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Polynesian Art and Hawaiian Culture
Polynesian Art and Hawaiian Culture
Name
Institution
The Role of Tattooing in Ancient Polynesian Society As there is no inscription concerning the Polynesian civilization, the Polynesians employed the tattooing art full of characteristic signs to communicate their uniqueness, as well as personality. They imposed their tattoos to the Hawaiian culture indicating the status in a pecking order culture: sexual adulthood, family and a person’s rank inside society. Virtually everyone in antique Polynesian civilization was tattooed. The Hawaiian people were occupied in the restoration of Polynesian lost art. Shortly following the missionaries coming (1797) the tattooing practice was severely barred, as the holy book prohibits it. In current years, though, the skill of tattooing has taken pleasure in a new beginning near the beginning of 1980’s. The Hawaiian Art once more reveled and was interest in the Polynesian cultural inheritance, establishing their uniqueness in the restoration of lots of lost arts. Tattooing with the employment of conventional tools was forbidden in French Polynesia by the government owing to the complexity in sanitizing the wooden, as well as bone equipment.
The beginning of Western expertise also established a modernized flair of Polynesian art. Numerous artists generated elegantly comprehensive works of monumental, artistic talent and practical complications by the employment attained steel carving instruments. An example is the complicatedly carved Austral Islands paddles, the abundantly decorated compositions of 19th century Maori artists. Another example is the outstanding traditional Cook Islands adzes. In further cases, innovative art compositions evolve merging Polynesian as well as Hawaiian materials and methods, for instance, the bold metaphorical painting routine of the Maori or the splendidly skilled rank emblem and comfort merchandise of the Hawaiian dominion. An additional innovation of the nineteenth-century amid Polynesian artists is the improvement and amplification of a wide diversity of objects created for auction to strangers. The first travelers to the Hawaiian region would have carried with them merely a number of the edifying variations and survival items. These items would be existing in the different Polynesian communities that would have been turned into being the fundamental farming staples of the Hawaiian financial system. These ancient people made general alterations in the Hawaiian artistic perspective adjusting and influencing the environment to go with their desires, but they as well had to coexist with definite restrictions implemented by nature that affected the growth of their civilization. These aspects placed certain courses in terms of desirable skills and a survival base and steadily led to a civilization remarkably different from the Polynesian native land. The societal and political association and the sacred practices that materialized as a component of this latest Hawaiian civilization were connected to the citizens’ past occurrences. Moreover, their adjustments to the environments of their new residence.
In Hawaii, the once a year fall Kauai Mokihana fiesta commemorates their civilization and history in a week packed with shows and contests. Children along with adults contend in categories of local music, as well as mastery of conventional gadgets. There are lectures in the Hawaiian way of talking, a hula contest with age classes from toddlers to elders, food and local expertise, free and pay before admission performances (Kirch & Babineau, 2001). The fiesta tenders a splendid luau, customary arts-and-crafts marketplaces and local foods from all over Polynesia. There are exhibitions and lectures in coconut husking as well as fiber weaving, pareau binding, construction of ti-leaf leis, as well as, spear throwing. Tahitian salsa and drumming classes share the calendar with a Maori along with hula dance-off, Samoan fire contents, and shows by Hawaiian singing groups.
Polynesian wedding traditions commemorate the regions’s environment and family ties. In keeping with AlohaIslandWeddings.com, these practices embrace beach landscapes, tiki torches, pu blowing also known as conch shell, lei trades, a sand ritual, ukulele song and exceptional blessings by the kahu who is the cultural minister. For instance, throughout the sand ritual, colorful sand is mixed collectively and poured out representing two lives combining. In 1959, Hawaii developed into being the 50th state and tourists from America significantly amplified the influence of Western traditions on Hawaiian artistic perspective. Presently, these artifacts repeatedly enclose comparable U.S. sacred and worldly traditions. Foreign Hawaiians is the widespread interracial affiliations and marriages that have resulted to the mainstream Foreign Hawaiians being multinational or multiracial.
