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Southern Voting behavior since the 1960s
Southern Voting behavior since the 1960s
Voters in many areas of the U.S. are apt to vote differently as a whole from election to election. The nation has also had a decreased turnout rate for the presidential and local elections. The South has typically not followed these patterns that the rest of has seemed to be following. The Southern whites of the U.S. have typically followed and voted for the more conservative candidate and party. Where as the Southern blacks have typically (when they have been able to vote) voted for the more liberal party or candidate. The South was at one time a Democratic stronghold and has in the past 30 years become a typically conservative voting electorate. This tendency of voting by race for the liberal or conservative candidate has been a continuing occurrence. Southern turn out for elections has been significantly lower than the rest of the nation as well over the same time period. This bias of the past 30 years as well as voter turn out has only recently began to change in the South.
In the beginning of and prior to the 1960’s the South was a Democratic stronghold and it was rare for there to be any competition from Republicans in these non competitive states (Mulcahy p.56). A poll taken in the 1960’s showed that ” the southern states were the obvious stronghold of Democratic identification. The extreme case was Louisiana, where 66% identified with the Democratic party”(Black p.44). This all began to change as the Democratic party became more liberal in its national policy views. The Democrats became too liberal in their policies concerning civil rights for the white Southerners to continue voting for them. (Mulcahy p.40). This reason along with others is what drove the Southern whites to change there voting habits of the last 100 years. The white Southerners began to vote for presidents of the Republican party and for Independents such as the Dixiecrats, because they were more conservative on a national scale. The Largest change of the Southern voters occurred in 1960 when “the southern white Protestant presidential vote went Republican”(Wayne p62). This would of allowed for the democrats to lose the south if the black electorate had not voted Democrat.
The black Southern voters at the time of the 1960’s were just again able to participate with their rights to vote. This was because shortly after the Civil War and reconstruction the Southern whites reduced and eventually removed the short lived black political power. They added laws that made it mandatory to take tests for voter eligibility, as well as discouraging black voting at all. This discrimination greatly reduced if not completely halted black voting in the south until the 1950’s and 1960’s. It was not until 1965 that the Voting Rights Act was passed that prohibited literacy tests for federal elections did blacks obtain their constitutional right to vote (Wayne p.70). Many blacks did in fact support the Republican party for quite a long time because they were known as the party of reconstruction and freeing of the slaves. Black voting turned towards the Democrats in the 1930’s and 40’s on the advice of “One N.A.A.C.P. leader… Turn your pictures of Lincoln to the wall, the debt is paid in full”(Mulcahy p 37). This black voting for the Democrats created a problem in of its self, that the Blacks were continuing to vote for the local white conservative Democrats, that upheld the traditional Southern white views. This lead to the continued power of the oppressive whites, even though the party platform was one of reform. It was not until the early 70’s that when the Republicans won the election for the governor of Virginia was the two party system fully revived in the south (U.S. news p. 210). This two party system allowed Democrats to run on a more liberal platform, which gave the blacks the representation that they wanted.
Voting in the South since the 1960’s has followed the pattern of voting for the most staunch conservative, or protector of Southern whites views. In the 1968 election Southern whites in the Deep South voted for George C. Wallace, while the rest of the South split on Nixon and Hubert Humphrey. In the Election of 1972 This trend seemed to continue, in that Nixon was the more conservative of the two Presidential Nominees and thus he carried the South. In the 1976 Election it seems that even the Southern whites were shaken by the Watergate Scandal in that it voted for a Democrat, Jimmy Carter. Carter was not a conservative, but was from the South, and pulled both the conservative Southern white as well as the Southern black votes. In 1980 it seems that the Southern whites once again decided on a conservative candidate when Ronald Reagan garnered all of the south except for Georgia. In the 1984 election Ronald Reagan took 49 of the states and all of the South. This had a good deal to do with Reagans belief in the moral and religious right as well as his get tough policies with the Russians. In the 1988 election, the staunch conservative George Bush once again held the South solid in its vote for a conservative president. He carried on many of Reagans ideas about the moral majority, and had conservative views. In the 1992 Election the South split as a majority of the south voted for the conservative Bush, but several border and deep south states voted for Clinton (http://www.worldmedia.fr/USelections/electionva/history/index.html). In 1992 it seemed that Clinton was able to pull around 34% of the Southern white vote (survey N.Y. Times) In the 1996 election the South was once again split, While a majority of the Southern states did go to Bob Dole, while several of the same states that supported Clinton before supported him once again. (Wattenburg p.147) The times that a non conservative presidential nominee has won a sizeable amount of the southern support seems to have been when a large majority of blacks were registered to vote, as in the 1996 elections when Clinton carried several states that had a sizeable percentage of Blacks registered to vote and where a large percentage of the total voters were registered as Democrats. (http://www.src.w1.com/vrrsum1996_motor_cht1_nf.htm). The once strong hold of the Republicans in the South during national elections seems to be slowly fading. If these last 30 years are indiciative of what is to come, the next 30 years should show increased diversity in the states of the south, and their electoral voting.
