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Microbial Fuel Potent Alternative Energy Resource
Microbial Fuel: Potent Alternative Energy Resource
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Because of modernization of world there could be identified a number of problems out of which, destruction of resources and their depletion is the key one. In fact, as a consequence of blind exploitation of natural reserves (like; fossil fuels) their quantities have been reduced significantly thus; there is a huge demand of alternative energy resources. Another reason of such demand is pollution caused by over-exploitation of fossil fuels because of which, our surroundings are being destroyed in a quick manner.
To conquer such challenges, researchers are constantly trying to explore novel resources of energy that could be categorized as; renewable and eco- friendly. Though, it’s a fact that numerous such reserves have been discovered so far for instance; solar energy and wind energy, but according to experts, several limitations are also linked with them like; indefinite nature, technical obstructions, and questions raised by conservationists who consider safety of surroundings more important than development (Farrar et al., 2003). So; what I would like to suggest here is “Application of microbes for generation of energy”.
Indeed, microbes have been blessed by nature in terms of vast metabolic activities that could be shown by them. Even they can generate such chemicals via metabolic transformation of biomass (variable by nature as shown in figure) that might be utilized further for the purpose of power- generation for instance; bio-gas, bio-ethanol, bio-butanol, bio-hydrogen, and oilgae.
How these chemicals may be produced, utilized, and what are the positive and/or negative aspects linked with them it could be understood as follows: (a) Bio-hydrogen may be applied for electricity-generation in hydrogen fuel- cells, but its existing production cannot be considered sufficient because of the cost of reactors required for generation of photochemical, and due to the insufficient yields achieved through anaerobic fermentation, (b) Bio-ethanol can be produced predominantly with the help of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the substrates used by this creature as food are limited thus; it could be grown on a variety of food-sources only with the help of genetic engineering, (c) Production of Bio-gas may be performed via anaerobic biodegradation of waste organic stuff, but it can be used as fuel mainly in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems, and (d) Oil can be extracted from Microalgae (well-known as; Oilgae) and could be utilized for construction of biodiesel, but it cannot be classified as an economical energy-reserve. In addition to above, lack of proper tools and techniques is another problem related with its development as energy resource.
Despite the fact that microbes’ based fuels have their own limitations, we may adopt Bio-butanol (can be generated primarily with the help of Clostridia which could exploit a number of carbohydrate resources to create such products that might be used for extraction of energy) as an alternative source of energy (Atsumi et al., 2008). Major advantages linked with this energy-resource are:
1. It can be mixed with gasoline at higher quantity than ethanol for its application in standard vehicle engines. Additionally, its energy content is almost equivalent to ethanol and it can be produced through a range of feed- stocks hence; might be termed as an outstanding economical choice.
2. Further, possibility of segregation of Bio-butanol from gasoline in presence of moisture is less in comparison to ethanol hence; it could be used with the help of existing industrial infrastructure without any alteration in facilities related with mixing, storage, and pumping etc. Additionally, its transportation is more convenient than other existing bio-fuels (Boehlein et al., 2009).
3. There is no need to use gasoline base blends (inhibit liberation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)) with it because, it does not increase the vapor-pressure when mixed with gasoline.
4. In addition to above, Bio-butanol is well-matched to present vehicle and engine systems because of which, automakers do not need to compromise on performance so that, the environmental laws could be obeyed (Hankamer et al., 2007).
Thus; in my opinion, Research & Development processes must be encouraged to improve this renewable, economical, and eco-friendly energy reserve with the intention that, we could not be compelled to start our return trip towards the age when approaches, practices, and/or tools were not advanced and we were destined to reside in caves.
References
Atsumi S., Cann A. F., Connor M. R., Shen C. R., Smith K. M., Brynildsen M. P., Chou K. J. Y., Hanai T., Liao J. C. (2008). Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for 1-butanol production. Metab. Eng. 10:305–311.
Boehlein S. K., Shaw J. R., Stewart J. D., Hannah L. C. (2009). Characterization of an autonomously activated plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Plant Physiol. 149:318–326.
Hankamer B., Lehr F., Rupprecht J., Mussgnug J. H., Posten C., Kruse O. (2007). Photosynthetic biomass and H2 production by green algae: from bioengineering to bioreactor scale-up. Physiol. Plant. 131:10–21.
