because she was Sunni. This was despite the fact that she was less qualified.
In the second case, the doctors showed a discriminative behavior toward the injured Sunni students and refused to treat them, just because they were not Shiite as they are. In this case, doctors were sent on an emergency mission, a case in which violence had erupted in Bahrain University. There were casualty cases and doctors were ready to attend to their call and duty as usual. However, it was not business as usual when upon arriving, it turned out that the injured were Sunni. Only one doctor responded to the emergency as others declined to cooperate. Discriminating against the Sunni students was not ethical (Gabriel, 2010) since all doctors are under the Hippocratic Oath to keep patients away from harm.
An overall analysis shows that in Bahrain, sectarianism has been in existence in the society from long time. Sunni and Shiite have lived in separate settlements. Discrimination is not limited to the governmental policies in work place, but also among people in Bahrain community. Shi’ites have for a long time complained of discrimination in Bahrain. They claim that the government distributes jobs and housing along a pro-Sunni sectarian basis. This has risen to the extent that the government grants nationality to Sunnis from other countries to offset Shi’ite numbers.
As can be seen, the first mentioned case was influenced from these circumstances. Although the saloon was not a governmental organization, and has no laws that prohibit hiring Shiites, the manager declined to hire the Shiite Eman since she was not of the same sect as the manager. After the recent crisis between Shiite and Sunni, social discrimination upraised between the two sectarians. In the second case when the Shiite doctors refused to cooperate with the witness doctor, and left him to deal with the situation by himself, they practiced a type of professional bullying and misconduct. They refused to co-operate with him in the emergency, leaving the witness doctor shocked and disappointed.
To summarize, loyalty and commitment are essential values for any job, especially for doctors who oath to exploit their abilities to treat needed people no matter what are the circumstances. In the second case, when the doctors refused to treat the injured student because they do not belong to their sectarian was breaking the nobility of doctor’s job. They showed immoral behavior, and they did not have loyalty to their organization, which can affect organization’s performance (Player, 2010).
References
Player, M. A., (2009). Federal Law of Employment Discrimination. New York: West Publishing.
Gabriel P., (2010). How to Be a Great Leader and a Great Manager Both At The Work Place and At Home. New York: Blue Sky
Microsoft is an organization that was found in 1975, and one year later
Microsoft
Background
Microsoft is an organization that was found in 1975, and one year later, it was registered in Mexico. Its headquarter is located in Redmond, found in Washington. Microsoft deals with computer-related licensing services, manufacturing, and the invention of new products that belong in the same category (SVetlik, 2019). The organization was founded by two people who were friends in their childhood moments: Bill Gates and Paul Allen. These two individuals were among the best proficient computer experts when they came up with innovative ideas that led to Microsoft’s rise. During the 1970s, access to computers was one of the biggest challenges that faced computer experts during those moments.
In 1977, under the leadership of Bill Gates and Paul Allen, Microsoft opened the first branch of the organization. The branch was located in Japan, and the two founding fathers named it ASCII Microsoft. In 1979, after the launch of ASCII Microsoft, the organization changed its headquarters to Bellevue, located in Washington. In 1981, the organization was incorporated under Microsoft Inc (Reed, 2019). In 1980, the organization introduced its first operating system under the name Xenix. One year later, after the introduction of Xenix, the company came up with Microsoft Dos. It is an operating system that was specifically designed to work for IDM. In 1983, Microsoft introduced its first mouse to the market, and the same year, Windows was also manufactured and availed for Microsoft users.
Services
Microsoft offers an enormous variety of products to its customers. The organizations deal in operating systems for computers, mobile phones, and other devices that require an operating system to function. The company also offers server services to its customers. Since it is a computing organization, Microsoft has several applications that carry out distinct functions to the Microsoft operating system (Business Description, 2019). There are several software that are generated by Microsoft and tools for developing various software. In situations where other organizations have computer issues, Microsoft offers various consultation services to its clients and different solutions.
