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HIS-144-ONL
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HIS-144-ONL: Evolution of Democracy
Directions: Complete the Evolution of Democracy Worksheet. Using resources from the Topic 3 Readings, including your textbook, materials provided by your instructor through class discussion, and materials from the GCU Library Guide for HIS-144 US History Themes, complete the assignment worksheet.
Each answer to the questions should include citations for each question formatted using the APA Style Guide. Please note that the minimum word count varies for each of the questions.
The overall assignment must include three to five relevant scholarly sources in support of your content.
Compare and contrast the nation’s government from Jefferson’s era with Jackson’s era. Who was eligible to participate in the democratic processes when each was elected? How did that impact who was represented in the federal government? (200-350 words)
Jefferson’s era:
In Jefferson’s era, only white males who owned land were eligible to vote and participate in the democratic process. This excluded women, slaves (regardless of whether or not they owned any land), and any other man who didn’t “own” property (Karpowitz & Raphael, 2014).
Jackson’s Era:
In Jackson’s era, voting requirements included all white males who did not meet the property requirement for Jefferson’s era. This excluded women and slaves from voting, even if they had land. However, this change was brought on by the 1830 Indian Removal Act which forced Native Americans to migrate west of the Mississippi River in order to free up more space for European-American settlers (Karpowitz & Raphael, 2014).
This had an impact on who was represented in the federal government in two ways:
It became “easier” to be represented in the federal government. In the 1830s, Congressmen were elected off of a district-to-district basis, instead of just by state. This meant that even a few votes could cause someone to win or lose an election (example: Andrew Jackson won the presidential election with only 30,000 more votes than John Quincy Adams). This allowed for citizens with lower property values to have a voice in the government (but they had to be white males) (Karpowitz & Raphael, 2014).
It became harder for women and slaves to be represented in the federal government because they were not allowed to vote in most states at this time. In 1807, the Supreme Court declared in the case of Charles Pinney v. Ladd that states could NOT prohibit women from voting because it was a violation of the Constitution. The decision of this case was extremely unpopular and caused backlash against women’s suffrage throughout the nation.
In 1820, after a change in public opinion, only 7 states permitted women to vote. In 1848, the states ratified the 15th amendment which gave women and freed slaves the right to vote. Unfortunately, this did not take effect until 1870 because not all states ratified it until then (women were still prohibited from voting in some southern states) (Karpowitz & Raphael, 2014).
Explain three (3) ways the federal government changed or expanded from the time of Jefferson to Jackson? (200-350 words)
One of the main ways that the federal government changed or expanded from the time of Jefferson to Jackson was through the passage of a constitutional amendment. Although the Constitution originally specified seven articles, amendments can now be added to the Constitution after ratification by three-fourths of Congress and three-fourths of state legislatures (Cheathem, 2018).
The second way that the federal government expanded was with the enactment of tariff acts that created protective tariffs for certain products in order to make them less expensive for consumers and businesses. A tariff is a tax on goods coming into or out of a country; in this case it was placed on foreign goods coming into the United States. In 1828, Congress passed a tariff act that created protective tariffs for wool, hemp and flax. The purpose of these tariff acts was to improve the domestic industry by making imported goods more expensive so that consumers would buy home-grown products instead. There was also the establishment of a central bank, which gave the government a greater degree of control over money, credit, and debt (Cheathem, 2018).
The third way which included not only changes but expansions was through naturalization laws which allowed immigrants who met certain qualifications to become citizens without having to renounce their citizenship from their native countries (Cheathem, 2018).
Identify one (1) way democracy can be improved or continue to grow today. How can it be done? (350-500 words)
One main way that democracy can be improved or continue to grow today is by giving people more of a say when it comes to the policies. There is this thing called referendums where in certain countries if people want to do something like change their constitution, or make changes to their labour laws for example, then they can actually have a vote on that matter. Referendums are an excellent way for democracy to continue growing because it puts power back into the hands of the citizens where they know what’s best for them and it doesn’t matter what slant those in power have towards it (Karpowitz & Raphael, 2014).