Microaggressions
Microaggressions
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Microaggression
Even though our culture has generally “condemned” overt acts of racism and discrimination, less apparent instances of these evils, referred to as “microaggressions,” continue to persist. Given the pervasiveness of political correctness in the modern era, overt displays of racism, sexism, and homophobia are increasingly frowned upon. Unfortunately, unconscious biases based on race, gender, sexual orientation, and other identities may still exist and negatively impact how people interact with one another. Microaggressions were first identified in the context of racism, but research has shown that they can be directed toward any marginalized group. This includes people of color, women, the LGBT community, those with physical or mental impairments, and members of underrepresented faiths. Despite being “condemned,” overt acts of racism and discrimination nevertheless persist. While ignorance and misinterpretation are sometimes to blame for microaggressions, the subtle nature of these slights typically stems from our education. There are the talks many have with our loved ones and friends at home, college parties, and workplaces. They can be seen everywhere, from Internet memes and team mascots to pop culture and educational materials.
Many pick up microaggressions from the dominant society, which discreetly instills in us a disposition of suspicion, distrust, fear, and a desire to assert our own moral, behavioral, value, belief, and rational superiority over those of others. It’s the “common sense” held by those in power, and their shared worldview supports it. In many professions, society tends to presume that our motives are pure and that our interventions are always in the client’s best interests. Despite my best efforts, the identities covered in this issue are not meant to be representative of every imaginable group that faces microaggressions. This issue focuses on the harmful effects of microaggressions, but it should have done more to highlight the oppressed groups’ capabilities, an instinct for survival, opposition, and resilience.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING CARBON EMISSION
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING CARBON EMISSION:
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Management Accounting Carbon Emission
Introduction
The activities of larger cooperates such as Macdonald Australia Limited and Toyota Australia could also have new services and products developed to curb climate change and other climate effects of the organization be established effectively if the managers have pertinent information regarding carbon dioxide (CO2). These two corporations have independently gotten recognition from their sound sustainability and effective sustainability reporting. With their outstanding sustainability practices, these organizations would also be anticipated to be the leading in reporting, collections, assurance, awareness, and application of carbon related information as (Rappaport 2005) observed.
According to (Schaltegger, Burritt, & Petersen 2003), traditional management accounting of these firms have a focus on the dissemination and collection of financial representation of environmental effects of the organizations and these companies grown in significance due to the establishment of systems of emissions trading. Within the wider setting, emissions reduction revenue, costs of curbing environmental effects, monetary investments linked to greener products and cleaner production all offer the need for financial information in making decision. From the standpoint of environmental management, the results indicate avoidance and reduction in CO2 emissions for purposes of compliance gives the major concern regarding these companies’ managed practices of carbon. Some of these information are physical in their measurement or orientation and thus, could be reflected for instance by the eco-balances, carbon footprints, targets for carbon emission reduction expressed in relative and absolute terms, and actual reductions and emissions in relations to the trends or plans overtime.
A lot of accounting concerns are linked to the physical data need; however, studies give evidence that fiscal quantification plays a similar significant role in reference to the climate change data and information. For example commitments of carbon reduction require business (education, training or technology) so that the actual emission reduction is usually directly connected to the volume of resources invested, in which case, these resources are stated in fiscal units. These two organizations whose operations are directly linked to emission of carbon and thus, the law require them to give a comprehensive emission report, gather data from physical units as Rappaport (2005) suggested. The physical units do not just serve the purposes of regulatory reporting but are also keyed into the systems of performance measurement which develop key performance indicators of the organizations performance in absolute provisos. This physical information is then translated into capital units so as to sustain the management decisions linked to resource allocation, planning and costing.
Conclusion
Information from these two corporations indicate that physical information is more or less retained for bookkeeping functions and is hence available when no carbon or environmental management section is formally accountable for the management of such materials. For instance, comprehensive data linked to the energy consumption is collected by the department of accounting in all the two firms. The information has been applied to deliver an account of the operation costs and is given to the facility supervisors and other line managers on frequently.
References:
Rappaport A. (2005), The economics of short-term performance obsession, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 61 No. 3, pp. 65-79.
Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. and Petersen, H. (2003), An Introduction to corporate environmental management, Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield.