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POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES
POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES: WHO CONTROLS THE US POLITICS?
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Studies of power echelons on leadership within the United States reveal that top positions encompass positions with the authority to be in charge of activities and programs of major economic, political, civic, scientific, cultural, legal, educational institutions (Kendall, 2002). The individuals who occupy the aforementioned offices have absolute control over half of the country’s communications, industrial, banking, and transportation assets, as well as two thirds of the insurance assets. Moreover, they direct approximately forty percent of the resources of private institutions and fifty percent of university endowments. Besides, less than two hundred and fifty citizens hold the most influential positions in the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the federal government, whereas about two hundred women and men are in charge of the three major television networks and majority of the national newspaper chains.
Based on these facts, it is very evident that power in the United States is mainly held by the single power elite. There are scores of versions of this idea, maybe one for every individual who holds it, though they all hold a similar interpretation of politics and government that differs from the pluralists. The elite model perceives a special pyramid of power, instead of seeing several competing groups that hammer out policies. Positioned at the top, a tiny elite has the privilege of making all the crucial decisions for everyone below. A rather small middle level is composed of the kind of individuals whom one usually thinks of whenever discussions of American government such as party leaders, lobbyists, governors, mayors, representatives, and senators are come into picture (Alberoni, 2003). The masses often occupy the bottom. They composed of the average women and men in the country who do not have any political influence or power to hold the top offices to accountability.
According to the power elite theory, which is being practiced in the United States, one elite, who is not a multiplicity of rival groups, makes decisions regarding death-and-life issues for the whole nation, leaving almost nothing for the common citizens and rather minor issues for the middle class. This is what ultimately paints a dark picture in the society. While the pluralist feel satisfied with the views that they deem satisfied with, if undeniably imperfect, systems, the power elite school decries the unjust distribution and grossly unequal power it finds everywhere.
Citizens who live in a nation that prides itself on egalitarianism and fairness, that is surrounded by free government, and which consistently witnesses the goings and comings of elected individuals are likely to find the idea of elites rather farfetched. Nonetheless, several intelligent social scientists accept the concept and present bolstering and compelling reasons that can be used to believe that is indeed true.
The governing elite in the United States derives its members from major corporate directors and owners, high-ranking military personnel, and high-ranking politicians including key members of the cabinet, the president and his close advisers. Despite these individuals constituting a close-knit group, they do not belong to any conspiracy that manipulates events in a secret way in order to meet their own selfish interests. In several instances, theses elites usually follow established constitutional precepts, respect civil liberties, and operate peacefully and openly. It is not a form of dictatorship; nor does it rely on terror, midnight arrests, or secret police in order to get its way. In addition, the membership of the elite class is not closed, even though a majority of its members are privileged to have enjoyed a head start in life as a result of being born in well-established families. Nonetheless, individuals who work hard, demonstrate the willingness to adopt characteristics and values of the elite, and enjoy good luck often find possibilities to joining the higher circles of the elite class from below.
The elite occupy top command posts of the society that offers offer enormous authority over financial, governmental, educational, cultural and civic institutions. Decisions that are made in the boardrooms of large companies and banks dictate the inflation and unemployment rate. The power owned by the elite is further enhanced by the close association of industrial, military, and political organizations. Currently, politicians and business people have grown so close to an extent that they prosper together more than they do separately. As a group, this ruling triumvirate of corporate executives, politicians, and military personnel, based on the positions they hold, have the unprecedented authority to make decisions of international and national consequences.
The elite class together with the closely related corporate group do not usually stand alone at the helm of the power structure, but are supplemented by several nonprofit institutions that play a pivotal role in shaping public opinions and framing debates over public policies. These organizations are usually referred to as bipartisan or nonpartisan since they are neither identified with any political affiliations nor with either of the two political parties within the United States. However, they are the real political party of the upper class because they ensure the compliance of the government and the stability of the society.
According to the power elite theory, critical decisions in government are usually made by the elite class. Sometimes they greatly influence the decision outcome. The congress, the courts and the states, which represents the middle levels of government mainly worry is how to execute the decisions. This appears to be the in during the period that followed the Second World War when containment emerged for the first time. Several crucial decision were arrived at behind closed doors in the State Department, the pentagon, and the White House. Only few senators were involved during the process (majorly to enlist their support instead of involving them in the actual process of making the decisions), but containment didn’t serve more than a fleeting section of the electoral and national party politics (Davis, 2003). Rather, upon completion of the policy formulation at the top, it was just sold to the public who had no option but to accept it.