References
Cheathem, M. R. (2018). The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson. Johns Hopkins University Press+ ORM.
Karpowitz, C. F., & Raphael, C. (2014). Deliberation, democracy, and civic forums: Improving equality and publicity. Cambridge University Press.
Annotated Bibliography on Racial Disparities and Health Systems in the United States
Annotated Bibliography on Racial Disparities and Health Systems in the United States
Student’s Name
Institution of Affiliation
Date
Yearby, R. (2018). Racial disparities in health status and access to healthcare: the continuation of inequality in the United States due to structural racism. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77(3-4), 1113-1152.
The source focuses on the history of racial disparities and access to health healthcare in the United States as a result of structural racism. For example, the Jim Crow era was a period in which the federal government sponsored and supported racial separate and unequal distribution of resources including healthcare. The article states that these inequalities still exist in modern America as structural racisms prevents African Americans from obtaining equal access to resources such as wealth, income, employment and health care, resulting in racial health disparities. The source will be useful in health disparity assignments as it informs the cause of health disparities in the United States.
Wasserman, J., Palmer, R. C., Gomez, M. M., Berzon, R., Ibrahim, S. A., & Ayanian, J. Z. (2019). Advancing health services research to eliminate health care disparities. American journal of public health, 109(S1), S64-S69.
The article notes of the existence of health care disparities in the United States especially in the areas of access and quality care. As a result, attention to health care disparities have increased, but there continues to exist considerable knowledge gaps. The article highlights the need to better understand cultural, behavioral and heath system factors and how they contribute to the unequal and differential care in the United States. Since the source focuses on the approaches to reducing health care disparities, it will offer more information on solving the existing health disparity issues in the United States by creating a health system that provides access, removes barriers to care and provides equally effective treatment to all citizens.
Griffith, K., Evans, L., & Bor, J. (2017). The Affordable Care Act reduced socioeconomic disparities in health care access. Health Affairs, 36(8), 1503-1510.
The article states that the United States has the largest social economic disparities in health care access. The article assesses the eligibility to health insurance and access to medical services in states under the Affordable Care Act. Absolute gap was identified in households with low incomes and those with high incomes. The Affordable Care Act however reduced the disparity. The source will help inform health disparities in regard to income and socio-economic status, and the role of government in reducing the cost of access to health services. Medicaid is a government sponsored health insurance that has helped reduce the gap in health disparities in the United States.
Morey, B. N. (2018). Mechanisms by which anti-immigrant stigma exacerbates racial/ethnic health disparities. American journal of public health, 108(4), 460-463.
The article highlights the plight of immigrants in the United States especially before, during and after the 2016 elections. During this time, health disparities increased among undocumented people, people of color and immigrant persons. This was due to the fear of deportation and detention, discrimination and stress, and policies in the United States that limited access to health resources. Also, the article notes the role of public health in policy making especially on immigrants’ access to health care. The source will help inform health disparities in the United States since cases of immigrants and undocumented person is very high. These people continue to face discrimination in health access and provision.
Purtle, J., Henson, R. M., Carroll-Scott, A., Kolker, J., Joshi, R., & Diez Roux, A. V. (2018). US mayors’ and health commissioners’ opinions about health disparities in their cities. American journal of public health, 108(5), 634-641.
The research aimed at characterizing US mayor’s and health commissioners’ opinions about health disparities in their cities. Most of the mayors acknowledged that health disparities existed in their cities, and that some of the factors associated with the disparities could be avoided. The source will be of great help since it acknowledges that leaders in higher positions are aware of the existence of health disparities. They are also aware that these disparities could be avoided by better policy-making.
Friedman, M. R., Bukowski, L., Eaton, L. A., Matthews, D. D., Dyer, T. V., Siconolfi, D., & Stall, R. (2019). Psychosocial health disparities among black bisexual men in the US: Effects of sexuality nondisclosure and gay community support. Archives of sexual behavior, 48(1), 213-224.
