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Hinduism begun as a result of vibrant meeting of the darker skinned Indians and the lighter skinned Aryans.
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Hinduism
Hinduism is believed to have begun as a result of vibrant meeting of the darker skinned Indians and the lighter skinned Aryans. The Hindus sang hymns and performed so many rituals until the rituals were deep-seated in them and the enthused individuals came up with guide for them. The inspired members of Hinduism developed Veda which is the guide for all the Hindus. The religion has really expanded its wings since its initiation and the consecration to the religion even interfered with the British throttlehold. This essay explains some of the facts and issues concerning Hinduism ritual.
Hinduism is believed to have started in Indus valley and a larger percentage of the Hinduism faithful are found in India. Most of the facts and important issues about Hinduism are preserved in the Vedas. The Aryans took with them the Persian and the Western concepts. Their divinity were said to be the normal supremacies of heaven and earth and they honored their gods via conducting animal sacrifices (Matthews 72-74). The Aryan gods were shinning objects which portrayed nice things for human beings unlike the Asuras that were said to be evil powers that signified hurtful things to humans. However, the intermingling of Aryans and the natives (Dravidians) led to sharing of their rites, customs with the natives thus leading to Hinduism that contains most of the Aryans practices. Aryans practices dominated the Davidians for reasons not known since some scholars blame it on stratification while others think that Aryans were just superior to the natives (Rinehart 123-127).
There are four collections of the Vedas and the popular Veda is known as the Ring Veda. Other Vedas include the Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and the Artharva Veda. These Vedas had different roles in the religion as some contained prayers and other information regarding devotion while others contained people’s daily worries such as lust (Matthews 75-80). The Vedas are regarded as the basis and the roots for Hinduism since they contain variety of clarifications concerning the religion which is very crucial to the members. The Hindu faithful have a leader called Brahmin who execute rites that is under their powers to the devotees and further inspire people worldwide to favor the devotees (Rinehart 123-127).
Hindus have several gods that include the Agni that ascend from Purusha and the Indra deity, the Soma which is regarded as very important god and finally the Varina who is considered as the preserver of truth. However, there are some groups that branched from the original Hinduism such as Upanishads. Contemporarily, Hinduism has established four main goals and they are not needed to pursue the peak of release in their lifespan. The goals include the dharma which requires the devotee to live while bestowing the obligations of their standing, karma that prompts an individual to seek pleasurable life (Matthews 75-80).
Bhagavad Gita came up with distinct tracks for Hindu devotees to walk through followed by the puranas and the tantaras that have engrained detailed information regarding the divinities and service to them. Hinduism is very unique religion that greatly honors the Vedas as well as traditional customs and practices unlike the Western religions that believe that believe in the progress of events since the initiation. Hindus uniquely consider that there are cycles of events that take place in their religion and that whatever is exact for the universe also applies to mankind (Fuller 62-65).
The most interesting thing about Hinduism is their rituals and symbols. Just like any other religion from across the world, rites and rituals are very important aspects of the religion. These rites and rituals play vital role in identification of the religion in question. To Hindus, most of these customs are compulsory but very flexible since devotees in different regions follow different customs. These rituals further ensure that the devotees do not go off the spiritual life and achieving spiritual objectives due to materialistic detractors.
Samskaras are some of the vital rituals that assimilate the devotees into the community such as the birth of a child and naming ceremony (Matthews 100-108). The other ritual is the upanayana that recruits a boy as a person who has obligation for his religious acts as he becomes more sacred and is required to respect all his seniors. The other ritual is the vivaha that signifies the admittance into the next level of marriage where the ceremony is normally climaxed with substantial meal. Initially, marriage was very vital to the Hindus because a son who would continue with the sacrifice was supposed to be raised (Fuller 62-65).
