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Unique Urban Environment
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DateUnique Urban Environment
Introduction
The urban environment is a compact and highly populated geographical unit with improved social and physical environment and developed resource infrastructure (Ompad et al.). It is a modern society with a high level of environmental concern and is generalized (Berenguer et al.). It is different from small towns due to the diversity characteristic, high population, and more significant in size. The attributes encourage relationships among people and diminish cultures. Democracy, individualism, and instrumentalism promote freedom in the urban environment.
Attributes of Urban Environment
High density is the common characteristic of an urban environment. This is because most people tend to move to urban areas in search of economic opportunities. Also, the urban environment has developed infrastructure. (Bobylev et al.) states, “Physical infrastructure is one major asset of a city in terms of capital investment and critical service provision”. This statement shows the developed facilities, which attract more people to live in the areas hence leading to a high population. Due to the integration of people from different regions, the place is characterized by extreme diversity due to cultural differences and functional diversity. Urban areas are characterized by residents from a range of ethnic backgrounds (Harries et al.). People originate from various regions and converge in urban areas, therefore, fail to have similar cultures
Effect on Human Relations and Cultures
“The niche of a population is determined by the interaction between their culture and environment” (Albarella). Therefore, the urban environment influences the culture of individuals and human relations due to the availability of many ethnic groups in one place. Urban areas are multi-cultural and heterogeneous due to the high population. This fact leads to diminishing individual cultures, originating from interactions and relationships that give home identity and sense of community (Kaymaz). People tend to drop some cultural activities to fit into urban society.
Infrastructure in the urban environment encourages social integration and human relations. With the continuing increase in population, newcomers keep getting into the cities and are accommodated due to the accepted diversity. The facilities become a means for more interactions to occur; hence the relationship among humans is improved. However, the high population creates the chaotic character of the urban environment, which is caused by competition for resources and space (Wirth).
Mechanisms Enhancing Freedom
(Claval) states that “In everyday life, the way people are settled shapes their use of freedom”. According to Claval, high density in urban centers enhances freedom due to a broader range of choices of occupation and social roles. A lot of activities characterize urban areas; hence people have common tasks that should be performed. These roles enhance freedom among people, socialize, and deliver many other businesses within the community. Also, cities encourage democracy rather than dictatorship; hence individuals are free to make their choices and decisions. Since there are no strict cultures in an urban environment, there are no restrictions on certain activities, thus freedom to implement many decisions.
Individualism and instrumentalism enhance freedom in an urban community. Individualism encourages freedom of choice, personal responsibility, and respect for others and universality (Realo et al.). Therefore, individualism encourages people to have free choices minding other people’s wellbeing. Also, due to improved infrastructure, there is freedom of mobility in that people can move from one place to another (Sager). This is enhanced by the availability of resources in the environment.
Conclusion
The urban environment is characterized by a developed infrastructure, diversity, and a high population. The high population is because of the improved infrastructure and a lot of opportunities in the centers. These characteristics lead to a decrease in the cultural activities of individuals and more human relations. Urbanization, democracy, and individualism encourage freedom in urban centers than in the rural setup. More opportunities enhance freedom among people.
Works Cited
Albarella, Umberto. Environmental Archaeology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
Berenguer, Jaime et al. “Rural-Urban Differences In Environmental Concern, Attitudes, And Actions”. European Journal Of Psychological Assessment, vol 21, no. 2, 2005, pp. 128-138. Hogrefe Publishing Group, doi:10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.128. Accessed 28 Jan 2020.
Bobylev, N., & Jefferson, I. (2014). INTEGRATION OF URBAN PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTO LAND USE GOVERNANCE. 10.13140/2.1.1563.3603.
Claval, Paul. “Urban Space And Freedom”. International Political Science Review, vol 5, no. 2, 1984, pp. 147-160. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/019251218400500206.
Ompad, Danielle C. et al. “Urbanicity, Urbanization, And The Urban Environment”. Macrosocial Determinants Of Population Health, 2007, pp. 53-69. Springer New York, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70812-6_3. Accessed 28 Jan 2020.
Harries, Bethan et al. “Diversity In Place: Narrations Of Diversity In An Ethnically Mixed, Urban Area”. Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies, vol 45, no. 17, 2018, pp. 3225-3242. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/1369183x.2018.1480998. Accessed 28 Jan 2020.
Kaymaz, Isil. “Urban Landscapes And Identity”. Advances In Landscape Architecture, 2013. Intech, doi:10.5772/55754. Accessed 28 Jan 2020.
