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Aristotle-No One is Just
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Aristotle-No One is Just or Unjust through Nature but Nurture
The discussion about nature vs. nurture focuses on the contributions of environmental factors and genetics in human development. The main question here has to do with if development is mainly influenced by nurture or nature. Nature is the biological inheritance of the organism while nurture is the environmental experiences. Nurture also expands to entail the influences that come from prenatal, parental, peer experiences, and distance families. Aristotle theorized that human beings are born with a blank slate. This means that people are born without having knowledge and they acquire it through personal experiences. Aristotle proposed that environment is an important determinant of behavior. His theory has impacted many empiricists over the years. The nature vs. nurture debate dates as far back as the 300 BC to Plato’s and Socrates time (Misawa, 906). The two were Greeks who came up with the notion that our ideas, characteristics, and thoughts are inborn. To refute this notion, Aristotle came up with the concept of empiricism, also known as nurture. Aristotle described the theory of nurture as the knowledge that is obtained through senses and experiences. Aristotle argues that no human being is just of unjust in nature. On the contrary, human beings tend to be just or just as a result of how they have been trained.
Without a doubt, Aristotle’s theory of nurture applies to the context of modern family in many ways. Taking the example of a child who is born into a family of sportspeople whose father was soccer player in college and mother an ice skater. Despite their career ending, they continued practicing sports during their free time because they it was their passion. Upon getting to an appropriate age to play sports, the child’s parents enroll her in a sporting team. However, the child’s true interest ins in music. She convinces her parents that her interest is in music and luckily they enroll her. After following her true passion, her she begins to build a career in music. Had the parents denied her request, her environment would have nurtured her into a refined athlete. This shows that nurture is responsible for people’s characteristics, thoughts and ideas.
Works Cited
Misawa, Koichiro. “Nature and nurture.” International Handbook of Philosophy of Education. Springer, Cham, 2018. 905-919.
Aristotle’s Ideas About Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
Aristotle’s Ideas About Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
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Aristotle’s Ideas About Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
In 350 BC, Aristotle coined the three rhetorical appeals; pathos, ethos, and logos. He argued that pathos, ethos, and logos are the three significant ways to establish a persuasive appeal (Ting, 2018). Hence, the three rhetorical appeals are at the communication’s heart. Aristotle referred to rhetoric as the ability in every specific case to view the available persuasion means; that is, if one wants to become persuasive, they have to be tactful and tactical. Individuals have to look for an approach that works for their particular audience. Various ideas exist concerning Aristotle’s pathos, ethos, and logos and the way they advance public speaking art.
Ethos refers to the writer’s or speaker’s appeal to reputation and authority. They are an individual’s efforts to convince their audience about their character or credibility in public speaking. Hence, one has to ensure that the audience accepts them before convincing them to accept all that speaker says. When teaching a workshop, applying for a specific job, or giving a presentation, the audience must trust them so they can be persuaded. Therefore, ethos can be ensured by choosing appropriate vocabulary and language and making oneself look honest.
Appeals to emotions or pathos are the efforts to ensure one’s audience’s persuasion by developing an appeal to their particular feelings. A public speaker’s audience is highly receptive to getting more persuaded by an individual with whom they can identify. Pathos can be utilized to persuade an audience by the speaker; this requires making them feel a particular emotion (Isai et al., 2020). Expressive and straightforward language and emotional metaphors can promote pathos, advancing public speaking art.
Logos refer to efforts to convince one’s particular audience utilizing reason and logic. In advancing public speaking art, one has to document their point through literal analogies, facts, logical arguments, and storytelling. Thus, when a speaker is utilizing logos to persuade, they should have found information, stories, and facts that matter to the audience and are presentable to them in a sensible manner.
In conclusion, one should utilize the three rhetorical appeals to become an effective persuader. The three persuasion pillars advance public speaking art where ethos sets the speaker’s credibility, and logos argue and build points. Also, ethos ensures people act according to the emotions attributed by the speaker. Therefore, Aristotle’s ideas of the three rhetorical appeals should be utilized in advancing public speaking art.
References
Isai, K. I. A., Lin, T. M., Ching, H. S., Selvajothi, R., & Maruthai, E. (2020). Using rhetorical approach of ethos, pathos and logos by Malaysian engineering students in persuasive email writings. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(4), 19-33.
Ting, S. H. (2018). Ethos, Logos and Pathos in University Students’ Informal Requests. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 18(1).