A more pertinent issue then arises- where are workaday politicians classified by this, the individuals who inhabit middle level of politics? Despondently, the influence of the inhabitants of middle level of politics has greatly dissipated over the years, rendering them with nothing substantial to manage. As a matter of fact, government in the middle is noisy and colorful, and attracts the popular press’s attention. However, its activities often eclipse a critical point for the most part. Apart from competing with the power elite, today’s professional politicians have lost grip of the capability to control the destiny of the nation. Most of the participants in the middle class basically get galvanized by their parochial and selfish interests. Elected individuals have changed to become political entrepreneurs who make use of advertising and television gimmicks to sell themselves to a public that is increasingly becoming cynical and gullible. In their hands, policy is more of a means to an end, getting elected and reelected, instead of an end in itself.
Of importance is the fact that the workaday politicians have lost the capacity and will to grapple with international and national issues. They appear to be rather eager to surrender these questions to the president and his inner circles. Undeniably, a few representatives and senators take part in these deliberations, although most do not. Even the local officials and the state do not. More critical and fundamental issues do not come to the point of decision before the United States Congress, or even before some of its most powerful committees, and much less before the electorates during campaigns. Whenever critical issues are brought before the Congress for debate, they are usually structured in a way that limits their consideration, and even to be stalemated instead of being resolved. Compared to pluralism, elite theory asserts that the check and balances game countervailing influence is often played for somehow minute stakes. Since ordinary politicians are not included in the higher circles, where essential choices are usually decided, the agenda is predetermined for them. Actually, they are only free to deal with issues which the power elite finds to be rather non-threatening, while the elite saves the big question for itself.
What the power elite theorists find rather mind-boggling, however, is the increasing demise of the general public as an independent force in civic matters. As a substitute of initiating policies, or just having control over the individuals who govern them, the citizens of The United States of America have chosen to be passive spectators, whose sole responsibility is to cheer the heroes and boo the villains, yet taking almost no part in the action. In addition, American citizens have become more estranged and alienated from political matters of the state and this has been demonstrated by the sharp decline in participation in electoral process in the past several years. As a result, their destinies are now solely being controlled by the power elite (Dogan, 2003).
References
Alberoni, F. (2007). The powerless ‘elite’: theory and sociological research on the phenomenon of the stars. Stardom and celebrity: A reader, 65-77.
Davis, A. (2003). Whither mass media and power? Evidence for a critical elite theory alternative. Media, Culture & Society, 25(5), 669-690.
Dogan, M. (2003). Introduction: diversity of elite configurations and clusters of power. Comparative Sociology, 2(1), 1-15.
Kendall, D. (2002). The power of good deeds: Privileged women and the social reproduction of class. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
THE CUBAN REVOLUTION
THE CUBAN REVOLUTION
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Introduction
Since 1900s America has been having a significant influence in Cuba. During the early 1900s, most of the industries in Cuba were owned by United States industry. For example, sugar which was Cuba’s main export was regulated by the United States. This is attributed to the rule of the Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista whose administration was corrupt and oppressive through a military dictatorship. He always supported the United States interests even though it seemed to oppress the citizens. Due to his method of governance, the United States backed his leadership. The Cuban Revolution of 1959 is termed as one of the greatest revolutions in Latin America. Since the coup, several positive and negative things have happened in Cuba. However, the most important thing is that the 1959 revolution significantly changed the social-economic structure and precisely the views as well as the collective imagination of Cuban citizens. The act of resistance by the Cuban people against imperial authority over the past fifty years when they chose a socialist way of governance during the 1960s, overwhelmed the world’s superpowers, for example, the United States. The strategies of solidarity that the people showed together with their sustained decisive fight against the apartheid regime over the following years also startled these countries. Moreover even after socialism the wide-reaching fall of socialism, Cuba stayed active and standing. During that time of struggles and economic sabotages, the country showed that resistance is possible and essential. This paper discusses and analyzes the Cuban Revolution showing how it started, the relations between Cuba and the United States and the major individuals involved in the revolution. Moreover, the revolution effects towards the Cuban economy as well as social life and Fidel Castro’s role in the revolution and the Cuban way of life under his regime is discussed.