The article focuses on special groups in the United States such as gay community and black bisexuals. According to the article, black bisexual men experience psychosocial health disparities such as depression, polydrug use, physical assault, and intimate partner violence. The source will be of great help since it focuses on sexuality and access to health services. Most of the gay men especially from the black community are likely to face challenges in accessing treatment and other medical services as they do not conform to the community culture and also, due to racism.
Roghani, A., & Panahi, S. (2021). Does Telemedicine Reduce health disparities? Longitudinal Evidence during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US. medRxiv.
The article highlights the role of telemedicine during Covid-19. It focuses on the elderly population and those with pre-existing conditions. The article states that the advent of Covid-19 increased the use of telehealth medicine. The results of the study indicates that telehealth has reduced racial disparities and provided greater accessibility for older groups. The source will be or great help in highlighting the plight of telemedicine in reducing health inequalities, which according to the article, it has a positive impact especially to the elderly as well as those with pre-existing conditions.
Hege, A., Lemke, M. K., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sönmez, S. (2018). Occupational health disparities among US long-haul truck drivers: the influence of work organization and sleep on cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk. PLoS One, 13(11), e0207322.
Long distant truck drivers are among the special groups since they are always on transit. The change in work organization have led to disproportionately poor physiological, and sleep health outcomes. As a result, these truck drivers have an increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases. The source will help in health disparities assignments in that it informs occupational health disparities in the United States. Based on this, it will help decision-making and focus on riskier group.
Petersen, R., Pan, L., & Blanck, H. M. (2019). Peer Reviewed: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Adult Obesity in the United States: CDC’s Tracking to Inform State and Local Action. Preventing chronic disease, 16.
The CDC is mandated to tracking data on the burden of obesity and its related racial and ethnic disparities to provide information that can highlight areas where state and local actions are most required. Obesity is a major issue in the United States, and racism is also a dread issue. Black obese persons face high health disparities. The source also highlights about childhood obesity. The source will help my health disparities assignment as obesity is a major issue and which people with obesity are discriminated. Statistic suggests that racial disparities in health access among black obese children and adult is immense.
Stevenson, M., & Youde, J. (2021). Public-private partnering as a modus operandi: Explaining the Gates Foundation’s approach to global health governance. Global Public Health, 16(3), 401-414.
The article states that The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation established transnational public-private partnerships aimed at increasing low-income country access to essential health technologies. There are critics that their efforts have benefited already profitable firms while ignored the needs of populations with limited purchasing power. Technology is a crucial part in quality health service delivery. The source will be helpful in my assignments in that it highlights the purpose of private companies in reducing health disparities such as The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have been doing in low-income countries and in United States.
Annotated Bibliography on Improving Security on Savannah State University’s Campus
Students’ Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Annotated Bibliography on Improving Security on Savannah State University’s Campus
Abstract
Improving security in universities consents the students to look forward to being in a serene environment that promotes and encourages social as well as creative learning. Over the past years, savannah state university has experienced a lot of security problems like rape and theft among others whereas some have even gone viral in the country, for example, the increased murder of students in the university. In 2017 for instance, Savannah state university reported a total number of two hundred and thirty-five safety-connected occurrences which involved the students on or near the campus or its other affiliated properties. Recently, Savannah State University has once been placed in the spotlight over the shooting death incidence of a student known as Shakur Clarke on February 24, this year. This is the most recent murder happening in a string of numerous violent crimes that has some students living in fear while others being frustrated.
Banyard, Victoria L., Mary M. Moynihan, and Maria T. Crossman. “Reducing sexual violence on campus: The role of student leaders as empowered bystanders.” Journal of College Student Development 50.4 (2009): 446-457.
According to these Authors, sexual violence is a prevalent delinquent for the college societies, the students, as well as the staff, are progressively being tangled in the prevention efforts. Nevertheless, proper assessment of sexual violence deterrence plans has exhibited some diverse results. One of the recommendation to prevent the prevalence of these crimes is engaging the college communities. The practice targets to raise both the awareness concerning the delinquent of sexual violence as well as building some skills which some entities can apply to end this menace. The context used is centered in the study concerning the origins of sexual violence on campuses besides the aspects recognized by health performance concepts for altering attitudes and conduct. The research conducted provides a brief assessment of a bystander program which was performed comprising some groups of student campus leaders since they exhibit a higher level of understanding what is going on the campuses.
