Recent orders
History of Pandemics
Name:Professor:
Course:
Date:
History of Pandemics
Pandemics have been a part of human history for thousands of years. Most recently, the 2019 novel coronavirus has spread across the world, bringing to mind other pandemics in the history of humankind. A pandemic is defined as a disease that spreads through multiple countries across the world. Pandemics typically claim millions of lives, and they can only be stopped when a cure of vaccine is found. COVID-19 has already claimed more than 100,000 lives since it first appeared in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The disease has also infected more than a million people, leading to concerns in how far the virus will spread. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March of 2020, and a vaccine for the novel virus is yet to be found. Some of the most severe pandemics in human history include HIV/AIDS, several flu pandemics as well as the bubonic plague.
The HIV/AIDS appeared in the late twentieth century in Africa and spread to the rest of the world over the next decades. The pandemic has since killed more than 38 million people since 1980 (Byrne 71). The disease also infected tens of millions of people, and currently, people infected with the virus can lead healthy lives. There is a treatment for the virus, and there is public awareness on the spread which has controlled the spread of HIV/AIDS.
There have been several influenza pandemics over the years, each claiming millions of lives. In 1968, a new strain of the H2N2 influenza virus appeared in Hong Kong and quickly spread to other countries within three months. The 1968 flu pandemic had a relatively low death rate of 0.5%, claiming more than a million lives worldwide, but Hong Kong as hard hit by the break out with about 500,000 deaths. The 1918 flu pandemic, popularly known as the Spanish flu, claimed between twenty and fifty million lives worldwide (Barro et al 38). Unlike other flu outbreaks, the 1918 flu pandemic claimed the lives of healthy people, while the others typically attacked the elderly and immunocompromised. The Asian flu pandemic that struck between 1956 and 1958 started in China and spread to other parts of the world. Over the two years, more than two million people lost their lives to the virus.
The bubonic plague, famously known as the Black Death, is one of the most horrific pandemics in human history. Asia, Europe, and Africa fell victim to the deadly plague between 1346 and 1353, leaving a death toll of 75-200 million (McMichael 108). The plague was suspected to spread through rats and fleas. Merchant ships transporting goods from one continent and city to another facilitated the spread of the plague across countries as they docked in various parts across the world.
The world is no stranger to pandemics, and the recent 2019 novel coronavirus is a reminder of how fast a disease can spread across the world, leaving death and devastation in its wake. Pandemics usually infect millions of people and claim the lives of some of those infected. Aside from the health effects of the pandemics, they also bring economic problems, and countries shut down almost all activities. For a pandemic to be brought under control, there needs to be some treatment or vaccine to control its spread. One point of comfort in recent times is that with all the advancements in science and technology, it takes shorter periods to find vaccines and cures for new diseases.
Works Cited
Barro, Robert J., José F. Ursúa, and Joanna Weng. The coronavirus and the great influenza pandemic: Lessons from the “spanish flu” for the coronavirus’s potential effects on mortality and economic activity. No. w26866. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020.
Byrne, Joseph Patrick, ed. Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues. Greenwood Press, 2008.
McMichael, Anthony J. “Paleoclimate and bubonic plague: a forewarning of future risk?.” BMC biology 8.1 (2010): 108.
Ethical Issues in the Workplace
Ethical Issues in the Workplace
Name
Institution Affiliation
Course
Date
Case 1
Although publicized as the “Enron informant” Sherron Watkins never truly blew a whistle. Whistle-blowing is a part or past part of an association who has confirmation of unlawful or corrupt conduct in the corporation or company, or conduct in the company that is not in people general interest. Whistle-blowing uncovers data that would not be customarily uncovered in regular connection. In nearly every case, whistle blowing includes a genuine or in any event a proclaimed proposition to avert something awful that would overall happen. Watkins kept in touch with it to Ken Lay, expressing “We’re such a slanted organization” and cautioned him of potential informants hiding among them, and proposed activities to downplay, or minimize the effects. The ethical issue is failing to follow the correct accounting standards or obligation.
