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Holocaust How Does Media Affect the Memory of Survival
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Holocaust: How Does Media Affect the Memory of Survival?
Holocaust was the spontaneous, practical, state organized discrimination and killing of more than six million Jews. This was done by the Nazi government and its associates. When Nazi came to power, they believed that they were superior that the Jews hence this created the holocaust. Currently, the term survivor is understood in a number of ways according to different social and cultural studies. According to the German social and cultural studies, survivors are frequently recognized as those individuals who were mistreated as Jews by the Nazi regime. Moreover, they are understood as those people who escaped the war in Germany and parts of Europe that were occupied by the Nazi government.
Information obtained from the media has affected the memory of survival in a number of ways. For instance, interviews carried out to members of the family who were affected will always bring back the memories of those who survived in the holocaust. Without the interviews, the affected people would always want to forget and move on with their lives. Information obtained through various sources of media can be captured, accumulated, and later retrieved. This implies that the information will always stick in the minds of the readers. Therefore, media coverage on holocaust will constantly bring back the memory of survival to the affected individuals. Various videos and pictures of those people who survived the holocaust can be obtained by anybody across the world. Watching them will always bring back the memories of survival.
Such videos and pictures always create emotions which are considered to be having a powerful impact on memory. Therefore, the memory of survival would resurface after watching holocaust videos and pictures. According to a number of researches carried out, more than 40 percent of the people living in Israel are the survivors. It is believed that most of them are still living in poor conditions hence this has created strong and dramatic objection against the Israeli government. Without the presence of media, they could have not obtained information regarding how they were mistreated centuries ago thus the strong and dramatic protests could have been over by now. Through information obtained from social media and other sources, there has been rebirth of interest by the offspring of the survivors in looking for the fates of their relatives. In holocaust, there are a number of reported searchable database of more than two million names who are mainly Jewish victims. Without the promiscuous media, such memories would have not existed.
The activities of mass media in covering the holocaust have emotionally charged events. Individuals who have read the story, both Jews and non-Jews, have emotionally changed their perceptions towards the Germans and the Nazi regime. Media also affect the memory of survival by creating mental health conditions. Holocaust is recognized for the injustices carried out against the Jewish population. Therefore, obtaining more information from the media on how the injustices occurred can create mental disorder especially to those individual who experienced the holocaust. In conclusion, media has created both negative and positive effects on memory of survival. On the positive side, individuals have to memorize the survival so that they could pay their respect to those who were affected. In addition, the memory can also be used as a lesson to avoid the occurrence of the second holocaust.
Art and Civil Rights Movement
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Art and Civil Rights Movement
Art has always been an important aspect for African Americans, for the longest time Art was used as a form of expressing what they felt, what they were going through from the period of slavery and racial segregation and it did also become a great part in helping them fight for equality. When we think of civil rights movement the first thought are probably news or newspaper footage from this period, but art has been an important factor in helping us understand the happenings that were going on during this period. There are several artists that came up during this period Abstract Expressionist movement as well as the pop art were dominating during this time (Reed, pg. 106). Forms of art that were featured during this period included realist as well as assemblage painting. Writing was also important and it is during this period that some African Americans rose into fame as they were using their skill to address the inequality in the society. This paper looks at various art that came up during the civil right movement and the role they played.
AfriCOBRA may have laid ground for the formation of artist group that would take part in civil rights movement. African Commune of Bad Relevan Artists founded in 1968 by Gerald Williams, Jeff Donaldson, Wadsworth Jarrell and Barbara Jones-Hugo with the aim of rising the plights that the African Americas were facing (Hogu, pg. 90-97). They knew using political revolt would not be the best option considering the various restrictions that were being put especially on the political movements. Art was not only providing new ways of activism but rather there were exhibitions that were used in raising funds for Congress of Racial Equality.
Langston Hughes has often been known as an important factor when it came to the Harlem Renaissance. His involvement into activism gave the other authors a lee way or a base they could use to compare what it really felt taking part in activism without getting involved politically. Most of the authors utilized their platform to speak out on the issue that they were really facing. Some of these authors include Toni Morrison, Alice Walker and Brent Staples. They have books that really portray the issues African Americans went through. Recitatif Toni Morrrison portrays the stereotyping that was present in America. Recitatif tells a story of a difficult friendship between an African American girl and a Caucasian girl. However, Morrison doesn’t tell us who is black or white. Twyla has this stereotypical mindset about people of different races. Toni Morrison is a well-known author that won the Nobel peace prize in literature. (Morrison 1) This story is an example of a renowned American writer for her investigation of black experience within the black community. Morrison makes the readers identify their perceptions about the race through the character development of Roberta, Twyla, and the surrounding relationship. Another book is The Hate that U Give is a New York best-selling novel by Angie Thomas that aims to create empathy among the readers as it describes why the Black lives matter. Starr who is the protagonist in the novel, is used to represent a fearless generation that is willing to stand up and fight the injustices that are presented in our society including police brutality especially towards people of color. The book is also pointing out how often police officers involved in brutal murders of black men are often not indicted.
