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Political science Publius and factions.
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Topic: political science Publius and factions.
A number of citizens amounting to either a minority of a majority of the whole population, who are united and have a common interest, purpose or passion, contrary to the rights of other citizens or the permanent and aggregate likes of the community. They are considered to be a destructive group in the United States of America government. Faction is as a result of liberty in the society as long as liberty is there people will have different interest. An example is when members of the police department have factionalized officers, the officers do not report or follow the government but their own interests which maybe destructive to the civilians and their rights.
Publius’s solution: Publius found the main source of faction was the diversity of opinion based on political life; however the most durable source was the unequal distribution of property. Those that have and those that do not share very separate interest. He argues that there are two ways to reduce the faction damage; remove the causes or control the effects of faction. The first being to remove liberty as a cause of faction but it would be impossible because liberty is essential for political life CITATION Publius10 p 638 t l 1033 (Bessette & Pitney Jr., 2012, p. 638). The other solution would be creating a homogenous society with people having a common interest which is not practicable.
Publius finally concludes the only best way to limit the damage caused by faction would be to control its effects. Causes of faction are based on human nature so the best cure is to control the effects. He says this is possible in a republic where a society votes for representatives who will vote for the laws. A voice of people is more conformable to the interest of the community through the representatives who reduce the effect of contradicting interests in large number of people. This would be impossible in a democratic system where all members vote for the laws as people would vote according to their personal interest.
Separation of powers:
This is a political doctrine in which the government is segregated into three branches, that is, the executive that implements the law, the Judiciary that interprets the law and finally the legislature that formulates the law. Each of the branches would have powers to monitor the other branch’s power. In the United States the branches of the government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power.
Publius’s argument: Publius pointed out that the interior design of the government be separated and by their mutual relations they would be able to monitor each other and keep each other in check so as not to abuse power. This suggested that he felt that the arms of the government need to be separated so to control each other.
However he felt some deviations would be seen in the principle. The judicial branch could not hold on to the principle since the members require distinct qualifications and the prime objective is to select members holding these specific qualifications CITATION Publius10 p 638 t l 1033 (Bessette & Pitney Jr., 2012, p. 638). The other controversy is that judges allegedly disregard statutes and procedural rules. The judiciary is untouchable and independent of the other two branches. Publius supported the system of check and balance that promoted control of each arm by the other two arms. Although each branch stands alone with distinctive powers, it cannot stand alone. He viewed that separation was significant as it prevented abuse of power as would be the case in one power ruling the country.
References:
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Bessette, J. M., & Pitney Jr., J. J. (2012). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Retrieved Nov 29, 2012
Political Science Paper
Exercise 1
“Politics is inextricably linked to the phenomena of conflict and cooperation”
In the present world, it looks as though there are perpetual wars and unending conflicts. Over the last century, key wars such as the World Wars, the Cold War’s constant threat of escalation, and, most recently, the Iraq and Afghan Wars have occurred, highlighting how politics creates chaos through conflict. Despite widespread agreement on the critical nature of peace, the globe is rife with fear and continuous security worries, yet the world has often come together to end disasters such as terrorism and the recent outbreak of a global pandemic COVID-19, highlighting cooperation amongst nation states. Since World War I, there has been no consensus on a single strategy for establishing a peaceful international environment. Even then, there has been numerous instances of politics promoting conflict, such as the activities of the United States in Afghanistan and Iraq, and other instances of fostering international cooperation, for instance the support of developing nations’ agenda for peace and better governance. As a result, it’s only natural to assume that certain impediments to political cooperation exist and that politics has a clear yet complex link to conflict and cooperation.
Exercise 2
In her speech, Eleanor Roosevelt captured why human rights are relevant in the daily life of an individual. I think she brought out a personal and heartfelt appeal to the U and the world to consider what human rights mean to a person instead of thinking about it from a global perspective. Equality, in everyday life, featured heavily in her speech, highlighting a personal desire to see justice in communities despite different political standings. For example, today I feel that women are yet to acquire the same privileges as those available to men. Despite being able contributors to every society, their sacrifices, talents, contributions, and other inputs remain unnoticed. The woman, as an individual, is yet to see her full human rights explored in totality, an issue I would like to see changed in my lifetime.