Castro’s Victory
Fidel Castro was an influential and active political leader. While he was a student, he took part in revolutionary activities in several parts of Latin America. In 1952, Castro was the nominee for the Cuban People’s Party, but the then leader, Batista blocked the election from happening. Therefore after the frustration by Batista, he decided to search for alternative means of challenging Batista’s dictatorial rule. He formed some movements to attack Batista, but most of them were unsuccessful. He was arrested together with his brother Raul and imprisoned. They received a pardon in 1955, and they were released. Upon their release, Castro moved to Mexico whereby he continued organizing a force to fight the regime which imprisoned him.
After forming a strong movement, he returned to Cuba. During his return, Cuba was in a state of civil war. The country was in a deplorable condition. In 1957, Castro’s Revolutionary Directorate that comprised of a group of insurgents particularly students hurled a bloody attack on the presidential palace, but they were overpowered. Majority of them were killed, and the country was in a severe condition as everything disrupted in central Cuba and Santiago. After the bloody incident, several riots for example by Trade Unionists and this made the government act swiftly. The government infused strict measures to anyone who intended to participate in any strike.
The 1959 Revolution
The riots and mayhems continued up to 1958. The year 1958 was the decisive year, and it was filled with intermittent raids as well as massive destruction of property. As a result, the Cuban economy was adversely affected. The riots led to the burning of sugar plantations and mills, the Havana bombings discouraged and disrupted the tourism industry, and more so the presence of rebels in Oriente province disrupted the mining industry. Generally, Cuba’s economy was brought into a standstill. Reacting to the continued unrest in Cuba, the United States executed sanctions to Cuba, and more so it enacted an arms embargo as well as suspending the supply of about 2000 Garand rifles to the Cuban administration. The restrictions created confusions and Batista saw it as an advantage to postpone the presidential elections that were scheduled to happen in June 1958. On the other side, the Communist group in the leadership of Juan Marinello reacted by organizing a general strike.
However, the attack did not achieve its goal, but the group continued with their mandate as a significant opposition force. In 1958, the revolution was much felt throughout Cuba, and this led to the tumble of Havana in early 1959. This made Batista flee the country in 1959 due to fear of the opposition that had become so strong. Castro led to the formation of a liberal nationalist regime. His main intention was to see that Cuba was free from the United States influence. Moreover, he wanted to confiscate the dominion that the United States possessed on the Cuban economy. Castro began looking for the problems affecting the locals, and as a result, the businesses were nationalized, and the land reform narrowed the sizes of farms. The aim was that the Cuban economy could start working for the poor Cuban people rather than the Americans as well as the upper-classes who were most corrupt.
The Benefits and Setbacks of the Revolution
The Marxist theory was implemented in Cuba after the inhabitants recognized that their rights had come to authority. They started to realize that the need for self-rule and that American empire had oppressed them for an extended period and nothing good was coming from it. When the leaders like Castro were influencing the masses to join them for political and social change, they were promised that at the end their efforts would not be in vain. It would be a government that will fight for the rights of the poor contrary to the regime of elites that existed during that tenure. Therefore a few months later after the success of the revolution, the land reform was initiated. The reform was a great advantage for the poor as they were given some pieces of land which were taken by the elites. Hence from that time henceforth, mass mobilization in Cuba developed to be the standard method by which people presented their grievances.
There was the formation of a new kind of social relation that emerged and intervened in altering the class structure of Cuban societies. It was not only land reform that was introduced, but other significant developments were experienced. For example, there was the advancement of issues like social justice and fairness, poverty eradication, reduction of disparity as well as alleviating the habitat burdens. This was to be achieved by reduction of the household rents and afterward elimination of the excessive profit that the real estate generated.
Between the years 1959 and 1963, there was increased nationalization of the banking structure, industry and also trade. Additionally, there was currency denomination change and limitation enforced on accumulation together with the implementation of the second agrarian law that led to the reduction of the size of land tenure. The social relation reform was characterized by the socialization of like the whole economy through state proprietorship. This contributed a lot to the social change together with political independence as legislative bodies would not rely on and respond to isolated oligarchic welfares. The operational transformation of Cuban society happened very swiftly.