Realo, Anu et al. “Three Components Of Individualism”. European Journal Of Personality, vol 16, no. 3, 2002, pp. 163-184. Wiley, doi:10.1002/per.437. Accessed 28 Jan 2020.
Sager, Tore. “Freedom As Mobility: Implications Of The Distinction Between Actual And Potential Travelling”. Mobilities, vol 1, no. 3, 2006, pp. 465-488. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/17450100600902420. Accessed 28 Jan 2020.
Wirth, Louis. “Urbanism As A Way Of Life”. American Journal Of Sociology, vol 44, no. 1, 1938, pp. 1-24. University Of Chicago Press, doi:10.1086/217913.
Revenge in Hamlet
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Revenge in Hamlet
Revenge is the process of seeking retribution for an individual’s wrong, done to oneself or unto other individuals. It always leads an individual down to a path of obliteration as it is an awful trait for one to keep and it also triggers a lot of various emotions which influences a person to behave and act blindly. Throughout Hamlet revenge can be vividly seen, whereby the entire conflict is revolving around revenge primarily starting with Claudius and ending with Laertes pursuing some revenge. The play exhibits some revenge rendering to the self-fulfilling foresight and as it demonstrated in the play, seeking revenge can result in thorough tragedy within the above foremost characters who shared a common goal (Berger, p.83). The goalmouth of these characters was to retaliate the demises of their fathers, and hence revenge was their core motive. This paper discusses and elaborates in in-depth the vicious nature of revenge in Hamlet showing the extent to which revenge destroys more than its likely target.
Firstly, Claudius who was the king during that time was envious of his brother who was seeking to overhaul his rule, and upon learning this, he had no option but to kill him. He is regarded as the critical target of Hamlet’s vengeance as he fuels Laertes in his retaliation. This is evident when King Claudius advised Laertes that “Revenge ought to have no bonds. But my dear Laertes will you do this” (Shakespeare, 2018). In this incidence; he was activating as well as encouraging Laertes to do some revenge which according to him was the only remedy.
In Hamlet, the full of the act of the play is centered on the task which was allocated by the ghost to Hamlet towards avenging his father’s killing. However, Hamlet has to answer some questions: is revenge necessary or malicious? Is the ghost existent? Is Claudius remorseful? Therefore these questions obscure Hamlet’s decision as well as his insightful, intelligent nature plus the revenge obligations of Laertes besides Fortinbras which parallel the primary plan. He is tasked with retaliating his father’s cruel and unusual murder, but he is faced with a lot of dilemmas: should he trust in the uprightness of the ghost or maybe the ghost might be a devil? (Berger, p.79). Therefore he is mandated with a hard task of evaluating the fact about ghost’s command. Nonetheless, this self-examination leads to the delay of taking revenge.
The incapability of Hamlet to retaliate the killing of his father activates the plot, and thus this leads to the demises of the foremost protagonists in the play including Polonius, Gertrude, Guildenstern, Laertes, Rosencrantz, and Ophelia. Moreover, Hamlet is tortured due to his indecisiveness plus the failure of killing his father’s murderer, Claudius in the play. Afterward, after a lot of pressure from the outside to revenge, Hamlet kills Claudia. However, it seems too late for him to stem any gratification from it because he is immediately executed after he performs the killing by Laertes who stuck him with a foil which was poisoned (Bowers and Fredson, p.1634). Thayer. Hence the saying “before you decide to have some revenge towards someone or something, dig two graves.” This shows how Hamlet was obsessed with the revenge, but he is eventually consumed by his lust for it and could not perceive the consequences.
In highlighting Hamlet’s incapability to take action, there are other characters who Shakespeare includes in the play who have the capability of the captivating firm and impulsive revenge as they are mandated to do. For example, Fortinbras decides to travel several miles towards taking his revenge where he eventually succeeds in defeating Denmark. Consequently, Laertes conspiracies to execute Hamlet to retaliate the demise of his father, Polonius and when his sister committed suicide. He faults Hamlet for all the atrocities which had occurred on him and thus conspired with Claudius to execute Hamlet. However, they reconciled in the end, but it is too late since both of them die. Therefore, it is evident from the play that Hamlet’s actions finally contribute towards the death of the entire members of the royal family and this demonstrates how revenge destroys a lot than its intended target.