Paludi, Michele A. Understanding and preventing campus violence. Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.
This piece by Paludi explores the security issues surrounding the institutions of learning especially the colleges and universities. According to the author, the shootings at Virginia Tech as well as that of Illinois University have brought to some critical issues concerning campus violence to the headlines once again. However, it is evident that campuses have always exhibited some problems with sexual harassment, rape, burglary, stalking, and robbery among other forms of violence. The prevalence rates of campus violence, for instance, sexual harassment among undergraduate students are relatively surprising whereby these incidences range between twenty to thirty percent every year. Subsequently, among eight to fifteen percent of college women have reported having been raped.
Luckily according to Michele there exists some solutions to these problems. Michele together with some experts has detailed some preventative procedures plus methods that will enable the students to stay safer on campus. They provide some insights into the causes of these violent acts, and thus they provide preventative techniques as well as the necessary methods which students can apply to safeguard themselves. Moreover, they offer some therapeutic skills for the resulting types of violence: rape. Sexual harassment, robberies, bullying, cyber stalking, homicide besides other forms of violent crimes.
The contents of this bibliographic source help in understanding the nature and types of campus violence. Moreover, it provides the necessary preventative measures for tackling this problem.
Rocque, Michael. “Exploring school rampage shootings: Research, theory, and policy.” The Social Science Journal49.3 (2012): 304-313.
This paper by Rocque and Michael inspects the United States rampage shootings of college students, centering on the time since from the late 20th century up to contemporary times. These rampage shootings in schools are believed to be different from the other types of viciousness due to the comparatively safe rural background whereby the majority of these crimes happens. Also due to the absence of specific discrete targets plus the total number of shootings which are involved. According to this paper, this kind of violence appears to have initiated well in the middle of the 1990s. This research shows that some specific components of colleges’ rampage killings are discrete, while others are hard to differentiate them from the standard methods of violence. In this paper, some interventions have mostly been steered by situational criminality prevention relatively than the concepts regarding why violence happens in the institutions of learning.
The purpose of incorporating this source in my proposal is that it provides some reviews of the past incidences of rampage shooting in the institutions of higher learning which helps in comprehending as well as examining the nature of this violent crime. It presents some of the incidences which are regarded to be severe while others are considered as just normal incidences depending on several factors.
Zugazaga, Carole, et al. “Increasing personal safety on campus: implementation of a new personal security system on a university campus.” College student affairs journal 34.1 (2016): 33-47.
According to the authors of this article, the incidence of violent crime on university campuses has intensified over the last decade. Some results from a preliminary study of a computerized, mobile-phone run, individual security system are presented in this article. The students’ who were participating in this study, were to test the described system for eight weeks period, and eventually, they replied to some questions concerning the feelings about their safety while they are on campus and off the campus and then earlier and subsequently after the study. There was also the parent of these students in the study where they even replied to queries concerning student safety.
The results from the study indicated system users’ feelings of their safety amplified following their involvement in the model program. Moreover, the inferences for the campus safety as well as organizational implementation are also analyzed in this article.
Bibliography
Banyard, Victoria L., Mary M. Moynihan, and Maria T. Crossman. “Reducing sexual violence on campus: The role of student leaders as empowered bystanders.” Journal of College Student Development 50.4 (2009): 446-457.
Paludi, Michele A. Understanding and preventing campus violence. Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.
Patton, Robert C., and Dennis E. Gregory. “Perceptions of safety by on-campus location, rurality, and type of security/police force: The case of the community college.” Journal of college student development 55.5 (2014): 451-460
Rocque, Michael. “Exploring school rampage shootings: Research, theory, and policy.” The Social Science Journal49.3 (2012): 304-313.
Zugazaga, Carole, et al. “Increasing personal safety on campus: implementation of a new personal security system on a university campus.” College student affairs journal 34.1 (2016): 33-47.