Hindus strongly believe in their rights as a way of avoiding antagonistic influences and also as a way of enticing spiritual and general life benefits for life success. There are a number of benefits associated with the Hinduism rituals such as life longevity, prosperity, power and intelligence. The customs and rites of Hinduism are said to be increasing the status of a devotee due to their connections with spirituality and social wellbeing. A fully devoted Hindu is believed to have grown to a full man if he obeys and practices all the Hinduism rituals. All the conducts of a devotee especially as far as completeness of a man is regarded amongst Hindus is dependent on the way he obeys the rules and regulations of the rituals (Fuller 62-65).
One of the most interesting rituals is the Puja which is regarded by Hindus as a way of honoring deities through various ways. Some of the ways of displaying devotion to gods are via prayers and hymns. Puja is considered worldwide by Hindus as a means of making spiritual connection with gods where some images and symbols are used as a connection between the devotee and the gods (Dasa Web). The images, objects and the symbols used in Hinduism for puja’s purposes are believed to contain some divinity powers which are essential in worshipping. Although the symbols are very significant for the Hindu devotee, they are not as crucial as the spiritual content. The objects just relay important information to the Hindu thus making the worshipper to feel that he is directly communicating with god (Fuller 62-65).
It is really thought-provoking to observe a Hindu performing puja in a way that satisfies the deity. Initially, an individual showers and switch changes to clothes which are only meant for worshipping and goes to a specific room or place set. The devotee then meditates upon the god to be revered as the body is further consecrated by a substance called acamana. There are some essential ingredients required before performing puja such as a cup of water and a spoon, a jug of fresh water, a bell, and mixture of milk, yoghurt, ghee, honey, sugar, flowers, and sandalwood pulp. Some other ingredients are a cotton swab, cloth folded into a triangle, fragrance incense and a cup for throwing discarded water. However, there are other substitutes that may be used in case all these ingredients are unavailable especially shorter pujas. All the articles are supposed to be as tidy as possible due to their association with spirituality.
The prepared items must be sanctified with the divine water and the devotee salutes the reverence educator then removes the cloth from the shrine. The god must be initially greeted with hands folded while uttering some words of commitment and consecration. The items offered should not be re-offered to the deity and therefore the offered items are put on the right hand side of the shrine to avoid the confusion.
While initiating puja, a devotee directs the god or goddess with the use of hand gestures to the seat where it is required to seat as per the devotee. After the use of hand gestures in giving directions, a Hindu welcomes the deity with folded hands and then sacred water for washing the deity’s feet is offered. After the feet washing, the devotee sprinkles water upon him and further sips before offering the cup with mixture of milk and honey. Other events that follow include giving more sipping water and ring the bell while bathing the divinity (Dasa Web).
Additionally, the deity is dried and clothed and decorate it with numerous beautiful ornaments and offering dots of fragrant sandalwood pulp to the divinity’s forehead. Flowers and beautiful leaves are then put to the god’s feet as well as waving incense around the divinity and repeat the action with the lamp. Foodstuffs are then offered to the deity while chanting offering mantra as you let the god eat. While waiting for the deity to eat, a devotee may sing and recite some hymns then later water is offered for washing the divinity’s mouth. Finally after all the offerings and events, the devotee offers suitable prayers while bowing down as a show of respect (Raatan 297-300).
Hindu temples and shrines have many of the images and objects such as carved stone and casts which represent divinity in human form to serve very crucial part during puja. These anthropomorphic symbols such as a pot or cone are strongly associated with strengths and powers of the deity spirit. Puja is conducted in various places and environments such as inside temples and homes since the deities can be usually revered everyplace (Dasa Web). The symbols are so crucial that the devotees believe that if they are not properly been taken care of then the deity may leave the temples. This prompts the religious leaders to take good care of the temple and all its contents. Although the religious leaders carry out their pujas in the temple at different times of the day such as at sunrise and noon, the other devotees do not need to visit temple frequently. Laypersons may decide to carry out their pujas at home on regular basis since the most important thing is a person’s offering to the god (Raatan 297-300).
According to the Hinduism, temple is very important thing in the religion because the divinity is believed to be waiting to serve his faithful and partaking of their offerings. The gods are considered special and compared to kings thus justifying the palace like nature of the temples. Each temple is devoted to a particular god and this is shown by outside decoration of the divinity being revered. It is worth noting that the sacred symbols remind the devotees about the divine stories they must have learnt. Before entering a temple, an individual is required to take off their shoes as a way of showing respect to the gods.
