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Functions of planning in a business
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Introduction
Planning is essential for any organization. It can be described as the process by which purposes are accomplished. It is a road map for development and the blue print of the growth of an organization. it is both the psychological process which includes thinking of the activities which are required to reach a desired goal within some scale and it is also the organizational process which creates and maintains plans.
Functions of planning
Planning enables the organization in deciding objectives both in qualitative and quantitative terms. It simply sets the goals based on the objectives and also ensuring the keeping in the resources. A plan plays an important role since it helps to avoid mistakes and also to recognize the opportunities which are hidden. It is essential to make a satisfactory plan for the organization. Planning enables the organization to forecast the future. It makes it possible for the future to be visible to some extent. This is very important since it serves as a bridge between where the organization is in the present and where the organization is aiming to go. Looking ahead enables the organization to develop those strategies that would enable it to achieve its objectives. An eye to the future will also enable the organization to make changes in the various aspects which were in place and which would were a hindrance towards achieving its objectives (Dale 2000).
Planning will enable the management to focus, clarify, and research their projects of development and the prospects. Without planning the management doesn’t have clear strategies. Because of this its focuses on the wrong moves which aren’t necessary for achieving of it goals and even if they help in achieving the goals they still consume a lot of energy, resources and time. Planning provides a logical framework which has been carefully put into consideration and within which an organization can develop and pursue its strategies over a specific duration of time. Time is very essential when it comes to achievement and an achievement is only an achievement if it has been done with a specified period of time. If an organization leaps for example ten years later there is little achievement than when it had leaped after two years (Dale 2000).
Planning provides a benchmark for measuring and reviewing actual performance. It is the benchmark against which the organization reviews the far it has achieved. The organization by looking at what it initial plans and then looking at it present position will be ale to decide on how far it has gotten. This is a very important exercise since it will enable the management to identify the mistake that hindered it’s reaching to its desired position and thus be in a position to correct the mistakes in the future. Once the organization has been able to rate its achievement by looking at the initial plan it is in position to estimate the remaining part and be able to calculate its next step. This is integration of the initial plans with other plans meaning it combines forecasting of developments and scenarios and preparations of how to react to them when they come up. Through planning the organization is able to determine it strengths and how to use such strengths to achieve its goals and at the same time how it can rid the weaknesses that are the hindrances to its glory. Through planning the organization is also able to see the future threats and determine how they can avoid colliding with such threats that may ruin the organization. Through panning the organization is also able to determine the hidden opportunities (Pride, Hughes, HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Jack+R.+Kapoor%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Kapoor 2009).
Conclusion.
Without planning an organization is a well as dead. It has no eye into the future and this means that it’s just stagnant to the present. Without putting the future into consideration it unlikely for an organization to achieve its goals and objectives since it has nothing at its hands that guides it those goals and objectives. This means that planning justifies the existence of the organization since without it the objectives and goals are simply not in existence and thus the organization as well.
References
Dale, E. (2000) Management: theory and practice edt 4. United States. Rex Bookstore.
Pride, W. Hughes, R. HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Jack+R.+Kapoor%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Kapoor, J. ( 2009) Business Edt10. New York. Cengage Learning.
Arthur Atwell TED Talk
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Arthur Atwell TED Talk
In any argument, ethos, logos, and pathos play a significant role in conveying an intended message. Ethos relies on emotional appeal to the audience; for example, a speaker tries to evoke emotions like pity, happiness, anger, worry, and hope to convince the audience of something (Lunsford et al.). Ethos relies on the character on the speaker or writer to pass across the message. For example, if a medical doctor says that people should avoid eating too much red meat as it causes illness, the audience is likely to believe them because of their training and experience in the medical profession. Finally, logos rely on logic and facts as a means of assurance (Lunsford et al.). Such facts can be obtained from statistical data, precedence, and logical conclusions. Pathos, ethos, and logos can be applied in the argument for increased funding of the local library.
In using pathos, I would argue that the local library encourages children and young people on their journey to getting a good education. With more people educated, there is hope for the future. The educated can get jobs, start their businesses, and do many other things that will benefit the entire society. Everyone looks forward to a brighter future, and using hope and inspiration to advocate for more funding is likely to be very useful. People respond to the things that they can relate to; for example, any parent will support the cause because they want a good future for their children.