The revolution also led to the establishment of the goal of alleviating adult illiteracy in Cuba by the year 1961. Conversely, it is the same year that the country was attacked by an armed group of individuals that were highly trained. They obtained fighting skills and methods from the United States. After that year, Cuba experienced several anti-revolutionary rebellions that lasted for several years. Since 1965, there has been an integrated, public, secular as well as free educational system in Cuba. Also in 1965, there was an agreement to have a health system with a similar character as that of the education system. A healthcare system was developed, and its structure and effectiveness became the envy of several countries mainly from the global south and north. Ever since that the revolution Cuba has a vastly improved biotechnology industry. These are the fruits that are being enjoyed as a result of the 1959 revolution under the leadership of Castro. All these internal progressions, as well as the extensive foreign policy, was achieved when the country experienced continuous aggression and an economic embargo that lasted for several years.
Cuban diaspora members can considerably rebuke Castro’s achievements. According to most of them, his regime was less favorable. This is characterized by Castro’s actions of repressing his adversaries after the revolution. During his rule, a number of his foes were put under lengthy prison sentences and their rights abused. Majority of the individuals who were discontented by his regime left the country due to fear of being detained or even be killed. The continuation of the revolution was put into question in the early 1990s when the issue of food shortages hit Cuba. The country was trying hard to endure the culmination of its association with the Soviet Union, and therefore they expected that change had to be witnessed. Later on, the economy started to be unbolted to foreign investment and more so tourism was fortified. All these aspects were crucial for the continuation of the revolution.
The United States Foreign Policy
The United States on their hand could not acknowledge the existence of a communist regime by Castro’s administration in Cuba. They wanted to push Castro under the control of the Soviets. Therefore, they tried everything to weaken and deject it. There before, America’s outlook towards the South had been set under the leadership of Monroe who was the president in 1823. The United States regarded itself as the supreme and the protector of Central and South American countries from outside intrusion by other countries. Up to 1960s, the United States termed communism to be a threat to the South and Central countries economically and thus their scope of influence. The United States believed in the domino theory that if a particular country developed to become communist, then after sometimes, it would influence its neighbor countries and they embrace communism and hence its spread. The United States feared that this would upset its economic interests. This is what the United States wanted to avoid by discouraging the communist form of government in Cuba.
The reforms that Castro initiated in Cuba were significant proof that he was a communist. During that period the United States was under Eisenhower administration, and some of the methods that it put in place to ensure that that Cuban government was in an unstable condition was to stop distributing arms as well as banning the buying of sugar from Cuba. Cuba at that time was exporting 80 percent of its total sugar production to the United States. In trying to revive Cuba’s economy that had been affected by the United States decisions, Castro took the bold step of requesting the USSR to buy its sugar. During that time the USSR and the United States were not in good relations, and when the USSR learned that Cuba was not relating well with the United States, they agreed. Therefore Cuba and USSR increased their trade deals.
However, there existed a small number of Cubans who disliked Castro’s method of ruling, and hence they directed their support to Batista. These individuals had fled Cuba because of the revolution. They decided to join the United States and form a coalition. The plan was conducted in support of President Kennedy, and they aimed to attack Cuba and overthrow Castro. They also wanted to settle at the Bay of Pigs which was located at the South shore of Cuba. They planned a force of Cuban deportees that was well trained by the CIA. The army would initiate a widespread rebellion against Castro. However, the invasion never happened. It failed terribly because of poor planning, hesitancy by Kennedy’s side as well as lack of enough air support by the United States. Castro realized that there had been a plan to overthrow his administration and that he needed to take immediate action.
The United States was not happy with the failure of their plan, and hence they decided to develop another plan. It is clear that President Kennedy together with the CIA was resolute to see the removal of Castro from the throne. Therefore they approved the operation Mongoose. The operation involved the secret attack of Cuba by attacking the industries and farms. They wanted the people to lower their confidence in Castro’s administration and support his removal. Moreover, in their relentless attacks, they are also destroying the infrastructure as well as conducting some political assassinations particularly the associates of Castro’s administration. There were also some plans to assassinate Castro himself. Castro became worried about the destructive acts by the group, and this convinced him that he required Soviet support.
Throughout the late 1950s, Khrushchev was already starting to lose support in China, and there was the absence of self-assurance in his ability to endorse a universal communist revolution. This shows that communism supremacy was declining slowly. Therefore when Cuba asked for assistance from the USSR, Khrushchev who was the leader of Communism was required to do something to support the threatened communist state. The prospect of gaining a position in Latin America unwrapped the likelihood of dispersing communism to a different continent.