The organization offers online advertising platforms for its customers. There are several cloud computing operations which the company has for the clients who prefer their services. The typical cloud computing services by Microsoft are Microsoft Office 365. It is an online tool that enables various users to carry out distinct tasks online whenever they want, and it has a user-friendly interface (Business Description, 2019). Xbox Live is a platform where clients gain access to gaming platforms from Microsoft and social networking activities. Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online is a platform offered by Microsoft so that clients can carry out their marketing activities. The organization also has communication tools such as Skype, used for connection services in different devices.
Senior Leadership
Just like other organizations, Microsoft has its format of leadership. The leaders carry out different duties within the organization. Currently, there are 17 different senior leadership positions fulfilled but I will go over a couple of the Executive Vice Presidents and the President. The chief executive officer of Microsoft is Satya Nadela. He became the CEO of the organization in 2014 after Steve Ballmer. Nadela is in charge of the artificial intelligence unit. Before he became the CEO of Microsoft, Nadella was the vice president of Microsoft in cloud computing. He is knowledgeable in this field to the extent that he wants to take the organization to the next level of the artificial intelligence field. The CEO has an affinity for a cloud computing platform, one of his visions for the company (Ward, 2019). Nadela has two master’s certificates, one in computer science and another one in business administration. At the same time, he has a degree in electrical engineering.
After Nadela, Judson Athloff is the Executive Vice President and is in charge of all the sales within Microsoft. He controls the public enterprise of the organization. Athloff joined the organization in 2013 as president of Microsoft North America. Under his leadership, Microsoft North America achieved double-digit revenue growth in a $30 billion business and triple-digit cloud growth. Chris Capossela is Microsoft’s chief marketing officer and executive vice president of the worldwide Consumer Business. As the chief marketing officer, he runs marketing across both the consumer and commercial businesses, which includes product marketing for all Microsoft services and products, brand, advertising, communications and research. As leader of the Consumer Business, he oversees the Consumer and Device Sales team, Microsoft Advertising sales and Microsoft Stores. These teams are collectively responsible for driving revenue, growth and share across the consumer businesses. Capossela has been working for Microsoft for twenty-five years. One of Capossela’s primary drives is the organizations’ mission: to empower everyone who uses their products (Ward, 2019). Before he became the chief marketing officer, he was in charge of the organizations’ Microsoft office division. The CMO has a bachelor in the field of computer science and economics. The president of Microsoft is Brad Smith. As the president, he leads a team of more than 1,500 business, legal and corporate affairs professionals located in 54 countries and operating in more than 120 nations. He joined Microsoft in 1993 and now plays a key role in spearheading the company’s work on critical issues involving the intersection of technology and society, including cybersecurity, privacy, artificial intelligence, etc. He spent many years leading work to resolve the company’s antitrust controversies with governments around the world and companies. Recently, Smith has done work to advance privacy protection for Microsoft customers and immigrants and has brought multiple lawsuits against the U.S. on these issues.
There is a lot of senior leadership which can be seen in the current organizational chart below:
Competition
Nadela is the CEO of the organization, and his primary drive is the fact that he wants to transform Microsoft’s bureaucratic culture. His transformational leader style sets them apart from their competitors. Microsoft’s management style starts by understating the current culture and trying to realign their new vision, values, norms, and shared assumption to form some kind of a new culture. He poses a good leader’s characteristics, such as encouraging other employees within the organization to develop a growth mindset (Novet, 2020). With a growth mindset, employees within Microsoft can develop skills in carrying out their respective tasks.
Capossela, the chief marketing officer in Microsoft, is unique from other leaders within the same organization. He tends to understand the organization’s flow within the organization than any other leader (Novet, 2020). Athloff is credited for the essential sales made by the organization in 2017. In this same year, he led the company to the health industry.
Mission, Values, Vision Statement
Every organization has its mission, which its members work on daily to achieve. Microsoft is an organization that is depended upon by several clients globally. The organization’s primary mission is to offer empowerment to all the clients so that they can achieve their core objectives (Mission Statement Academy, 2019). The organization intends to generate opportunities for its local clients and the ones from the rest of the world.
Technology keeps changing daily, and the clients who interact with the changing technology also change their mode of interactions. Last year, the organizations’ motto was to generate the best services and equipment for its clients (Mission Statement Academy, 2019). This is because cloud technology changes how clients use distinct technologies.