Ethos relies on the character of the speaker to lend credence to the argument at hand. Being a student myself, I can point to the importance of a local library. Every student needs many books throughout their studies. The problem is that many of these books are quite expensive and most people cannot afford all of them. I am all too familiar with this situation myself. A local library would be hugely beneficial because students can borrow books at a fraction of the cost. People will believe my argument because I am a student who understands the needs of others like me.
Logos also goes a long way to make an argument; to show this, I would quote statistics from a study carried out. For example, a 2005 study showed that students who could access a local library to study and borrow books showed a 30% improvement in their exams. People respond to such hard facts, and they would be willing to increase funding of the local library. In conclusion, pathos, logos, and ethos play an essential role in shaping an argument when they are used appropriately.
Works Cited
Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Everything’s an argument: With readings. Bedford/St. Martins, 2013.
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1-Given Holwerda’s findings in the study about work and individuals with ID, how could that information inform goals for a IEP transition plan? Alternately, how might the findings help you counsel families or students themselves? Results from Holwerd’s study indicate that motivation, and expectation regarding future work level, gender, living situation is predictors of working participation in young adults. Personal factors exceeding social factors are important in predicting work participation. Families should stop condemning students with intellectual disabilities and give support to them. Families should be advised that personal and social factors such as motivation, self esteem, social support and family involvement are very essential to securing employment for individuals with intellectual disabilities.
2. Discuss and critique the factors that contribute to varying prevalence rates for ID across different states. How do you see these factors play out in your own district or school site? The factors that contribute to varying prevalence rtes for ID across different states are: level of population, level of education, the living situations, levels and rates of employment, social class and ethnicity, gender and level and severity or disorder across states. The distribution of affected population depends on the severity of the disorder. Reports also show the prevalence is high among males than females. Research also shows that there is a correlation between low maternal education and prevalence of intellectual disabilities. Lower economic or social conditions are associated with poorer health, a condition that affects the growth of fetus of a young child. These factors can be viewed to be true from every corner of United States. In my area, living standards such as residential placement, sheltered accommodation and also social class and ethnicity are associated with intellectual disability prevalence.
3. Explain the placement patterns (e.g. general education, special day class, special school) for students with ID across states. How would you characterize your own school’s commitment to serving students with ID in general education? The historical image of special education was often based on the profiles of programs for students with intellectual disabilities. The findings show that many students were in the special education confined or self contained classrooms. They pent limited time integrated settings. Today placement of student in programs outside the general education is still predominant across states. There are different placements today that help in educating students with intellectual disabilities. These are special day classes, special schools and general education classes. In my school they are being placed in general education classrooms to help them cope and socialize with the normal students. This makes them not to feel isolated.
4-Explain the sociometry measure and how it was used in the Smoot study. Critique its validity and discuss whether you believe the data is useful for practice. Sociometry was used to measure peer acceptance in mainstream settings. It established reliability and validity. It can be used easily to measure the social outcome of inclusion programs. It can also be used to measure achievement if IEP. This method however can only be used in small researches. It can also lead to deterioration of students relationships because of the direct question asked on student’s opinions on other students. For example asking a student to indicate who he would rather not associate with may lead to more hatred.
5. What connections can you make in regard to students with ID in school and their subsequent success in the finding and maintaining employment? Just like any other person, an individual with ID have the desire to work or participate in work that provides them with opportunities for financial independence and independence in living. If supported and given the necessary cooperation, People with intellectual disabilities can work very well and independently. We only need to understand their situation and give them support.
Reference
Mefford, H. C., Batshaw, M. L., & Hoffman, E. P. (2012). Genomics, intellectual disability, and autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(8), 733-743.
Claes, C., Van Hove, G., Vandevelde, S., van Loon, J., & Schalock, R. (2012). The influence of supports strategies, environmental factors, and client characteristics on
quality of life-related personal outcomes. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(1), 96–103.
Davies, M. D., & Beamish, W. (2009). Transitions from school for young adults with intellectual disability: Parental perspectives on ‘‘life as an adjustment’’. Journal
of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 34(3), 248–257.
Abramowicz, H. K., & Richard on, . A. (1975).Epidemiology of severe mental retardation in
children: Community ludies. AmericanJoumal ojMmlal DtfiClt1lCJ’ 80, I -39.
Ashcr, S.R., & Taylor, A.R. (1981). Social outcomes of
iiiainstreaming: Sociometric a.ssessment atid beyond. Exceptional Education
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