Exercise 3
“A right enjoyed by Lebanese citizens”
Lebanon is a nation founded and based on parliamentary democratic principles that have been established on the ideas of respect for public liberties, including freedom of expression and belief, social justice, and nondiscriminatory rights and obligations for all people. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is included in the preamble of the Lebanese Constitution.
“A right violated in Lebanon”
Lebanon’s constitution guarantees freedom of expression “within the bounds of the law.” However, under the Lebanese penal code, defamation of public authorities is punished by up to a year in jail. If you insult the president, you face a maximum of two years in jail; but, if you insult religious ceremonies, you face a maximum of three years in prison. Insulting the Lebanese flag or army is punished by up to three years in jail under the military code of justice. If citizens or government officials may be jailed for peacefully criticizing them, this violates Lebanon’s international obligations to guarantee freedom of expression.
“A right denied in Lebanon”
The right to criticize the government seems as one that has been denied in Lebanon. Active participants in any anti-government protests face critical torture and other forms on injustice by the regime’s military and related forces.
Exercise 4
Lebanon’s communal power-sharing allows substantial power to major community pillars.
The public prosecutor holds substantial power of injunction in Lebanon.
Traditional legitimacy is present through the advantages given to traditional leaders in various regions and capacities in governance.
Lebanon uses confessionalism, a style of consociationalism where the highest offices in the country are proportionately set aside for representatives from different religious communities.
Political outcome of the recent violations of human rights has been continued participation by citizens opposed to violations.
Formal institutions such as parliament and the court systems have been involved in misinterpreting the constitution.
Political input has led to changes in the overall political environment producing support and demands for action.
Religious actors in the public sphere have been silent in Lebanon’s struggle for better governance.
Exercise 5a
Identity politics is a departure from traditional broad-based party politics, in which followers of a certain religion, race, social class, or other characteristic form exclusive political alliances.
Nations are large groups of people that share a common heritage, history, culture, and/or language and dwell in the same country or region.
A nation state is a sovereign state in which the majority of its people or subjects share common features, such as language or ancestry, with the country.
5b
Fragmentation is a key trend on the world stage, acting as a counterweight to greater interconnection, and Identity Politics is at the forefront of this movement.
Despite their polar opposing inclinations, both Identity Politics and interdependence are aided and exacerbated by technological progress.
Identity Politics are a danger to an international order based on viable states exercising a monopoly on force.
5c
State – Algeria
A nation state- Germany
Nation without a state- The Kurds
The Country of Chad
The Country of Chad
County Report
Chad is one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world because of its climate, geographic location, and a lack of infrastructure and natural resources. Its main cash crop that is helping its economy is cotton, which accounts for 48% of exports.
1 The industry of Chad is mainly based on processing agricultural products. It is run by a republican government and its legal system is based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law. The recent president is Idriss Deby and head of government is Prime Minister Joseph Yodoyman Chad had gained its independence from France on August 11, 1960. Its national holiday is held on the same day every year.
The geography of Chad is mostly pastures and meadows. Chad is located in
Central Africa and is between the Central African Republic and Libya. The total
Area is 1,259,200 km2, and the land area is 1,259,200 km2.2 the total size in area of Chad is slightly more than three times the size of California. The land boundaries of Chad are; Cameroon (1,094 km), Central African Republic (1,197 km), Libya (1,055 km), Niger (1,175 km), Nigeria (87 km), and Sudan (1,360 km).3 All of these countries total to 5,968 km. Chad is landlocked which has no coastline. It has no marital claims. The disputes between Chad and other countries is that Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north. The year around climate is tropical in the south, and desert in the north. The terrain is broad, arid plains in the center, desert in the north, lowlands in the south and mountains in the northwest. The natural resources are petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, and fish. The land use consists of arable land (2%), permanent crops (0%), meadows and pastures (36%), forest and woodland (11%), and other (51%).4 the irrigated land used is 100km2. Its environment is hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in the north, drought and desertification affecting much of the south, and subject to plagues of locusts.