Music has also been important for African Americans in stating what they went through. African Americans have played a great role in the contribution of the music industry since the 18th century. Rap which is part of hip-hop culture can be traced to as early as the period which slavery was rampant in America. It is often said that most African Americans turned to music as solace for the difficulty they were going through. When hip-hop began, it was not what we currently see. People did not rap about sex, drugs, illegal activities or killings. It was a form of art that educated African Americans on various things and was used in depicting the plight of African Americans.Rap in the past was a culture that African Americans were proud of; it was something they could say they created and people loved. It was defined by four key n elements: rapping, breakdancing, Ding and graffiti writing. This was a form of art where the African American talked of their plight, what they were going through in the hands of police, how they were treated in America as second class citizens and the extent of racism that occurred in America, it was a form of black identity (Clay, pg. 1346-58). Prior to 1989, there were no questions on the effects of Rap to Americans or of their negative impact. However, Hip-hop started being attacked in 1989 when Niggas with Attitude released a song titled “Fuck the Police”. Ice cube raps “You’d rather see me in pen than me rollin’ in a Benz-o Beat a police out of shape and when I am finished bring the yellow tape” a threat that they would beat up the police for harassment as they would rather see them in jail than driving (Krohn, pg. 139-154). There was a public outcry especially from the white community as the song had negative comments about the police and made threats too that where directed towards the police. Most saw the song was a way of inciting people to attack police officers. However, the African Americans sighted that the song was a portrayal of hatred that African Americans had towards the police due to their brutality, killing of unarmed black men and constant arresting for no reason. This slogan has constantly been used to show disapproval of police brutality, and several other contemporary Artist always made reference to this song as it is considered one of the greatest song in Hip Hop culture.
Black Lives Matter has been one movement that has tried to utilize art in their protest. The injustices against that blacks still have to go through even years after Malcolm, and Martin Luther tried fighting them. Alicia Garza is one of the names currently considered a hero by the black community for her efforts in helping to fight for the lives of the people of color. Black lives are a young movement that was formed after George Zimmerman was acquitted in July 2013. George Zimmerman had been charged with shooting a young black American teenager Trayvon Martin on February 26, 2012. He claimed that he shot Trayvon as an act of self-defense (LeBron). People though were angered by this as the kid was not armed. This movement was not only for Travon Martin but for what the black men were going through in general.
There are various artists that have expressed what they feel on the killing using art as BLM is considered as a peaceful movement. One art is by Tes One on the Stand Our Ground art which is to urge more people to stand up and act on the cases of police brutality that are directed to African Americans. Another example is Carson Ellis who drew faces of young black men that have been killed by law enforcers. Most artist working with leaders of the BLM have pointed out how powerful art may be a form of protesting in a peaceful way (Siscoe, 237). They say a picture is 1000 words and this has been a great way of illustrating issues of police brutality especially towards African Americans. There had been more cases of police brutality towards unarmed black men and even use of force. The law enforcers who did this somehow managed to get away with this as there was always no proof they were infringing on the rights of the black, but they were carrying out their duties. Garza was the first to go on twitter expressing how black lives mattered, her core founders Patrisse Cullors and Opal Torment picked up the tweet and tweeted using the #BlackLivesMatter and just like that the revolution movement started that would advocate against injustices on blacks.
In conclusion, it is quite evident on the role that art has plyed for the African Americans. Protestt for most Africans were deemed to be violent and they were thus labelled as violent. This is what led to the rise of other means of protest and art was now see as the best way to articulate the issues that the African Americans were going through. Writing is seen as one of the key ways that have been used by African Americans to state various issues in the African community including stereotypes, racism and police brutality. Movements such as Black Lives Matter are using peaceful methods including use of art as a way to communicate instead of using confrontational method that seem to get more people hurt.
Works Cited
Clay, Andreana. “Keepin’it real: Black youth, hip-hop culture, and Black identity.” American behavioral scientist 46.10 (2003): 1346-1358.
Krohn, Franklin B., and Frances L. Suazo. “Contemporary Urban Music: Controversial Messages in Hip-Hop and Rap Lyrics.” ETC: A Review of General Semantics 52.2 (1995): 139-154.
Lebron, Christopher J. The making of black lives matter: A brief history of an idea. Oxford University Press, 2017.