In every Hindu’s home, there is a shrine which is regarded as a holy place for reverencing and praising the deities. Some of the Hindu devotees do not need to go to temples except during very special festivals or perhaps tries to ask for a very special favor from the gods. Hindus believe that the pujas taking place at home are important in determining the family’s choice and acts. It is regarded that worshiping in the temples may need a priest as an intervener but the home pujas is said to be offering direct contact between god and the worshipper. Interestingly, the size of the home shrine is not regarded as a big issue provided the family understands that the shrine is in a particular place (Raatan 297-300).
Even the decorations of the home shrine is not given much attention compared to the temples but must have the images of god or gods pertaining to the family’s belief. It is also very usual to find a number of shrines in a particular home. It is also worth noting that the Hindu children are given opportunity to choose from the many gods or goddesses. Pujas at home is considered significant in protecting the family from bad fortunes and granting the family members several benefits. Pujas at home can be cared out by a single individual member of the family and the deity’s existence is pleased by cleaning the images and giving it flower and fruit offerings.
Works Cited
Dasa, Shukavak. Devasthanam: Ways Of Worship: Puja And Archana. Sanskrit Religions Institute. 2007. Web. 15 Jul. 2013. <Http://Owl.English.Purdue.Edu/Owl/Resource/747/08/>.
Fuller, C J. The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2004. Print.
Matthews, Alfred W. World Religions. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning, 2013. Print.
Raatan, T. History, Religion and Culture Of North East India. Delhi: Isha Books, 2006. Print.
Rinehart, Robin. Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004. Internet Resource.
Employee recruitment, Management and management
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Management and management processes require that recruitment of employees as well as their retaining employees should be based on technical criteria. Recruitment refers to the process of hiring qualified candidates both from within and outside an organization for an employment opening. Recruitment should thus be done in a cost effective as well as a timely manner. As a process, it entails the analysis of job requirements, screening, hiring as well as their selection. Classical thinkers emphasize that this function should be done using a technical based criteria. The utility of this criterion has the advantage that an organization is able to employ members that are capable of performing the organization’s task. If recruitment is not done using this criterion, it creates pathology of technocracy in the sense that employees tend to be narrow minded. Eventually, members end up being heartless in the sense that they fail to appreciate the human element in an organization. Employee recruitment therefore is a sensitive aspect in any organization. This paper thus seeks to analyze the concept of employee recruitment in reference to a specific organization.
Why did you select this firm?
The United Nations is one of the oldest International Organizations in the world with a workforce throughout the world. It came into being in the aftermath of the carnage of the Second World War with its main principle of operation being the principle of collective security. However, with time the functions of the United Nations were diversified to include environmental issues, refugee issues, health issues, climate change and financial issues among others. This diversity therefore highlights that indeed the United Nations is a big employer, an equal opportunity employer and a recruiter worldwide. Recruitment by the United Nations therefore a fundamental practice that ensures the organization meets its goals and objectives.
Dissect and break it down, analyze what they do, and their success.
The United Nations utilizes a number of tactics as well as strategies to achieve its mandate. It is thus divided into departments; each department performs distinct functions. The United Nations Environmental Program for instance is a major player in issues to do with global environmental concerns. A number of treaties have been signed and ratified under this entity to promote the environment. The Non Proliferation treaty for instance was ratified to stop the spread of environmental non friendly nuclear materials. It also addresses issues of climate change, conflicts and disasters, environmental governance, management of the ecosystem as well as issues that have the end objective of achieving the concept of sustainable development. This entity is thus a fundamental player when it comes to issues addressing global environmental concerns.
The Food and Agricultural Organization is another department of the United Nations. This particular entity concerns itself with collection, analysis as well as dissemination of information relating to food and agricultural policies. It also organizes intergovernmental forums that address the aforementioned issues globally. It also approves international agricultural standards as well as agreements. The Food and Agricultural organization also intervenes in disaster stricken communities when human and natural disasters of insect infestations, war as well as droughts strike. FAO thus is an important entity of the UN that addresses issues of food and Agriculture.