Comparing Hamlet to these other characters, it is apparent that his revenge is incompetent as when he decides to take some firm action, he seems to delay to take any action up to the completion of the play. However, it is remarkable that this type of delay is not rare in the Elizabethan vengeance tragedies. Hamlet character is entirely different from other contemporary works due to the manner in which Shakespeare applies the delay in building Hamlet’s expressive besides psychological complexity. Hamlet was right to hesitate before rushing out to murder Claudius, and this was sensible as well as ethical to take some good time gathering enough evidence before killing another individual (McEvoy, 2006). It is manifest from the play that both Claudius and Laertes share some common characters in the fact that both are hungry of power. Laertes is complimented by Claudius’s persistent praise whereby he finally falls into his trap and offers Claudius the impression that he is impartial as resentful, resolute and also irritated in having some retaliation on Polonius demise for his open concern for Laertes.
In conclusion, the different stages of the play culminate into one direction which eventually leads to the disintegration as well as the fall of the kingdom of Denmark. The central point behind this is revenge among rulers which is a result of the lust to lead. As it is evident from the above discussion, there is a lot of destructive revenge which destroys more than its intended target, and hence revenge is not good at all.
Works cited
Berger, Arthur Asa. “Texts: Hamlet.” Applied Discourse Analysis. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2016. 77-89.
Bowers, Fredson Thayer. Elizabethan revenge tragedy, 1587-1642. Princeton University Press, 2015.
McEvoy, Sean, ed. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: a sourcebook. Psychology Press, 2006.
Shakespeare, William. The tragedy of Hamlet, prince of Denmark. Мультимедийное издательство Стрельбицкого, 2018.
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Climate Justice: Food Waste and Environmental Pollution
Did you know that food waste is a major source of environmental pollution around the world? According to Food and Agriculture Organization, food waste refers to the removal of viable food meant for human consumption from the supply chain or the expiry of food due to neglect, poor stock management, or questionable economic behavior (4). Food is waste is often brought about by excess production of food. Stuart outlines that there is twice as much food on the American shelves and restaurants compared to its total needs. Schanes, Dobernig, and Gözet, outline that there is an excess of 1.3 billion tons of food produced for human consumption purposes, one-third of the total food produced ends up as waste. Unknown to many food wastes is a major source of environmental pollution, which leads to wastage in freshwater and oil, the release of toxic methane gas in landfills to the environment, and the contracting of disease.
Environmental pollution is a global problem. The problem of environmental pollutions has been in existence for centuries. However, it becomes a major source of concern during the turn of the 19th century. The rise of industrial evolution characterized the 19th century. The use of machines, automobiles, trains as well as other machines led to massive pollution of the air, water, and the soli. The ever-increasing human population also meant that more trees and forest cover are cut down in favor of the human settlement. The impact of environmental pollution includes an increase in diseases such as allergic reactions and respiratory illnesses, infertile lands, global warming, environmental degradation, as well as the depletion of the ozone layer. One of the reasons why they fight against environmental pollution has not achieved substantial results is due to the lack of a holistic approach in the sources of environmental pollution. There are several sources of environmental pollution that gunner less attention as well as a concern by the public. Food waste is one of the main sources of environmental pollution which does not get enough attention in the fight against environmental pollution.
To put matters into perspective, the global population is expected to reach the nine billion mark by 2020. The increase in the human population implies that the demand for food will significantly increase. Therefore, for the current food production to meet the food demands of the human population in 20150, it needs to increase by 15% (Al-Rumaihi). The increase in food production will also result in an increase in food wastage around the globe. As a result, the increase in food wastage will ultimately lead to a massive increase in the environmental population.
One angle which is often overlooked when analyzing the impact of food waste on the environment is the essential factors that are used in food production. Several factors are essential in the process of food production. The food production process includes farming, processing, manufacturing, as well as transportation. The processes involved in food production often require several resources, which include water for the growth of crops, oil for production processes as well as insecticides, which are used in irrigations. Therefore, food wastage implies that the resources utilized in the production of food are lost or leading to environmental pollution. Hickey and Ozbay indicate that over one-fourth of the water channeled to facilitate food production processes such as irrigation in the United States is wastage. The water does not fulfill its purposes as the food is wasted. Wastage of water is a major concern around the globe owing to its scarcity. Transportation is also an important aspect of food production. Transportation aids in availing food to consumers from the places of production. As a result, food wastage leads to the wastage of oil, which is also a significant source of environmental pollution. The Food and Agricultural Organization estimates that there are approximately 300 million barrels of oil, which are lost as a result of food wastage (HLPE 34). Oil is a dangerous element that leads to air and water pollution. However, it is still a crucial component in the transport sector due to its use as fuel for transportation in cars, trucks, and airplanes. Human beings must ensure that they use it sparingly and ensure that it does not leak or go into waste. Food waste contradicts the environmental demands in the limited and careful use of oil. It leads to wastage of the resource, which exposes the environment to pollution.