Cuban Life under Castrol
When Castrol got into power, he made sure that any legal discrimination was eliminated. He even started development programs in the countryside by one, construction of new schools and other building of hospitals. Castrol also abolished a newspaper that was being published by the opposition and also jailed several politicians in the opposition. He also limited the size of land that one is supposed to own, bought to an end the private business and took over the housing and consumer goods. This raised the limitations of a private entrepreneur, and hence they were forced to look for other countries where the economic environment was favorable to relocate there. Most of them moving to the United States to start their business there.
By this time Castrol was still supplying military arms to the leftist guerilla that was in Latin America and Africa. Moreover, the relationship with other countries was now growing stronger with time, but this relationship was raging between them and the United States. Cuban economy sunk in the 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union and by this time the United States had also increased its suction. During this period Castrol had changed his designation from the prime minister to become a president. He also found different partners to perform trade with and maintained his power until 2006 when he provisionally gave power to the government to rule due to a sickness that made him undergo a surgery that was an emergency, but he resigned officially resigned two years later. Later in 2015 the United States and Cuba announced that they have resolved their issues and even started a diplomatic mission in both countries.
Cuban Missile in 1962 Crisis.
Due to the fear that Castrol had over the United States invading Cuba, he allied with Nikita, the then Soviet leader in helping him create nuclear weapons for Cuba. The U.S came to about this plan through its spies and threatened the Soviet Union to remove the nuclear from Cuba. For about 13 days people fired that there would arise a nuclear war, but the U.S and the Soviet Union had a secret agreement that the Soviet Union would withdraw the nuclear if America also agreed to withdraw its weapon from Turkey.
The Collapse of the Soviet Union.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the economy of Cuba went into chaos, but Castrol was still confidence that he would restore it. Cuba was no longer receiving the annual fund that the Soviet Union used to give it. They were used to exchanging their sure for the Soviet Union oil but this was no longer possible and this lead to the fall of Cuban factories and agricultural sector. In 2000 when the economy of Venezuela started to grow Castrol signed a deal with them to exchange their doctors for oil.
America Opened a Detection Cap at Guantanamo Bay
The U.S started detaining suspected Al-Qaeda Members in Guantanamo Bay, and the number of the detainees keep on growing unlit Castrol termed this action as “running a concentration camp” on the soil of Cuba. The United States was supposed to lease this area, but Castrol said that he never received any cheques from the U.S.
End of Castrol Five Decades in Power.
After Castrol resigned and left the powers to his 71-year-old brother, the relationship between Cuba and the United States started to strengthen. Raul and Obama held a talk that bought the diplomatic relationship between the U.S and Cuba. As a result, the U.S opened an embassy in Havana Cuba, and Cuba opened it’s in Washington.
Conclusion
In assumption, this paper has discussed the events in Cuba that led to the start of the Cuban Revolution and its aftermaths. It centers more on politics, social and economic factors of these significant events that tend to interact. Since the twentieth century, Cuba has relied on sugar as its main export product. In the 1950s the sugar industry was controlled by the United States, and it was clear that the country was not independent and for it to gain it had to diversify the economy. The rise of Castro brought some sort of independence. He overthrew Batista who was a political friend of the United States. Since his removal, Cuba was under the communist form of government and the regime was characterized by many advantages and setbacks as discussed in this paper. Therefore the Cuban Revolution achieved its goal of removing Batista and forming a government that looked for peoples need precisely the poor.
Bibliography
Dirk Kruijt. Cuba and Revolutionary Latin America: An Oral History (New York: Zed Books, 2017)
Jorge I. Domínguez. To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba’s Foreign Policy.
Julie Marie Bunck. Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture in Cuba
Komsas Tsokhas. “The Political Economy of Cuban Dependence on the Soviet Union,” Theory and Society, 03/1980, Volume 9, Issue 2.
Lee, Brianna. “US-Cuba relations.” Council on Foreign Relations (2014).
Malitsky, Joshua. Post-revolution Nonfiction Film: Building the Soviet and Cuban Nations. Indiana University Press, 2013.
Marifeli Perez-Stable. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy
Montaner, Carlos Alberto. Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution: Age, Position, Character, Destiny, Personality, and Ambition. Routledge, 2017.
Norris, Robert S., and Hans M. Kristensen. “The Cuban missile crisis: A nuclear order of battle, October and November 1962.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 68, no. 6 (2012): 85-91.
Pérez, Louis A. Cuba: Between reform and revolution. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014.
Samuel Farber. Cuba since 1959: A Critical Assessment.