The United Nations High Commission for Refugees is also another entity of the United Nations that plays a fundamental role in addressing issues of refugees in disaster and emergency situations. Under its statute, UNHCR has the mandate to pursue refugee protection. It also plays a fundamental role in ensuring refugee assistance as well as solutions. Additionally, it plays the role of addressing the issue of refugee registration and statelessness. It also advises the state actors on behalf of the mother organ on legal issues relating to refugees and asylum seekers. The UNHCR is an important actor during and after an emergency situation.
The World Health Organization is another significant entity of the UN. The WHO plays vital roles in global disaster and emergency situations. It articulates health policies that are based on evidence as well as ethics. It also ensures partnership and collaboration of various health entities on issues regarding to global health. The WHO acts as an early warning system mechanism that detects impending global health problems; especially that of communicative diseases. Overall, the WHO offers technical support as well as rational policies that relate to global health concerns.
The World Food Program (WFP) is another important entity of the United Nations. It plays a number of functions; for instance, WFP plays an important role in disaster preparedness. Conventionally, disaster preparedness is the best way to mitigate against the adverse effects of disasters. The WFP also responds to emergency situations in a number of ways; it is key player in the procurement of food and food stuffs during emergency situations. It also plays a fundamental role in disaster logistics when it comes to delivery of food stuffs to the disaster and emergency stricken communities. It also works in tandem with health sectors to ensure proper nutrition of the affected communities. By proper nutrition, the implication is that the affected communities get the right type of food at the appropriate time and in the appropriate manner. Overall, it analyses the issue of global food security and therefore is an important early warning instrument.
It therefore follows that the United Nations utilizes these departments to achieve its end objectives; concisely therefore, to summarize the above tactics as well as strategies, the UN utilizes the FAO, UNHCR, UNEP, WFP and the WHO to achieve its objectives in the global arena. It utilizes the FAO to achieve global sustainable levels of Food and agricultural issues. The UN utilizes the UNEP to try achieving the concept of global sustainable development. It also uses the UNHCR to address the refugee crises among other objectives. It would therefore not be naïve to state that it is indeed a case scenario of a successful organization.
What do you think needs improvement?
However, it should be taken into consideration that the United Nations just like other organizations faces a number of challenges. First, being an international organization, it depends solely on the contribution by member nation states. This is a challenge in its and by itself whereby in extreme cases, the member nation states do face a number of domestic problems which are an automatic priority. The UN therefore may suffer from the effect of lack of the much needed finances to run its programs effectively. Another major problem is that, it has no central authority. This implies that the UN may play subject of the nation state actors given the fact that they are the most fundamental players in international relations. There have been a number of instances that the world has witnessed nation states not comply with resolutions passed by the UN councils. This particularly applies to a number of powerful countries. However, even with these challenges, it would be important to acknowledge the organization has indeed done its level best to achieve a number of its general objectives.
To improve on service delivery as well as efficiency, the United Nations needs to address a number of issues. For instance, the issue of interference by a number of state actors is one key area of concern. The United Nations in collaboration of other international actors needs to come up with effective policies that will address the aforementioned issue. It implies that the United Nations needs to have a central coordinating body and mechanism to overcome the issue of interference by state actors.
Employee recruitment is a core management principle that goes a long way in ensuring an organization achieves its objectives as well as goals. For optimum organizational output, employers should therefore recruit based on technical abilities and capacity. The United Nations is one of the most diversified recruiting a workforce from all over the world. The UN achieves its goals and objectives by utilizing a number of its functional departments. The United Nations Environmental program for instance plays a vital role in terms of environmental protection and sustainable development practices. UNHCR plays a vital role in addressing global refugee issues. The WFP plays a number of roles ranging from disaster preparedness to logistic operations in disaster and emergency situations. However, the United Nations faces a number of challenges such as financial constraints as well as interference into its activities by state actors. Overall, the organization is a successful case scenario in terms of one that is an equal opportunity employer.