Holistic Approach to Career Counseling
Holistic Approach to Career Counseling
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Introduction
Career counseling is a vital component of the modern working life. Several strategies and approaches have been used over the years in dealing with career related issues.
Career counseling can be broadly defined as the counseling activities that are associated or related with the career choices of an individual. This is normally spread throughout the life span of an individual. Career counseling is involved with matters such as the work of the individual, the family, his or her leisure activities as well as the personal concerns of the person in question(Amundsen, 2003).
Over the years, career counselors have realized that the work like of an individual cannot be separated from other aspects of his or her life. This realization has made the counselors come up with strategies and approaches that tend to integrate all the aspects of one’s life when career counseling is being done. This strategy or approach has been commonly referred to as the Holistic Approach to career counseling. Holistic approach to career counseling is defined as a career counseling tactic that that is interested in engaging and well as developing a person as a whole over his or her life span. Holistic Approach is involved with the physical and emotional aspects of an individual(Amundsen, 2003).In addition, it tackles the mental and spiritual aspects.
Strategies in Holistic Approach of Career counseling
Holistic approach to career counseling can be divided into five subsections, each dealing with a specific aspect of the client’s life over his or her life span.
Individual Case
The first stage in every career counseling session or approach normally understands an individual. This is no different from the holistic approach to career counseling. In order to achieve the objective of carrying out career counseling holistically, which is to develop an individual wholesomely, it is important to understand the individual. The holistic approach requires that every individual is treated as a unique person. Historically, career counseling has used only the traits, values and capabilities of an individual to understand an individual and to help them in making various career decisions. However, this is different from the holistic approach. The holistic approach involves taking into account factors such as an individual’s family, leisure and even social status in understanding an individual. When these aspects of an individual’s life are taken into consideration when understanding an individual, it helps in determining the direction that the counseling process will take and the depth of the process. This will help in fully understanding the individual and coming up with unique solutions for each individual client.
Therefore, holistic approach involves understanding an individual as unique and taking consideration of all the aspects of his or her life in order to understand his unique problems and develop unique solutions to tackle the problems.
Career Life Perspective
The other step or stage that is involved in the holistic approach to career counseling is the career perspectives of an individual. These are the developments that come into play during the career life of an individual (Amundsen, 2003). The essential of taking career life perspectives, in consideration in carrying out the holistic approach is to understanding an individual. Some of the things that are considered here include family life, the individuals journey to attain a given social status as well as the voluntary work that the individual by be carrying out.
Career life perspectives help in integrating the life developments of an individual and his career or work life.
Career Choices
In the holistic approach, values, interests, work experience are some of the factors that are noted to influence the career choices of an individual.
Apart from the above stated factors, the approach involves determining how contextual issues and other interacting factors may affect the career life of an individual. An example of an interacting factor that may affect the career life of an individual is the kind of work environment. Contextual issues such as a change in the economy of a country may affect the career of an individual. This may be for example through layoffs or salary cuts. This approach therefore takes into consideration such contextual issues in order to come up with best solutions an advice (Zunker, 2012).
Life Long Learning
This emphasizes on the fact that career life is a lifelong journey and a learning process. Holistic approach tries to let individuals or clients understand that career development is a lifelong process and it appreciate the fact that some attributes and qualities such as decision making and survival skills are things that are developed with time. The holistic approach strives to provide the client with knowledge base that he or she will use for current and future concerns and needs (Zunker, 2012).
The holistic approach further more helps the client in continually evaluating his or her career development.
Counseling occurring in a society that is culturally diverse
The holistic approach involves the understanding that each society is culturally different. It further appreciates the fact that each individual has his own view of the universe. Because of the cultural differences each individual has his or her set of values of career needs. Therefore this understanding of cultural biases and stereotypes helps in developing individuals wholesomely. The holistic approach moreover seeks to understand the influence of religion in on the career choices and development of an individual.
Conclusion
This approach of career counseling appreciate the fact that all the aspects of an individual’s life such as religion, culture, spirituality, family and lifestyle impacts heavily on one’s career choice. It therefore analyses all these aspects when developing an individual wholesomely.
References
Amundsen, N. E. (2003). Active engagement: Enhancing the career counseling process. Richmond, British Columbia, Canada: Ergon Communications.
Zunker,V.(2012).Counseling: A Holistic Approach. New York: Cengage Learning