Recent orders
Polarimetric Analysis of Carbohydrates
Polarimetric Analysis of Carbohydrates
Name of Student
Date of Submission
Polarimetric Analysis of Carbohydrates
Results
1.
Deionized Water Readings
1 -10
2 -10
3 -10
4 -10
5 -10
Average DI water reading = 10
Corrected values for glucose concentration DI Rotation Observed Rotation Concentration
1 -10 3.35 13.35 0.1267
2 -10 3.30 13.30 0.1262
3 -10 3.35 13.35 0.1267
4 -10 3.45 13.45 0.1276
5 -10 3.35 13.35 0.1267
Formula for Specific Rotation
[a]=a (observed) /c * l
Where;
A (observed) = Observed rotation in degrees
[a] = Specific rotation in degrees
C = Concentration in g/ml
L = Path length in dm
To find concentration, the equation changes to
C = a (observed)/ l * [a]
=13.35 / 2 * 52.7
0.1267
C = a (observed)/l * [a]
=13.30/2 * 52.7
0.1262
C = a (observed)/l*[a]
=13.45/2 *52.7
0.1276
2. Identification of an Unknown
Carbohydrate Unknown D Readings
observed Rotation
1 -8.85 18.85
2 -8.90 18.90
3 -8.95 18.95
4 -8.85 18.85
5 -8.90 18.90
Mass of solute= 4.9809
Total volume = 50.015
Concentration = mass/volume
Concentration = 4.9809/50.015
Concentration = 0.09959
Specific Rotation [a] = a (observed)/(c * l)
[a] = 18.85 /(0.09959 * 2)
= 18.85/ 0.1992
=94.63
The unknown carbohydrate has a specific rotation of 94.63. The nearest carbohydrate with the specific rotation is L-arabinose with a specific rotation of 104.5
Error = (Actual specific Rotation –Calculated specific Rotation)/ Actual specific rotation
Error = (104.5-94.63)/104.5
Error = 0.0944
%Error = Error * 100
%Error = 0.0944 * 100
% Error = 9.44%
Readings Observed Rotation
0 minute Solutions Readings
AVERAGE = 3.56 6.55 3.45
6.45 3.55
6.40 3.60
6.45 3.55
6.35 3.65
15 Minute Solution Reading AVERAGE= 5.86 4.10 5.9
4.15 5.85
4.20 5.8
4.10 5.9
4.15 5.85
30 minute Solution Reading AVERAGE= 9.57 0.00 10
0.45 9.55
0.70 9.3
0.60 9.5
0.50 9.50
-3.10 13.10
-3.05 13.05
-3.10 13.10
-3.10 13.10
-3.00 13.00
-3.70 13.70
-3.70 13.70
-3.70 13.70
-3.90 13.90
-3.75 13.75
AVERAGE Observed Rotation 60 minutes = 13.75
AVERAGE Observed Rotation 45 minutes = 13.11
Time in minutes Average Observed Rotation
0 3.56
15 5.86
30 9.57
45 13.11
60 13.75
The graph above is graph of the average observed rotation as a function of hydrolysis time. It is a straight line graph which cuts the Y-axis at the point 3.16
10. Sucrose + water = Glucose + Fructose
X = (6.65(d) – A (observed))/0.872(d)
But d = 2 dm
For the 5 observed rotation values
O minutes observed rotation = 3.56
X = {(6.65 * 2) – 3.56}/0.872 *2
X = 5.59g
15 minutes observed rotation = 5.86
X = {(6.65*2) – 5.86}/1.7441
X= 4.25g
30 minutes observed rotation = 9.57
X = {(6.65*2) – 9.57}/1.744
X = 2.13g
45 minutes observed rotation = 13.11
X = {(6.65*2)-13.11}/1.744
X = 0.11g
60 minutes observed rotation = 13.75
X= {(6.65*2)-13.75}/1.744
X=-0.24g which is approximately zero.
11. Percentage hydrolysis
%hydrolysis = X (100)/10
%Hydrolysis=X (10)
For O minutes = 5.59 * 10
=55.9%
For 15 minutes = 4.25* 10
=42.5%
For 30 minutes= 2.13*10
=21.3%
For 45 minutes= 0.11*10
1.1%
For 60 minutes = 0*100
0%
Discussion
Polarimetry is an effective tool used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Due to the similarity in the physical properties of most enantiomers, polarimetry is the best method since it measures a quantity called optical activity. Examples of physical properties which are similar are; melting point, boiling point and the refractive index. In measuring optical activity, the sample rotates the plane of polarization of a polarized light beam through. Because plane polarized light is affected differently by enantiomers, it becomes a very useful tool to quantify the amount of an enantiomer or enantiomers present in a sample. Hence, polarimetry is an effective tool for both the qualitative and quantitative aspects. In addition to that, it can be effectively used to measure optical purity. Today it is used widely in quality control and process operations especially in the pharmaceutical industry, food and industrial chemistry. The optical purity of a product is determined by measuring the specific rotation of compounds like the amino acids and antibiotics (Pomeranz and Meloan, 1994).