Voter turn out in the South has been comparatively low in regards to the rest of the nation. This has been a trend that has occurred over the last 100 years as well as the last 30 years. The percentage of the registered voters in the south that voted in the elections in 1966 and 1970 was roughly 10-15% less than in other portions of the country (mulcahy p. 59). The voters of the south also believed that their fathers were the most interested in politics, and that their mothers were not interested in them. Black political interest was considerably lower than it was in the rest of the country as well for both males and females (Black p. 41-42). In the last 30 years as well as in recent elections the voter turn out in the south has gone up in comparison to the rest of the U.S.(Wayne p. 71). But at the same time the voter turn out for blacks has gone down in recent years. (Wayne p.74) This turnout has worried many and may create the same problem that had been taking place in thesouth during the early 20th century, of under representation of a specific group of people. This would not be due to oppression or laws that forbid voting, but from the “whats the use attitude” of why vote. (Wayne p. 74)
Voters in the South have been very constrained in their views and beliefs for over a hundred and twenty years. Since the urbanization and expansion of the cities of the South, there has been increased change and emergence of multiple political parties. The migration of new peoples and racial groups into these urban areas has helped to create a new political south. The once solid south, is no longer the same, because of this expansion and socio economic link to the rest of the country. States such as Florida and Louisiana have expanded and are still growing because of this link. Certain parts of the South, specifically the deep South has yet to fully urbanize and when this does occur, so will the continued breaking up of the once solid South.
Works Cited
Gans Curtis “1994 Congressional Elections: An Analysis Realignment and Dealignment”(http://www.concentric.net/~ewla/vdr95/gans.html)(10-31-97)
Southern Regional Council “Motor Voter May be the key” (http://www.src.w1.com/vrrsum1996_motor_cht1_nf.htm). (11-3-97)
World Media Live “Election Results and History” (http://www.worldmedia.fr/USelections/electionva/history/index.html) (11-2-97)
Voter Research and Surveys, New York Times, November 5, 1992, p.b9
Wayne, Stephen. The Road to the Whitehouse. New York, St Martins Press 1984.
Wattenburg, Martin and Edwards, George, and Lineberry, Robert. Government in America . 3rd ed., New York, Addison-Wesly Educational Publishers inc. 1997.
Black, Merle and Kovenock, David and Reynolds, William. Political Attitudes in the Nation & the States. University North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute for Research in Social Science. 1974
Mulcahy, Kevin and Katz, Richard. America Votes: What You Should Know About Elections Today. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc. 1976.
U.S. News & World Report Politics Inside and Out Washington D.C., U.S. News and World Report. 1970
South Asian Culture and Society
South Asian Culture and Society
Student’s Name
Class
Date
What do Sen’s experiences as a government official reveal about modern India?
The protagonist’s experiences of Sen as a government official makes him feel dislocated. Sen lived without vision or ambition and was addicted to marijuana. His experience shows that the modern Indian culture and society has experienced dramatic changes in the present century. The culture comprises of people with different contrasts and diversities such as Muslim Sufi Saints, Snake-Charmers, Hindu Monks, and Street side Astrologers. South Asia is a land of more than two billion people. Individual countries of South Asia like India continues to embrace cultural changes introduced by people practicing modern cultural deeds different from the past activities. English, August (An Indian Story) talks about Agastya Sen a recruit in the Indian Administrative Services. Agastya forms a good representation of the modern Indian culture. He played a major role as a government official to bring changes to the Indian culture.
Sen’s experience as a government official represented the modern India by combining traditional Hindu myths with current Boarding-School-English-Literature education. His character as presented in the Indian Story demonstrated how he played fewer roles in making the changing the modern India. The youth and civilized leaders were willing to change the Hindu society and make them embrace modern cultural practices. Despite the fact that he was named after the great Hindu, who prevented the Vindhyas from developing, Agastya’s characters contrasted those of his predecessor. Growing in an urban setting made him differ with most Indians who embraced cultural beliefs, and was willing to make the country more civilized rather than engaging in drugs and crimes. He was a reformer, acting as a symbolic representation of the younger generation. Additionally, his role in government made him address vital issues affecting the Indian middle and upper-class generations.
On the other hand, the modern India is characterized by an in-depth culture that contrasts with the new changes observed in the nation. The narration presents Agastya as a civil servant meeting with different people including top government officials, journalists, tribal people, and cultural leaders. By meeting such people, Agastya gained more experience on leadership and Indian culture, which gave him better chances of convincing people he met to embrace new Indian culture. Sen came from a stable family where he had learned about various western practices. While working as a recruit to the Indian administrative services, he came across many leaders with different approaches about change. India has undergone more than 4,000 years of philosophical and cultural development that has made leaders more civilized and modern. The interaction between different people and societies revealed that the most Indians were more concerned about culture and contrasted with the current changes brought about by civilized young generation. Agastya had introduced a new version of wife and marital status that brought change to the institution of marriage that was readily accepted by the youth. In his statement, Raju said “….contrastingly the modern youth do not believe in this good old custom.”