Morrison, Toni, and Doris Lessing. Recitatif. Difusión, Centro de Investigación y Publicaciones de Idiomas, 2010.
Reed, Thomas Vernon. The art of protest: Culture and activism from the civil rights movement to the streets of Seattle. U of Minnesota Press, 2005.
Siscoe, Tanika, “#BlackLivesMatter: This Generation’s Civil Rights Movement” (2016). University Honors Theses. Paper 237
Holmes Rape Case
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Date Holmes’ Rape Case
In the state of South Carolina in 1989, a woman aged 86 reported that she had experienced physical abuse, harassment of sexual nature including rape, and theft. Later she did die because of the injuries that she incurred during the escapade. The result of this is that investigations did commence thereafter. Preliminary investigations gave indications that Bobby Lee Holmes was the culprit (Ritter, 2009). What was to follow next was a four-day trial that sentenced the defendant to death in a county circuit in the county of New York. Immediately after this, the Supreme Court in South Carolina did agree to the ruling that the United States of America Supreme Court was to reject. This lead to the opening the case once again and a repeat of the trail carried out by the courts. Unfortunately, during the second trial the prosecutor came up with strong forensic evidence. Some of that evidence was the fact that there was blood on top of the defendants tank, materials recovered from his underwear tested positive for the deceased DNA (Gardner, 2010). In addition to this, there was extra evidence that the defendant was present at the crime scene an hour before the crime.
While presenting his defense, Holmes did present his core witnesses. Some of the witnesses were individuals that were experts in forensics and they claimed that police had an opportunity of tampering with the results of forensics findings. In addition to this evidence, Holmes did indicate that another individual that did agree to having committed the atrocities. Jimmy McCaw White did previously plead to have been involved but the prosecution did not pay much attention to the claims. In fact, South Carolina Supreme Court did choose to dismiss the claims on the account of the fact that evidence provided by the prosecution was sufficient for the conviction of the defendant. According to the court, it was unreasonable to hold on to the sentiments of a self-proclaimed assailant given the weight of the evidence that the prosecution did provide. On this, the South Carolina Supreme court dismissed evidence provided by the defense on the account of forensic data availability.
Justice Samuel Alito had the mandate of listening to the case at the United States Supreme Court level. The court unanimously vetoed that it was inconsistent to weigh the weakness of the evidence provided by the defense using that of the prosecutor. According to the court, South Carolina court did violate the constitution especially rights that sixth amendment that compel the court to a given process (Frantzen, 2008). In addition, it also does violate the fourteenth amendment that is also adamant on the process that the court will have to follow. The indication of this is that the court did choose to overlook the obvious procedures. As such, it does violate and disobey the very constitution that it interprets through overlooking the special interests of the accused that render the ruling illogical. It also noted that the lower court had allowed the removal of evidence that in the view of the Supreme Court was recurring and was to some specified level relevant to the case (Ritter, 2009). This according to the jury did provide a chance for unfairness and harassment of the defendant and intentional misunderstanding of certain issues.
United States South Carolina Supreme Court maintained that it was necessary to apply the policies that regulate tolerability of a third party pleading guilty (Gardner 2010). It is for this reasons that the court ought to classify the ruling by the South Carolina Court ruling in this category. In the view of the fact that the ruling was in the specified nature the court concluded that the ruling had the tailoring of the ruling that did exist in American Jurisprudence and the Corpus Juris Secundum. While on one hand the court did understand that there was no need for testing the level of reliability on the part of the prosecutor, it also noted that it was rather not rational to weigh only one side of the litigation process. As such, there are no rational conclusions that can emanate from this. On conclusion, the court indicated that the rule was subjective and all details that are relevant to the defendant do indeed matter.
The conclusion drawn from the above scenario is the need of using IRAC (Issue, Rule, Analysis, and Conclusion) Formula, which is simply the basis for the entire legal analysis and play a major role in guiding lawyers thinking when seeking solutions to any legal issues. Issue means the summation of all the facts that both parties have, Rule is a representation of the country law, Analysis for the mode of application this rule, and finally conclusion has the court seeks to modify (Frantzen 2008). As such, the initial step involves identification of facts and issues, which involves searching or looking for headings of various cases, as well as language, that shows the significant topic. Finally, there is the determination of the rule can hold and that which cannot hold.
References
Frantzen, D. (2008). The Death Penalty: Constitutional Issues, Commentaries, and Case Briefs. London: Elsevier.
Ritter, S. E. (2009). Briefs of Leading Cases in Corrections. London: Elsevier.
Gardner, T. J. (2010). Criminal Evidence: Principles and Cases. California: Cengage Learning.