Tiki Masks History
Tiki Masks are considered to be carved masks made of wood that symbolized Hawaiian, as well as, Polynesian Cultural goddess and gods. They are employed as home furnishings and they as well serve different functions, for example, chasing off evil spirits and mounting the owner’s productiveness (Cox & Davenport, 2000)! They embrace such high meaning in the Polynesian civilization that they, together with new, additional Tiki sculptures and figurines, have turned into being defining icons of the Tiki traditions. Countless Tiki Masks are devised anchored in the four cardinal gods (Finney & Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 2003). The god symbolizing sunlight, as well as, natural existence is Kane; Ku is considered the battle god; Lono is considered the idol of harmony, winds, environment, cultural leisure and sports; Kanaloa is the symbol of the oceanic god. All the Tiki gods possess a remarkable significance.
Tiki Masks are the ideal Conservational pieces to incorporate to any contemporary home. They are beautiful pieces that possess complex features, making them genuine compositions. They can as well be employed to include to the real feel of Luaus, as well as, other feasts. These Masks are as well employed as ornamental pieces in Hawaiian eating places, in addition to, Tiki Bars. Tiki Masks could be deployed both in the interior and exterior places, and they could mix wonderfully even with contemporary art pieces.
Tiki Masks thrive in different sizes ranging from 8 inches up to more than 5 feet in height. The intricacy and complexity of the designs is never centered on the Tiki Masks magnitude and size. There are comparatively smaller masks, which contain splendid attributes while there are full-size masks that have noticeable designs (Ewins, 2000). Wooden Tiki sculptures made by hand is currently assessed and viewed on the similar level as other figures of art, as well as sculpture, having the gain to their possessors of being loaded with meaning. The amount of hard work exerted into creating magnificent Tiki statues and Masks is unquestionable. Genuine Tiki Masks encompass well figured out decorations and are carved by skilled Tiki artists having the capability to coalesce meaning, purpose and aesthetic significance. Each component in the sculpture has a significant meaning and worth to the composition.
Genuine Tiki Masks are hardwood crafted by skilled craftsmen and after that oil and wax is employed in the finishing. There are as well a number of Tiki Masks attributing color, but the mainly universal design is the conventional tainted sculpture made of hard wood. Owing to the matters used and development that the Tiki Masks undertake all through their making, they have the capability to last forever.
References
Cox, J. H., & Davenport, W. H. (2000). Hawaiian Sculpture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press.
Ewins, R. (2000). Proto-Polynesian Art? Web. 7, July 2012. Retrieved from
< http://www.justpacific.com/fiji/fijianart/cliffart/cliffpaintings.pdf>
Finney, B. R., & Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. (2003). Sailing In the Wake of the Ancestors:
Reviving Polynesian Voyaging. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
Kirch, P. V., & Babineau, T. I. (2001). Legacy of the Landscape: An Illustrated Guide to
Hawaiian Archaeological Sites. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
polymers-in-chem
Polymers
Name
Institution
Polymers
Part A
The three polymers from different chemical classes are:
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Select a polymer of your choice and state its economic use.
Poly (vinyl chloride) – PVC – they are used in making pipes, flooring and siding.
Part B
The individual monomers used in the synthesis of the polymers
Polyethylene – ethylene
Polypropylene – propylene
Polystyrene – styrene
Polymers produced each year in the United States
In US plastic is the third largest manufacturing industry in each year its production increase as in year 2013 tons and tons of plastic were produced roughly 107.5 billion pounds of plastic and resins.
The primary uses of each polymer
Polyethylene is used in making plastic bags, film wraps, bottles, toys and electrical insulation.
Polypropylene is used in making kitchenware, fibers, carpet and appliances.
Polystyrene is used in making packaging (foamed), cabinets and toys.
Properties of the polymers that make it suited for its primary use.
Polyethylene comes in two different forms of low density is soft and waxy solid to make plastic bags and films wrap. Polyethylene of high density is rigid and translucent solid for making toys and bottles.
Polypropylene has two different grades of a tactic is soft, elastic solid used for making film wrap and plastic bags. While isotactic is hard, strong solid for making carpet and upholstery.
Polystyrene is hard, rigid clear solid soluble in organic solvents for making toys, cabinets and packaging
Properties of analogous polymers
Melting point behavior
Mixing behavior
Optical properties
Glass transition temperature.