Food wastes also result in chemical emissions that are released into the atmosphere, thus leading to massive environmental pollution. Landfills are common places that are utilized by people and governments to dispose of waste. In most instances, food waste often ends up in landfills as a means of disposal. The use of landfills is catastrophic to the environment. Landfills lead to the generation of toxic greenhouses, which are major contributors to global warming. Landfills also affect animals as well as vegetables. Their location in places near living organisms poses a danger to their existence. Landfills also pollute water sources due to the toxic chemicals which de-oxygenate water. Soil is also affected by landfills due to chemical emissions that affect the natural chemical components of the soil. According to Buzby et al., food waste in landfills contributes to 34% methane emissions, which are produced as a result of human activities in the United States (493). The methane gas produced from food waste in landfills occurs due to its aerobic decomposition. The presence of methane gas is dangerous to the environment. Methane gas is 21 times more devastating, in terms of its contribution to global warming, compared to carbon dioxide. Also, food waste directly contributes to the deplorable health conditions among human beings. There is a close connection between spoilt food the growth of pathogenic vectors transfer. Waste food acts as an avenue in which microorganisms that cause diseases can grow. Therefore, direct inhalation of waste food exposes people to several health hazards, which are caused by microbiological growth in the food.
Some people argue that food waste should not be included as a major concern when it comes to environmental pollution. Proponents of this notion argue that the focus on food wastage should be directed in more important areas such as food justice to the poor and hungry people in society. Other people who are against listing food waste as a serious environmental concern argue that food wastage is a corporate agenda which is used to dismiss the rights of people who the victim of the negative effects of food harms. While the arguments of people who suggest that food waste should not command as much as attentions other environmental pollutants are somewhat true, they are not sustainable in the modern times. The arguments only suggest more world problems as opposed to solving the existing. Society must focus on solutions to existing world problems as opposed to proposing more problems. Food wastage is a major concern for the environment. Food wastage leads to water and oil wastage. It is also attributed to the release of dangerous methane gases that are liable for global warming. It is important to turn to scientific evidence when it comes to analysis factors that cause environmental pollution. There is scientific evidence that is backed by data which proves that food waste should warrant more attention in the fight against environmental pollution. Abstract arguments only deviate and derail attempts to improve on environmental conservation
Conclusion
Environmental pollution is a global concern which warrants the attention of all humanity. Food wastage is one of the most damaging areas in environmental pollution, which is often ignored by society. Food wastage leads to oil and water wastage during the production and transportation process. It is also responsible for the microorganisms which cause diseases as well as emissions of hazardous gases such as methane gas, which cause global warming. Society needs to take food waste as a serious environmental pollution concern. People who argue against its seriousness, in terms of environmental pollution, only create more suggestions for world problems instead of offering solutions. The global leadership, supply chains, and society need to put more effort into preventing and eliminate food waste to make the world a more healthy and environmental-safe environment. Recognizing that food waste is a global environmental hazard is the first step towards creating a cleaner, safer, and better environment for the current and future generations.
Work Cited
Al-Rumaihi, Aisha, et al. “Environmental impact assessment of food waste management using two composting techniques.” Sustainability 12.4 (2020): 1595.
Buzby, Jean C., et al. “The value of retail‐and consumer‐level fruit and vegetable losses in the United States.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 45.3 (2011): 492-515.
Food, FAO Save. Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste Reduction. Definitional Framework of Food Loss. Working Paper, 2014.
HLPE, F. “Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems.” A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Available online: http://www. fao. org/3/a-i3901e. pdf (accessed on 2 October 2017) (2014).
Schanes, Karin, Karin Dobernig, and Burcu Gözet. “Food waste matters-A systematic review of household food waste practices and their policy implications.” Journal of Cleaner Production 182 (2018): 978-991.
Stuart, Tristram “The Global Food Waste Scandal.” Ted Ideas Worth Spreading From TED May 2012, www.ted.com/talks/tristram_stuart_the_global_food_waste_scandal#t-224612