REFERENCE
Fasulo, Linda. An Insider’s Guide to the UN. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
George Davey Smith (1976) Health inequalities, World Health Organization, Britishlibrary 2003.
Kristin Davkins2003), Global Governance, the battle over planetary power, Canada.
Lynton Keith Caldwell (1996) International Environmental Policy, Durham NorthCarolina.
Mires, Charlene. Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations. New York: New York University Press, 2013.
Annotated Bibliography (4)
Annotated Bibliography: Policing and Society
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Haberman, C. P., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Sorg, E. T. (2016). Satisfaction With Police in Violent Crime Hot Spots: Using Community Surveys as a Guide for Selecting Hot Spots Policing Tactics. Crime & Delinquency, 62(4), 525–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128713516840The article discusses public satisfaction with police services. It includes research from various studies, and it is relevant to the topic. It was found that there are few things known about the public satisfaction with police services in violent crime hot spots. The article intended to provide a guide for selecting policing techniques to increase satisfaction with police services in violent crime hot spots. It would be helpful if students understood how they could benefit from this article through personal knowledge and academic success. This source proposes that improving public satisfaction requires the police department to work towards reducing fear of crime and addressing social disorder challenges. This source will add value to my research on policing and violent crimes since it describes the various ways of minimizing violent crimes. The credibility of the authors adds to the reliability of this source.
Braga, A. A., Brunson, R. K., & Drakulich, K. M. (2019). Race, place, and effective policing. Annual review of sociology, 45, 535-555.
This source talks about the relationship between the police and the public. It talks about the importance of public support in assisting the police fight with crimes. It describes the discriminatory police practices and their impacts on the police-public relationship. According to the article, these strategies are associated with aggressiveness and racial disparities. It also talks about the history of the police in the United States and their transformation to serve and protect. The article explains that race and place are associated with the effectiveness of the police. The author describes the situation of race and police-public relationship in America.
Interestingly, the use of community policing programs has increased lately due to these racial differences. The author’s main target is to find out whether there are factors that help to reduce these racial disparities. The authors propose that the police department should aim at engaging residents and ensuring that crime-control programs are not unfocused and indiscriminate. This source will also be significant in my research since it stipulates how the public and police relationship can be enhanced and work together to eliminate crime.
Collazos, D., García, E., Mejía, D., Ortega, D., & Tobón, S. (2021). Hot spots policing in a high-crime environment: An experimental evaluation in Medellin. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 17(3), 473-506.
This article aims to test the aggregate, spillover, and direct impacts of hot spots policing on crime in a high-crime environment. The study describes the significance of contests when designing and implementing hot spot policing. The authors found that most high-crime environments can be transformed into more stable and secure ones by hot spot policing. The evaluation results showed that the frequency of police calls, arrests, and offences decreased when hot spots policing was implemented. Furthermore, increased police presence improved the quality of life in the high-crime environment. The results also showed that new residents perceive police activity as one of the main contributors to the improvement witnessed in their environment since hot spots policing began. This source will assist me in describing the various ways of reducing crimes in society—hot spots policing reduced crime without compromising social order or quality of life.
Malone, M. F. T., & Dammert, L. (2021). The police and the public: Policing practices and public trust in Latin America. Policing and society, 31(4), 418-433.
This source notes that there have been serious efforts to reform the police in Latin America. Among the reforms introduced is community-oriented policing practices, which aim to initiate close relationships between the public and the police and prevent crimes. This source supports a research question being investigated in Latin America: How to increase the public’s trust in the police? The authors are M. F. T. Malone and L. Dammert, specializing in political science and history. The credibility of these authors ensures that the information provided in the article is reliable. The article’s abstract notes that the police have undergone massive reforms in Latin America, including community-oriented policing practices, which aim at creating a close relationship between the community and police officers to prevent crime. Therefore, the source will assist me in discussing the importance of promoting public and police relationship and their impacts when making reforms in the police department.