Future challenges for Health care management
Future challenges for Health care management
Name
Institution
Emerging challenges in the health sector
Introduction
The health care sector plays a vital role in the development of a country social-economic status among individuals as it addresses challenges such as diseases, poverty, and mortality rates facing a population. The health sector in the 21st Century is of significance especially in determining the nature and status of individuals in the population more so in their contributions to the economic development in a region. Due to various changes and high expectations among the patients and differences in their need, the health sectors is expected to raise its bar by setting high standards for services delivery and improving the standards of facilities to meet the clients high demands.
Many countries are experiencing numerous challenges in the health care sector, but in the modern world today, a few developed countries have managed to fight these challenges though this is not reflected in the developing countries. Developing countries heavily rely on developed countries for technology, scientific research on drugs and vaccine for different diseases particularly chronic diseases. These countries are still faced with multiple challenges that continue to pose a threat to the health care as more qualified staffs are required in health service, funding for research, and need for new technology for emanating new chronic diseases.
Ageing population is also among future expected challenges in the health care due emerging cases of increased life expectancy. According to Bock, A.K. et al., (2003) European countries and the US predicts the rising cost of health care expenditure in the future due to increased diseases such as Alzheimer’s’s and Parkinson’s among the ageing society (Bock, A. K. et al., 2003). As a result, more states demands extra funding for health care facilities in their financial year budget.
Inadequate medical skill is also viewed as a major challenge in the future. Through a survey conducted by World Health Organization, (2007) the world is faced with a shortage of 2.4 million health care professionals especially doctors and nurses (WHO, 2007). As the population growth rate increases in areas such as developing countries more professional, highly trained will be required to fight emerging chronic diseases and also in research.
The use of new technology is also paramount in the health sector, but due to the emergence of new diseases there is dire need for highly trained professionals to deliver high quality and efficiency in service delivery. Sikorski, (2009) argued that the safety of patients and access to high quality can only be successful if the workplace safety in health facilities is given high priority (Sikorski, 2009). ICT is considered to have contributed to high efficiency in treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer. This, therefore, demands innovation of high-quality treatment machines in the future mainly for emerging chronic diseases. This is perceived to pose a major challenge in the future as delays for these innovations may lead to more deaths even with the presence of improved health sector.
Poor policies within the health sector may be a major challenge if the current policies are not reviewed. These policies fail to address all the concerned parties in the heath sector mainly providers of services such as the therapist, nurses, physicians and social workers. This is feared that in the new future there might be a lot of inconsistency of service in the health sector. In the current situation, lack of integration of services within the health sector, if not addressed, may continue to threaten future services in the health sector. This may require for joint training in order have standard services that are of high quality to meet the client’s demands.
Lack of preparedness for natural calamities is also seen as a future challenge in the health care. Many countries around the world are faced with natural calamities that require experienced medical attention. In many cases, some countries are unable to deal with such situations due to lack of emergency centers especially in the developing countries. Development of emergency centers would help in dealing with preventable cases of deaths in times of such a disaster. But due to insufficient funds many countries have not successfully managed to set up such centers, and therefore this continue to a poses a threat in the health sector even in the future.
Conclusion
The challenge in the health sector is a global threat to life for human population. It is, therefore, the responsibility of key stakeholder in the health sector to take measures to what can be done to prevent health challenges in the future. The governments must play their roles in preventing some of the majors’ challenges in the health sector that can lead increased mortality rates. The government especially in the most hit regions should establish a center that would deal with cases of emergencies in the health sector as well as improved research centers.
References
Bock, A. K., Ibarreta, D., Rodriguez-Cerezo, E. (2003) ESTO/IPTS Report ‘Human tissue-
engineered products – today’s markets and future prospects’. Seville: IPTS- Institute for
Prospective Technological Studies
WHO (2007) Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes, WHO’s Framework
for Action.
Sikorski, J. (2009). ‘Connecting Worker Safety to Patient Safety: A New Imperative for Health-
Care Leaders’. Leadership, January-February. Available at:
http://iveybusinessjournal.com/topics/leadership/connecting-worker-safety-to-patient-
safetya-new-imperative-for-health-care-leaders.