The graph of the catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose is non-linear. This is because the resulting mixture between glucose and fructose is slightly levorotatory. Levorotatory glucose has a greater, molar rotation than dextrorotatory glucose. It is not straight since the glucose is used up while the glucose fructose mixture is formed. Consequently, the angle of rotation becomes significantly smaller and smaller. Finally the light will be rotated to the left. Since the reaction is in pure water, it proceeds at a very slow pace (Edye and Richards, 1991).
References
Edye, L. A., Meehan, G. V., & Richards, G. N. (1991). Platinum catalysed oxidation of sucrose.
Pomeranz, Y., & Meloan, C. E. (1994). Refractometry and polarimetry. In Food analysis (pp. 430-448). Springer US.
Ethical Analysis
Name:
Professor:
Course:
Date:
“Ethical Analysis”
Is there an ethical dilemma?
From an independent point of view, there is an ethical dilemma in the entire case due to the fact that Harry develops a program without the permission of his managers. To start with, Harry has been employed as a network programmer at ACE Inc. However, he comes up with his own anti-virus program and wants to sell it to the company. The company’s IT manager, Jill, turns the program down and this infuriates Harry. He in turn offers it online and offers consultation services to clients. When Jill discovers this, Harry is sacked. However, the owner of the company discovers Harry online whereby he orders the company’s manager to bring him to ACE. Thus, the ethical dilemma is: Should ACE management hire Harry once again despite having developed an individual program without the permission of his managers?
1A: Lists and number the relevant facts
Harry was a bright network programmer working at ACE Inc
Harry’s work included computer security
Harry pursued his interests in computer network applications even at home
He developed an anti-virus program
Harry approached his manager, Jill, and offered his program at ACE for a discount, as he was sure the program would improve security against infections
Jill expressed many misgivings about the program and labeled it dangerous
He decided to become an online consultant by releasing the program on a bulletin board and published it under the name Safe-T, with the consultation name Lock Smith
Jill fired Harry after learning what he had done
Brockley Smetherton, the executive head of IT at Ace supports the firing of Harry
The owner of the company, Ima Wig instructs Brockley to firing Loc Smith and offer him a job at ACE
1B: Which of these raise an ethical issue? What is the potential or resulting harm?
Number:Potential/resulting harm
4He acted against the company’s policies
8There was no enough ground to fire Harry
10Management not consulted in the appointment
1C: List the stake holders involved
Harry, also known as Lock Smith
Jill, Head of IT security at ACE
Brockley Smetherton, Executive head of IT at ACE
Ima Bigwig, owner of ACE
Step 2: Isolate major ethical dilemma
Should ACE management hire Harry once again despite having developed an individual program without the permission of his managers?
Step 3: Ethical Analysis
Consequentialism:
If action instep 2 is done, who will be harmed?
If ACE hires Harry in the company one again, who will be harmed?
Harry’s consultation clients will be harmed since he will be not available around the clock. His job at ACE will take most of his time.
If action in step 2 is NOT done, who will be harmed?
ACE as a company will be harmed due to the competition brought about by Harry’s program.
Which alternative results in the least harm?
Alternative A poses the least harm
D. If action in Step II is done, who will benefit?
If Harry is hired once again at ACE, the company will benefit from his expertise and creative mind.
E. If action in Step II is NOT done, who will benefit?
If Harry is not hired at ACE one again, then his online clients will benefit more. They will have him all to themselves for consultation and professional help.
F. Which alternative results in the maximum benefit?
Alternative D will have the most benefit
Consequentialism Comments (on the choices at C. and F.):
While more people outside ACE will lose when Harry is hired again, it is the best option for the company as he would assist them maximize profits. Harry seems to possess great innovative and creative mind that will enable ACE go through heights of IT security.
Rights and Duties:
G. List relevant abridged rights and neglected duties.
1. The management of ACE deserved to know that Harry was developing an anti-virus program
2. Harry required to be notified why he was being fired after he started selling his program online
3. The owner of ACE had the responsibility to ask for the suggestions of the management before asking them to hire Harry.