What problems seem to have persisted from earlier in India’s history?
The story of Agastya revealed many problems that persisted from long ago in Indian’s history. Firstly, the Indians were moved out of their ancestral territories by white settlers who took advantage of the Indian’s lack of protective measures. The invasion of Indian colonization zone led to many problems because the Indians were set under the rules of whites and could not manage to colonize their people. Moreover, Whites settlement to Indian territories resulted into changes in Indian trade, and major economic activities. Most Indians were isolated from their clans and cultures as the Whites took control of their nation. Additionally, the Americans introduced policies that were against Indians philosophical doctrines. The narrative “An Indian Story” provides an insight of how White invasion in India caused many disruptions including the problem of civilization. Characters such as Agastya demonstrated how reluctant the government was in implementing changes expected in the modern India.
On the other hand, Indians suffered from slavery from Americans who took away their ancestral lands. Whites believed that Indians were poor and defenseless and used them as slaves to work on fertile lands that they (Americans) had invaded. Americans developed treaties to acquire Indian lands by force because of their fertility. The problem affected Indian’s civilization because most people had started farming in those fertile lands. Slavery of Indians is symbolized in Chatterjee’s narrative by use of words such as blood, murder and suicide that symbolized sufferings that Indians underwent in their ancestral lands.
What new challenges have developed?
Globalization contributes into many challenges affecting many nations today. New challenges have developed in India that interferes with maintenance of ancient Indian culture and promotion of civilization. Identity and assimilation is the first challenge that has developed in India. Most Indian nationalities are confused about whether to maintain the traditional identity or adopt the new lifestyle of the modern Indian identity. Chatterjee’s narrative represents the modern India as a society for civilized people ready to leave the American culture. The history of Indians saw whites capturing Indians and making them their slaves. The issue of identity still disturbs many Indians as some want to be more westernized. Additionally, the issue of assimilation created many challenges as Indians become confused on the amount of American culture that they should maintain in order to fit in both Indian and western cultures.
Tribal sovereignty forms the second challenge that has developed in India today. South Asia consists of many tribes and sovereignty to one’s tribe is a problem to many. Tribes that managed to take prominent positions in the government have the ability of self-administering themselves. Sen’s experience as a recruit in public service administration revealed modern India as characterized by modern but naïve young generation ready to leave traditional norms and cling more to the western culture. Many tribes in India now engages in nation building, but challenges still occur in the effort of developing a sovereignty government after getting off the American’s slavery.
Finally, the Indians have the challenge of revitalizing native cultures. The modern Indian society promotes nation building through bringing together all cultures as one nation and embracing modern changes. Changing from traditional settings to modern urban lifestyle seems a challenge to many people especially those growing up in rural areas. Sen practiced a modern lifestyle because he grew up in urban areas, and his characters demonstrated that he was more civilized. He called upon the young generation to revitalize from native cultures and adopt new practices in order to move with the changing world.
How does the society portrayed by Chatterjee compare to the visions of new India expressed by various other Indian Nationalist?
The visions of new India as portrayed by other writers such as Committee on India Vision 2020 that aims at achieving a peaceful, secure and developed India by the year 2020. The new economic regime presented in India’s vision aims at ensuring equality and social justices for all people in the country. Chatterjee’s narrative also demonstrated some peace and development. The youth and middle age class demonstrated some characters that promoted peace and encouraged people to adopt new changes in order to become civilized. Civilization promotes development and encourages trade that introduces new economic regime as shown in the above statement. Moreover, the India aims at ensuring rights of her people through a working constitution.
Chatterjee’s portray of Indian society also compared to other Indian nationalists in terms of social responsibility. The modern India is characterized by responsible individuals respecting original cultures and norms practiced by ancient Indians. Likewise, Indian nationalists portray India as a more civilized society whose vision is to develop a respected and educated society. Sen’s character symbolized modern leaders and their contribution to nation building. Some of the India’s visions as portrayed by Indian nationalists include developing agendas that override politics, creating an atmosphere that boosts business, promoting domestic talents and creating a growth-oriented nation. All these visions were expressed in Chatterjee’s narrative.
Bibliography
Kundu Rama. Indian Writing in English 2. 2. (New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. & Distrib, 2003), 102.
India and S. P. Gupta. India Vision 2020: The Report: Report of the Committee on India Vision
2020, Planning Commission, Government of India Plus Background Papers. (New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2004), 391-392
Raju, David. “Black Humour and Ennui in Upamanyu Chatterjee’s English, August: An Indian
Story.” The Criterion: An International Journal in English 4, no. 6 (2013): 195-204.