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Archaic lore in modern stories.
Archaic lore in modern stories
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Archaic lore in modern stories.In the story ”The Dead” by James Joyce has signified, deepened and mythologized by her careful consideration of ancient myths, significance dates, traditions, and allusions from the past. The technique is deliberately used to incorporate old lore to signify a modern way. In the story “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter’’ by D.H Lawrence depicts departing individuals from their current state of life. Lawrence gives little information regarding their life as a Horse Dealer family at Oldmeadow where the story explores transition, loss, and change as the central themes.
In the story “The Dead,” Joyce uses archaic lore from three different traditions which are put in a way that they structure the story as well as signifying the story. Traditions used include the Christian tradition. The date of the story is January 6, which is the feast of the Epiphany. The feast of epiphany is portrayed to celebrate the awe-full experience of the magi as well as carrying the themes of life-changing awareness, the dead of those who are old as well as the birth of the new.Also after seeing the reality behind the surface. Also, the angel Gabriel is more connected to the event in the Christian tradition. As portrayed in the story, on the twelfth night which was the beginning of the carnival season is connected to an array of themes. The selection of the fool of carnival portrays the idea of masks, alternative identities and masquerade which is a celebration as the prelude to a dark and somber time. ( page 37)
Furthermore, in The Dead, Joyce portrays Irish lore which includes music and myth. The traditional song “the old Irish tonality” is based on a music story which is much older than the tempered scales of the typical practice period. In the story, the lass of Aughrim is significant in its contrast to the rest of the music. It is as well substantial for its intense personal connection to Gretta. ‘‘Da Derga’s Hostel’’ is one of the most significance tales from the Irish mythological cycle. It concerns with the fated and karmic death of the king Conaire. In the myth, Conaire is given a warning that in case he broke any of the proscriptions placed in him without regarding whether he breaks them deliberately or he breaks them accidentally, the forces of the universe will align against him when he cuts, and Conaire will be sent to the realm of the dead.
Moreover, the story “The Dead” portrays the Greco-Roman triple Goddesses. The most important aspect of the archaic lore in the story is the appearance of the Greco-Roman Triple who is a guest. The story has invested the trios on the females where their characteristics and their powers are ascribed to the triple Goddesses in the Greco-Roman tradition. The most significant three manifestations where the three graces which are known as the Greek Mythology as the “Charites” are Algeria which means splendor, Euphrosyne which implies festivity also Thalia which means rejoicing. According to the Greek myth, the graces were associated with parting, festivity as well as having fun. In the story, the three manifestations are portrayed as something which has a parody.
In the story “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter” by D.H Lawrence is a controversial work that explores human nature in a way that it explicit sexual descriptions as well as intense physical dialogue. The story reflects the profound experiences experienced by Lawrence of growing in a radical and industrial England. The first world war had as well a significant repercussion on Lawrence where much of his work he uses a continuous symbolic cycle of life as well as death to show how new life can be given to persons as well as societies of the verge of despair. In the story, Lawrence is much specific on the redemption of traditional English culture through a love relationship amongst the town doctor and a girl whom he rescues from committing suicide. Lawrence abandons the romantic style which such a story would much embrace by illuminating the much conflicting emotions of the two characters. Lawrence suggests that the much want to be felt by both the participants who needed to be loved drives their actions by much extent in the story. He argues that the universal need beloved as many times confused when their emotions and expectations collided. In contrast, when the feelings are reconciled and solved in this world, the female assumes the dominant role as well as expresses her desire for love. On the other hand, the male submissively fulfills the female’s want of love expectations.
In the story, Lawrence portrays the theme of doubt, reliance, connection, security, escape as well as desperation. At the beginning of the story, the narrator reveals the uncertainty as a theme where Mabel who 27 years old in a family of four was unaware that her father was dead. Her life remains in doubt even after her brothers organizing their lives after their father’s death. Also, the theme of connection is portrayed in the story. Mabel tends to move to her mother’s grave in which the reader gets a sense of the relationship between the mother and Mabel. Mabel is seen cleaning her mother’s grave suggesting a secure connection between them. ( page 73)
Furthermore, there is also symbolism which is essential to the story. Lawrence argues the water in the pond as dead and Mabel want to drown herself in it is a symbol that Lawrence is using to symbolize death. In addition to using symbolism, Lawrence uses a lot of animal imagery in the story “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter” particularly when describing Mabel’s mother. Joe in the story watches the draught horses as they were led out in the yard by a groom and felt like the horses are almost like his own body. The act of comparing the horse to the body of Joe as well as having them led by the groom and following him suggests that Joe as well will end up following someone. In that connection, Joe is marrying a woman whose father will be able to look after him.