Rights and Duties Comments:
The rights and privileges of certain parties involved in this case are in collision. Thus, everything ought to be weighed down to see where the greatest loss or the greatest benefits will be
Kant’s Categorical Imperative:
H. If action in Step II is done, who will be treated with disrespect?
The management of ACE
I. If action in Step II is NOT done, who will be treated with disrespect?
Harry and the owner of the company
J. Which alternative is preferable?
Alternative I
K. If action in Step II is done, who will be treated unlike others?
ACE company
L. If action in Step II is NOT done, who will be treated unlike others?
No one
M. Which alternative is preferable?
L
N. Are there benefits if everyone did action in Step II?
Yes. Harry would benefit for acquiring the job and still be established online consultant
O. Are there benefits if nobody did action in Step II?
No
P. Which alternative is preferable?
N
Step III Discussion
After looking carefully at the issues at hand, it is certain that there are a collision of rights whereby an employee has violated the rules of the company. Though the management failed to inform Harry the reason behind his firing, they were right in firing him. The main issue here is rule violation, which is against the law and deserves a strict penalty.
On the other hand, the owner of the company requires Harry in the company. Though he has violated rights, he deserves another chance due to the fact that the company will find him very useful in future. The company should overlook his mistakes and follow the orders of their boss.
Step IV Making a decision
ACE should hire back harry into the company. Though he violated the rights as an employee, he is much beneficial to the company when he is with them, unlike when he is against them. He will assist them come up with more viable innovations in the future that will take the company to new heights.
IV A. Make a defensible ethical decision
ACE should hire Harry back with immediate effect.
IV B. List the steps needed to implement your defensible ethical decision
Jill and Brockley meet Harry and explain where he went wrong in the whole process.
Make sure that the basics rules and regulations are presented to Harry in the meeting.
Ensure that other geeks in the IT sector are involved in coming up with a proper anti-virus programs like the one Harry came up with.
Prepare to handle any complaint that will arise after other parties get aware of the program that Harry had come up with.
Work Cited
De Finance, Joseph. An Ethical Inquiry, Rome, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 2011.
Appreciative Inquiry presentation.
Appreciative Inquiry presentation.
Today I am going to report on an appreciative inquiry done on a restaurant through an interview conducted with the general manager of Donna Chang restaurant.
An appreciative inquiry involves questions on areas of an institution that is working well and finding the reasons for the current state as well as determining the methods for improvement. It includes four phases; however, I am going to address two, which is the discovery and the dream.
The first phase is the discovery. It is concerned with the strengths of the company that have helped in its growth and managerial improvement. Looking at the Donna Chang restaurant, the most pressing issue was customer service to attain satisfaction. Customer service is essential in a restaurant as it determines the number of consumers who will visit them as well as how loyal they will be to the firm.
The discovery questions addressed the success factors of the restaurant that made it one of the best in Australia. The questions included:
How would you describe the dynamics of your team?
What influence did your relationship with the team have on the performance of the restaurant?
How well did your team support our objective of increasing consumers?
How did your clients react?
Now let us discuss what I found from the interview. From the manager, the service team have strong interactions, active listening, and communication skills and have developed teamwork. His relationship with employees enhanced problem -solving. Also, the central theme for its success has been management involvement in employee activities as it improved employee engagement, hence improved and quality services.
Now, the second phase of the appreciative inquiry is the dream. The dream theme focuses on envisioning the future of the restaurant through imaginations of possibilities.
I got the findings through an interview with the manager of the restaurant. The conversation included questions that envision what will happen in the future. The questions included:
What is the ideal future customer servicing methodology in the restaurant?
What are the three main accomplishments in achieving the objective of the restaurant five years from now?
Think of an ideal working day in the organization. What goals and strengths have you achieved and utilized to get there?
In an ideal future of collaborative and creative restaurant, how is the interaction between customer and service providers?
Now, what was the dream of the manager at the restaurant? According to him, an ideal future customer servicing involves consistent products and services to ensure the retaining of consumers. To attain quality customer service, the manager dreams of having excellent communications, skills, practical problem solving, and achieve financial stability. Being stable financially means higher payments and rewards for employees, hence motivating them to work harder.
He also envisions improvement in customer satisfaction, growth in restaurant traffic, and having reliable service delivery systems for its consumers.
Now, let me talk about the recommendations based on the manager’s response. First, due to the development of the management involvement theme, the restaurant should embrace a culture of open discussions between management and employees. Also, providing technical training to improve skills and integrating the technical service with the organization to achieve professional customer service.
These factors would enable the restaurant to achieve the manager’s dream in the future.
In the project, I found out that the success of an organization involves a lot of commitment from human capital. From the observation of the employee’s activities, it is amazing to see how the various departments in the company perform their responsibilities, and each activity counts to attaining the set objectives of the company. Therefore, from the accomplished tasks and employees’ hard work, it is possible to foresee the success of the company in the future.
Thank you for your attention.