Stephen G. Rabe. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988).
Yinghong Cheng. Sino-Cuban Relations During the Early Years of the Castro Regime, 1959-1966” Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 9, No. 3, 2007.
Yingong Cheng and Patrick Manning. “Revolution in Education: China and Cuba in Global Context, 1957-1976,” Journal of World History, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2003, pp. 359-407.
Politics in Nazi Olympics
Politics in Nazi Olympics
In 1931, the International Olympic Committee planned the 1936 Olympics to take place in Berlin. The choice was made to accept back Germany after their defeat in world war. In 1933, Hitler became the chancellor of Germany and turned the region into a dictatorial state. The government controlled all the activities, including sports hence affected the 1936 Olympics, which was limited to Aryans only (Mandell & Lucas, 1971). The participation excluded the Jews. Nazi Olympics was then used for propaganda purposes to show a false image of a peaceful country. At that time, Adolf Hitler, a dictator in Germany, emerged with racist and militaristic characters that affected the games. Since Germany hosted the competition, Hitler came up with the idea to expand the territory, taking advantage of the large crowd and journalists present in the event. The conditions set by Hitler led to boycotts of the game, increased propaganda, and less participation by the Jewish and Gypsies.
With the rise of Hitler’s ideas, boycott movements formed in the United States, Britain, and France to prevent participation in the Olympics. Some nations had the idea of counter-Olympics to be held in Barcelona though they had to fail because of the civil war in Spanish in 1936. Due to the burn of Jewish athletes from taking part in the games, most of them lacked the interest and decided to boycott. Also, the associations of Jewish athletes and sports supported the boycott by encouraging its employees not to participate. As 1936 was approaching, the united states decided to vote on participation, and this persuaded other groups and colleagues, consequently leading to a failure of the boycott (Marvin, 1982).
The Nazi Olympics turned into a platform to promote Aryan superiority. Jews athletes tried to fight back the Germans by attempting to show their capabilities. However, this method did not work as the Germans had more improved tools than them. They opted to convince other groups from various countries to boycott the games. The sports acted to promote a claim of making Germany a successor of Greece’s past. The athletes who participated in the Olympics took pictures that were used to spread racial ideas to the world. However, during the Olympics itself, German pretended to be friendly to the visitors, treated them well, and even won most of the games (Large, 2012). This act was a sign of superiority over other nations adding with the good gesture given to visitors. Germany got a positive reputation to the world and could be trusted by countries although hiding under racism and militaristic regime.
Propagandization of the Nazi Olympics involved discrimination of the African -American athletes. The regulations set by the dictatorial state of Germany undermined African -American individuals. The bias was on employment opportunities and restrictions to public places (Brinded, 2020). Therefore, the blacks tried to use the Nazi Olympics to achieve victory over the Germans, specifically Aryans, and find their freedom back. The aim was almost achieved when one of the blacks received four gold medals. This accomplishment questioned the superiority of Aryans as also the blacks were capable of winning. The Olympics in Berlin turned to a platform where nations and groups could show their power and dominance over other countries present in the games. Also, the message does not just remain in the specific platform, but through journalism and information transformation, Nazi ideologies got to the world.
The Nazi Olympics of 1936 was politically charged due to the dictatorship of Hitler in Germany. The dictatorial rules led to increased racism, which prevented the Jews from taking part in most of the sporting activities of the Olympics. The Nazi event acted on the propaganda of Aryan superiority, which undermined other races rights. These set regulations led to boycotting of the game by various groups and actions to prove the Nazi’s wrong by showing the power to be victors more than the Germans.References
Brinded, L. (2020). The Nazis fooled the world for 16 days in 1936—and we’re allowing it to happen again. Retrieved 13 February 2020, from https://qz.com/1230045/hitler-and-the-nazis-used-the-olympics-as-propaganda-like-north-korea-russia-qatar/
Large, D. (2012). The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936. The Palgrave Handbook Of Olympic Studies, 60-71. doi: 10.1057/9780230367463_5
Mandell, R., & Lucas, J. (1971). The Nazi Olympics. Canadian Journal Of History Of Sport And Physical Education, 2(1), 82-85. doi: 10.1123/cjhspe.2.1.82
Marvin, C. (1982). Avery Brundage and American Participation in the 1936 Olympic Games. Journal Of American Studies, 16(1), 81-105. doi: 10.1017/s002187580000949x