At the end of the story, Mabel marries Jack most likely not out of love but rather to escape from the possibility of poverty that had stricken her life after the death of her father. This is in that there is no point in the story when Mabel tells Jack that he loves him but instead wanted a security of her life. The pattern used in archaic lore is a traditional pattern in which both stories sited in a conventional point of view. Lawrence in his story reveals how females were traditionally seen as powerless especially in love. Mabel gets married to Jack by not considering love but just to have the security of life. In the story, ‘The Dead” by Joyce reveals Christian tradition where there was the Feast of Epiphany which is celebrated regarding the awe-full experience of the Magi.
The archaic lore in both stories aids in installing knowledge to the reader as well as experience. Also, archaic lore enables the readers to understand the story more and also predict what will happen next in the story.
References.
Lawrence, David Herbert. The Horse-Dealer’s Daughter. Booklassic, 2015.
McCabe, Thomas H. “Rhythm as Form in Lawrence:” The Horse Dealer’s Daughter”.” Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (1972): 64-68.
Kelleher, John V. “Irish History and Mythology in James Joyce’s ‘The Dead’.” The Review of Politics 27.3 (1965): 414-433.
Joyce, James. The Dead and Other Stories: A Broadview Anthology of British Literature Edition. Broadview Press, 2014.
History of native Indian Americans
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History of native Indian Americans
Introduction
The history of native Indian Americans is quite complex. There has always been the question as to where they originated, whether they were from Siberia, Beringia, Phoenicia, Alaska or even from al of these parts. However, it is known that they were some of the first people to inhabit America making them the first horticulturalists and environmentalists. They were also known to be excellent fishermen, big-game hunters and agriculturalists. Initially harvesting wild vegetation, they progressively developed hybrids in an effort to increase the productivity. Within no time, beans, squash and maize were key agricultural products.
Supporting more than fifteen percent of the total world’s population today, India is second to China in terms of total population. According to India’s constitution, the country is sovereign, secular, socialist and a democratic republic. While it is run by a federal government, its central government wields more power as far as its states are concerned. India incorporates a rich history where it has in the course of history been invaded from Iranian plateau, Arabia, Central Asia, Afghanistan as well as the West, with its culture and people absorbing and customizing these influences thereby coming up with remarkable cultural and racial synthesis (Moraes 1).
Like numerous other countries, the political and social organization of India has been determined primarily by language, caste and religion. The initial steps towards self-government were taken in late 1800s, with the country becoming a republic in mid 1900’s. Since then, it has undergone a lot of transformation both internal and external; transformations that have deeply shaped not only its course but also that of other nations.
It is important to acknowledge that, the fundamentals of its foreign policy were put in place during the freedom movement. The philosophy of its foreign policy has been based on being friendly to every other nation, use of peaceful means to resolve conflicts, the belief that every other nation is sovereign, and freedom of action as shown in the philosophy of non-alignment. It has also been based on equity in conducting any activities pertaining to international relations.
With such a foundation, it is therefore no wonder that after attaining independence in 1947 through long-drawn-out struggle, all the bitterness of the past conflicts was relegated to the periphery setting the pace for an entirely new era of friendship and peace. It forged a friendship with its former colonizer Britain therefore creating the impression that it did not have any inherited conflicts or problems with other countries (Thakur 2). It had succeeded in attaining peace via peaceful means, which set the country to the family of free states, without any enmities or unresolved hatred, territorial or otherwise. The country has always been determined to have cooperative and friendly relation with every state. Its aim has been promoting social and economic progress without being embroiled in national and international conflicts. Nevertheless, it is some of its actions that have triggered or at least shaped foreign affairs albeit by default, even when it was not meant to be the case.