Standard Theory, whistle-blowing is admissible when the organization will do grave damage; the informant has reported the risk to her bosses yet surfaces that it won’t be settled, and the informant has depleted other inside reporting systems (Baase, 2008). Moreover, whistle blowing is obliged when there is persuading proof to an unbiased witness, and a great motivation to think uncovering the danger will keep the mischief at sensible expense. Complicity Theory, whistle-blowing is ethically obliged when the data infers from the people work at the company and not acquired through unlawful means, for example, spying. That the individual is a wilful member of the company and is not being held without his/her will or forced. The individual accepts there is no wrong action, harm, or mischief.
The individual accepts their work will help or somehow be helpful to the ethical wrong on the off chance that they do not open up to the public domain.
Sharon Watkins, was confirmed accountant, knew the data was harming, both hurtful and ethically wrong, to financial specialists, stockholders, and workers apparently equivalent. Did she educate her manager CEO Ken Lay of saw irregularities in the accounting practices (Thorne, 2010). Subsequently, inside the setting of both hypotheses, she was legitimized to caution outside approval.
To who did Sherron Watkins owe dependability? She contends that the worker does not have a commitment of reliability to an organization, and that whistle-blowing is admissible, particularly when an organization is hurting society. Furthermore, since Sherron Watkins was a part of an expert company as a Certified Public Accountant, she was needed by their expert code of morals to report dishonest conduct from her kindred experts to direct their calling; subsequently she owed reliability to the general population, her calling and herself.
Case 2
Yes I consider that I did something wrong this morning in the meeting and that I was supposed to excuse myself and pick the clients call rather than leaving him hanging. It is consider unethical when an individual cell phone gets the attention of the other people in the meeting for example it rings and distracts the people in the meeting or leads to impromptu mobility of the phone owner. When the mobility of the owner distracts the other people in the meeting. There are various policies that an organization can come up with in order to curb the use of smartphones in meeting, the following are the examples of such policies:
Users of smartphones in a meeting should keep their phone silent not to distract meeting members
The users should also ensure that their smartphone does not distract the people in a meeting such as their movements to pick calls or reply to emails
The rules should be similar to the in-house meetings so that the employees are able to learn to use the devise when it comes to outdoor meeting. I could have excused myself and handle the issue of the client. I will apologize to the boss and inform him that I will not repeat that issue once again, but also suggest that in such situations the policy should offer exemptions.
References
Baase, S. (2008). A gift of fire: Social, legal, and ethical issues for computing and the Internet. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Shaw, W. H., Barry, V. E., & Panagiotou, S. (2010). Moral issues in business. Canada: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Thorne, L. (2010). The association between ethical conflict and adverse outcomes. Journal of business ethics, 92(2), 269-276.
history of new york city
Name
Professor
Course
Date
Outline
The tension between the rights of speech and public assembly and the need for order in the expanding of the 19th century city. 1
Evaluate the Dutch legacy in New York City through the 19th century. 2
Is geography destiny 3
Evaluation of the statement 4
History of the city of New York
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the tension between the rights of speech and public assembly and the need for order in the expanding of the 19th century city. The paper will secondly evaluate the social aspects of the Dutch legacy in New York City through the 19th century. Thirdly, the paper will discuss on whether I support the saying that states geography is destiny. The paper will finally evaluate the statement provided in the fourth question.
1. The tension between the rights of speech and public assembly and the need for order in the expanding of the 19th century city.
New York is one of the states in the United States that was formed due to the settlements of immigrants from different parts of the world. At this time, the state was under British law making the British kingdom have jurisdiction over the people of New York. New York thus had a national assembly that was responsible for making laws that were reflective of their colonial masters. After the state grew into its own, its citizens sort to acquire independence as to become a sovereign state. This had proved to be impossible due to the lack of freedom of speech at the time.
The city had become crowded due to the spiraling number of immigrants. This caused friction between the national assembly and the community. This led to the protests of the people demanding for the expansion of the state so as to accommodate new immigrants.
The birth rate had increased due to the improvement in the economy. The population was as a result affected by this phenomenon. This made the members of the community demand for the expansion of the state so as to accommodate the rising population.
The city had different immigrants from different parts of the globe. This made the state more attractive to outsiders. The inflow of immigrants consisted of families that were starting a new life. The public was beginning to recognize their power over the state. This encouraged them to rally for the incorporation of new towns into the city (Foley, p. 210).