The people of Chad rely on agriculture for survival. The total population is 5,350,971 people. The growth rate of the population is 2.13%. The birth rate is
42.21 births / 1,000 population. The death rate is 20.93 deaths / 1,000 population. The migration rate is 0% migrants / 1,000 population. Chad’s death at infancy is at a great risk at 134 deaths / 1,000 live births. For infants the expectancy rate at birth is 40.41 years. The rate for males is 39.36 years and the rate for females is 41.5 years. Total fertility rate is 5.33 children born/women. The people of Chad are Chadian in nationality. The ethnic divisions in the north are Muslim (Arabs. Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba). In the south are non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, and Massa). The religions of Chad are Muslim (44%), Christian (33%), indigenous beliefs, and animism (23%). The common spoken languages in Chad are Sara (spoken in south), Sango (spoken in north). The official languages of Chad are French and Arabic. There are over 100 different languages and dialects spoken in Chad. The literacy rate is at age 15 and over people can read and write French or Arabic. The total population of literacy is 30%. 42% for males and 18% for females.
Chad has a republican government. The capital of Chad is N’djamena. It’s
administrative divisions are 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular – prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, and Tandjile. Chad had gained its independence on August 11, 1960, from France. They had gained their constitution on December 22, 1989. Chad’s legal system is based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law, it has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. The national holiday is held on the 11th of August. The political parties and leaders of Chad are the Patriotic Salvation Movement, Idriss Deby, and chairman. There are no other political party or pressure groups. Elections were last held on July 8, 1990 and disbanded on December 3, 1990. The Executive branch in Chad’s government consists of the president and the Council of State (cabinet). The Legislative branch consists of unicameral National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) but was replaced by the Provisional Council of the Republic, with 30 members appointed by President Deby on March 8, 1991. The Judicial branch consists of the Court of Appeal. The Chief of State leader is Col. Idress Deby since December 4, 1990 and the Head of Government is Prime Minister Joseph Yodoyman since August 1992. Chad is a member of ASST, ACP, AFDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IRBD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, and WTO.
Chad’s flag has three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a national cost of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France.
An overview of Chad’s economy; the climate and geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural resources make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world. Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict with Libya, drought and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level, with cotton the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle.5 Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the Doba basin in the south. Good crop weather led to 8.4% growth in 1991. The GDP exchange rate conversion is $1.1 billion. The national product per capita is $215. Inflation rate is 2%-3%. The budget revenues are $115 million, expenditures are $412 million, including capital expenditures of $218 million. Exports are $193.9 million, commodities are; cotton 48%, cattle 35%, and textiles 5%.6 their partners are France, United States, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Their imports are $294.1 million and its commodities are; machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum products 13%, and foodstuffs 9%. Its partners are France, United States, Cameroon, and Nigeria. Chad’s external debt is $492 million. The industrial production in growth rate is
12.9%, which accounts for nearly 15% of GDP. The electricity rate is 40,000 kW
Capacity in which 70 million kWh is produced, 15 kWh per capita. Industries in Chad are cotton textile mills, slaughter houses, brewery, natron, soap, and cigarettes. Chad’s currency is 1 CFA franc = 100 centimes.7
The economy of Chad has very low standards. The exchange rates are communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF per US $1 – 274.06 in January 1993, 264.69 in 1992, 282.11 in 1991, 272.26 in 1990, 319.01 in 1989, and 297.85 in 1988.8 Chad’s fiscal year is a calendar year.
The highways in Chad total to 31,322 km, 32 km bituminous, and 7,300 km gravel and laterite, and the remainder is unimproved earth.9 Inland waterways are 2,000 km navigable. Airports total to 69. The usable airports total to 55. Permanent-surface runways total to 5 airports. The telecommunications department in Chad is a fair system of radio communication stations for intercity links; broadcast stations -6am, 1fm, limited television service; many facilities are inoperative; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station.
Chad’s defense forces consist of the branches, manpower, and defense expenditures. In the branches there is the Army and the Republican Guard. In the manpower availability males age from 15 to 49, total count is 1,246,617; fit for military service 647,908; reach military age is 20 and annually 52,870.10 In defense expenditures the exchange rate conversion is $58 million and 5.6% of GDP.