In May 1998, India carried out nuclear tests that shook the unsuspecting world. Since time immemorial, India had persistently questioned the reason as to why the five nuclear powers (Russia, United States, France, United Kingdom and China) had not followed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty of 1970 and gotten rid of their nuclear weapons. Even after having shown its nuclear capability in 1974, the country had not tested it for over two decades. Its decision makers had made it clear that no nuclear tests would be carried out until the completion of a comprehensive strategic review on the security concerns, as well as the best way of coping with them. In this case, when the explosions were seen in Rajasthan Desert, corresponding explosions were set off in various capitals of the world. This was due to its prompting of Pakistan to test its nuclear bombs 2 weeks later. This attracted a lot of criticism from pundits, academics, foreign diplomats and policymakers who insinuated that declaring Pakistan and India as nuclear powers would encourage other countries to acquire these weapons therefore unraveling the basis of weapon non-proliferation. This could drive the continent into nuclear war.
The condemnations directed at the country however overlooked the reason behind the tests. The tests were driven by the country’s fear as to the enduring threat that was posed by Pakistan and China, as well as bureaucratic pressures that emanated from the country’s scientific-technological complex. While the world did not pay much attention to these concerns, there is evidence as to the assistance advanced to Pakistan from China in the 1990’s more so in design of nuclear weapons as well as ballistic missile technology. This converted Pakistan into a fundamental strategic surrogate of China in the South Asia. While many may view the tests as a preparation for a nuclear aggression, subsequent statements and doctrines have explicitly undermined the fact that India views this arsenal as a deterrent and not instruments of war.
Essentially, the main role of a nuclear arsenal is to shield the country from any prospective coercion or nuclear blackmail from Pakistan or China. India has clearly renounced the use of nuclear arsenal as a first option and demonstrated its disinterest in using its nuclear arsenal in pursuit of political or territorial expansion, but rather to deter any would-be blackmailer or attacker. While the likelihood of nuclear confrontation between Pakistan and India remain small, the weaponisation and the response of Pakistani have generated more stability-instability paradox. Having in mind the fact that none of them would be likely to use these weapons on the other, both countries live under perpetual temptation of making temporary and limited incursions in peripheral areas. This was witnessed in 1999, when the Pakistani troops crossed the boundary (Line of Control) in Kashmir holding onto the territory for over a month.
While the nuclear tests were widely condemned, it came as a surprise when America supplied civilian nuclear technology to India in July 2005. There were arguments to the effect that the act would be tantamount to rewarding criminality or irresponsible behavior. There were predictions that it would encourage more proliferation from countries like Iran, Brazil, North Korea and Pakistan and even prop sales from other suppliers like Russia, France and China to likely proliferators. However, this relationship between US and India continued thawing more so during Bush administration. While there may have been an improvement in the bilateral relationship between US and India, sanctions imposed still remained in place. It is due to India’s non aggression characteristic that the US wanted improved relations with an increasingly assertive and rapidly growing regional power.
India has always held onto the view that the neighborhood concept is an ever-expanding circle with cultural and historical commonalities as the central axis. This view has always guided its relations with the South East Asia. For example, in 1947, this country organized Asia Relations conference while in 1954, it chaired International Control Commission, and played a major role in organizing Bandung Conference the following year. India has been executing the “Look East” policy, underlined by crucial economic considerations. Significant steps have been made in pursuing this policy with the country being admitted as a member of ASEAN regional forum and Full-dialogue Partner of the same organization in 1996 (Varshney 2).
A vibrant foreign policy is characterized by its responsive capacity to differing developments. After the Soviet Union broke up, Central Asian Republics emerged. As a result of the economic and strategic importance of the region, India was quick to solidify the bilateral relations it has with each of the republics. With countries in East and Central Europe shifting to market oriented structures and political pluralism, India has been building on the existing institutional and business linkages in an effort to strengthen ties with these countries.
India’s foreign policy has always been founded on improving relations with its neighbors. It is therefore no wonder that India played a distinctive and historic role in liberating Bangladesh, which became a sovereign state in 1971. By implementing the 1974 and 1964 Agreements, issues pertaining to stateless people in Sri Lanka were resolved. India also assisted Maldives in deterring armed mercenaries from taking over the country in 1988 thereby helping in the preservation of the country’s integrity.
India has gained international recognition for taking concerted efforts in strengthening ties with its neighbors. The initiatives have five principles as their basis. With neighbors such as Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan and Bangladesh, India would not be aiming at reciprocity but rather does everything in trust and good faith. At no time should any country in the South Asia allow its territory used against another country in the region’s interests. It acknowledges that none of them should interfere with another country’s internal affairs.