2. Evaluate the Dutch legacy in New York City through the 19th century.
As stated earlier, the Dutch ruled the city of New York for a considerable amount of time. The first Dutch settlers formed their base at fort orange which is currently known as Albany. The state was under the Dutch rule for over half a century. This rule was however, cut short when the Dutch lost their authority to the British settlers. The presence of the Dutch influenced the lifestyle of the city in all aspects of life. This influence was the result of the legacy that the Dutch left after they exited from New York.
The Dutch’s social influenced the city can be seen through the portrayal of their culture to date. On their migration, the Dutch brought about their language, churches, dressing styles and forms of architecture. The Dutch were predominantly Protestants who followed the reformed church. They encouraged freedom of worship giving other religions such as Jews and Catholics freedom of worship. This factor made New Amsterdam (New York) more attractive thus making it the melting pot of the world. This influence can be viewed in the present buildings which display significant ideas used in the real estate industry, places of worship and dress codes during cultural festivals.
The Dutch played a significant role in the development of cities such as Manhattan and New Jersey. This was seen through the creation of businesses that were run by Dutch merchants. The economic influence resulted in the growth of some of New York City’s industries which to date continue to be successful. The improvement of the economy increased the rate of the GDP of the city making it one of the most productive states in the world.
The political influence of the Dutch can be seen in the large republican settlement in present New York. The Dutch were opposed to the reformist lifestyle; this way of life distanced them from the democratic and liberal parties. The representation of the Dutch in public offices can be seen in the voting patterns in some of the predominant Dutch towns (Panetta, p. 345).
3. Is geography destiny
The statement geography is destiny implies that the settlement of a particular community in an area determines the future of the area. I agree in this statement due to the observation of several immigration encounters that shaped the United States as a whole. The United States is founded through the immigration of Dutch, the English, the French, former slaves and the Native Americans. All these communities ended up in the United States due to its geographic composition.
The political factor that indicates this can be seen in the political arrangement of the country. When the English migrated to the country, they brought with them their political system that constituted of the national assembly, judiciary and democratic leadership. These policies have gone through a number of changes. Despite this, they still owe their existence to the settlers who influenced the dynamics of the area. The legacy of the Dutch saw the adaptation of a variety of social aspects that are practiced in the city till present day. The introduction of new religions, music and food is owed to the different geographical settlements in the country. The country was therefore, destined to adopt the new cultural practices making them part of their life. The United States has the most successful economy presently. This can be credited to the formation of different industries due to the immigration of different settlers. The geographical composition of the country was essential because it shapes the arrangement and organization of a new city (Stewart, p. 134).
4. “If you’ll try to be somebody, and grow up into a respectable member of society, you will.” Evaluate this statement through the end of the 19th century in New York City.
New York has been described as the state in which all dreams can be made true. This is owed to the number of opportunities that come with residing in the state. Some people have been blessed with resources that enabled them to succeed in this tough society. This is however, not the case for some of the different social groups that are viewed as the minority (Foley, p. 210).
Race is one of the biggest issues that the country continues to face. America was founded from different races and ethnicities. This is credited to the high level of migration that took place during its foundation. The availability of different races caused social factors such as discrimination against minority races. Over the years, this has become a barrier for minority races in terms of development. This has further made them vulnerable in that they do not have the same opportunities as some of their counterparts. Despite this, the country has produced outstanding citizens who have been victims of racism in the past and present America. This is an indication that there are no amounts of barriers that can prevent an individual from succeeding.
Gender can be described as the state of being male or female. Females are known to be the weaker sex exposing them to discrimination by the society. Women have made tremendous results in the demand of equal treatment due to the formation of feminist movements, equal education and economic empowerment. This as a result has seen the country usher in a new generation of successful females who view the sky as the limit.
Class can be defined as the social status in which an individual is categorized. The society is classified into different classes. This is attributed to the population’s level of economic empowerment. Members of the under privileged class have a harder time achieving their goals because of the lack of economic resources. This however, has not stopped most of the members of the society who were not born with a silver spoon. This can be seen by examples of successful citizens who showed the world that hard work bears fruit.
Works cited
Foley, Janet W. Early Settlers of New York State: Their Ancestors and Descendants. Baltimore, Md: Genealogical Pub. Co, 2003. Print.
Panetta, Roger G. Dutch New York: The Roots of Hudson Valley Culture. Yonkers: Hudson River Museum/Fordham University Press, 2009. Print.
Stewart, Mark. New York History. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2003. Print.