In addition, all the countries in South Asia should respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of one another. Finally, it acknowledges that all disputes amongst them should be settled via peaceful negotiations. The canons played a very critical role in strengthening relations. Testament to this is the signing of a treaty with Bangladesh as to sharing of Ganga waters. There has also been a lot of advancement in key projects for economic partnership with Nepal and Bhutan while improved relationship has been noted with Sri Lanka. While there may be a strained relationship between India and Pakistan, India continues to pursue policies that would improve the relations under similar agreement that was signed by both countries in 1972. This agreement provided for bilateral and peaceful resolution of any outstanding issues and establishment of long-lasting peace in the continent.
In the 90’s, the economic problems facing India and the breakdown of bi-polar political system made it necessary for New Delhi to examine its foreign policy thereby lead to adjustment of foreign relations. The previous polices were inadequate in coping with the severe international and domestic problems it was facing. India lost quite a bit of international leverage after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Domestic economic and political influences, pragmatic security and economic considerations reinforced India’s dependency on the US abandonment of its anti- Israeli policies in Middle East. It also aligned itself with Central Asian states as well as newly industrializing republics in Southeast and East Asia.
Conclusion
India’s affairs have had profound effects not only in its foreign affairs but also those of other nations. It is notable however that, its policy or non alignment and non interference with any other country’s internal affairs has endeared it to quite a number of states. It is worth noting that even with the strained relationship between India and Pakistan, there have been no serious conflicts and it continues pursuing an improvement of relations between the two.
Works Cited
Moraes, Frank. “Succession and Division in India”. Foreign Affairs. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.
Thakur, Ramesh. “India in the World: Neither Rich, Powerful, nor Principled”. Foreign Affairs. 14 July 1997. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.
Varshney, Ashutosh. “India’s Democratic Challenge”. Foreign Affairs. 6 April 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.
Arab human development report
Arab human development report
Explain the concept between human security, human development and the relationship between the two
Human security is the observation of the safety of the inhabitants of a community. Human security is separate from state security in that it involves protection of the people by ensuring that all their needs are met. Human development on the other hand can be described as the creation of an environment that promotes the viability of a community. This can be seen in terms of available opportunities and resources that are important for the development of an individual.
Both human development and human security are interrelated in that one factor affects the other. For a community to be able to be productive there needs to be stability in terms of security that is provided by the state. This means that the success of the individuals is reflective on the willingness and the encouragement of the state authorities in terms of the provision opportunities. Giving members of the state opportunities improves the human security in a state. If a country has a record of consistent human security, the rate of human development is likely to increase. Human development is enabled by the productive environment which is the direct result of human security. One of the issues the Arab countries are facing is lack of human security in the country. If this is not rectified, it could lead to the slow human development which is essential for the viability of an economy.
Both human security and human development are important for the success of any country. The two factors affect each other in that they work hand in hand. It is thus essential for the state to ensure that both factors are observed.
Summarize one out of the seven threats towards Arab human security analyze the cause of the threat and propose possible solutions
There are many issues that the Arab human security is faced with at the moment. The country is thus tasked with the responsibility of identifying the issues and improving on the situation. Some of the problems have proved to be more strenuous in that their existence poses a big threat to the human security and therefore needs to be looked into.
The threat that the Arab human security faces is the continued increase of the lack of human security in the states. As stated earlier, human security involves the creation of development opportunities for the citizens so that they can maximize on them and develop the community as a whole. Most of the problems that the citizens have been faced with are the lack of employment, proper basic facilities, insecurity and inadequate resources.
These factors are important for the success of any community in that they make up the opportunities. Most of the individuals in the Arab states have complained of the lack of support from the government in terms of the provision of the basic opportunities. The fact that the government is more concerned with the state security makes it difficult for the human security to be addressed. If the population increases to record high rates of unemployment, insecurity too mention but a few, there will be no room for individual development. This in turn will affect the productivity of the country. A country that is not productive continues to register poor results in terms of living standards.
In conclusion, the Arab human security is a sensitive issue in member states. Most of these factors are brought about by the lack of the motivation in the part of the state government. The authorities have to priorities in terms of what is important for the human security so as to enable the success of the community.