Recent orders
Effects of Music While studying
Effects of Music While studying
Name:
Professor
Institution
Course:
Date:
Literature Review on the Effects of Music While studying
Introduction
For a long time, there has been a connection between society and music. There is no culture on earth, which does not know anything, that concerns music. Furthermore, human beings sometimes base their actions according to music. It is a known fact that music helps improve one’s brain, when it comes to matters that concern learning and studying. Einstein Albert is an exceptional man, who became renowned in academic matters, due to the music he listening to. When Einstein was young, people thought he was stupid, and after learning to play the violin, he improved. He often listened and played music by Bach and Mozart, and in turn, became extremely smart. Currently, the iPod is popular among many students, and they use it without thinking of the consequences it may have in the long run.
Research has been conducted, and it has been found out that studying improves as a result of listening to music. Also, it should be known that extreme users of IPods are at risk of suffering from hearing health problems. Even more, they might lose their hearing, while they are still young, and this will affect their life’s quality in the future. Researchers have identified healthy options, which students can keep in mind, when studying and listening to music.
This paper seeks to provide a literature review concerning research done on matters concerning studying and music.
Literature Review
An article by Jones Dianne, Bacon Marlene and William –Schultz Lashwan (2010) provides information concerning ‘Music as Pedagogy’. According to the authors, there are various learning environments, which students are often subjected to. The focus of this research is on nursing students whereby, the environment is highly technological. The IPod is a popular gadget among nurses, and they constantly plug it into their ears. The author’s believe that only limited research has been done concerning music, as well as its pedagogy. The authors have used a sample population of nursing students in their first year of associate degree programs. Permission was obtained from the Institutional Review Board before conducting the study. The article sort to find out the perceptions and attitudes, which student nurses have, concerning studying and listening to music, at the same time. It also provided evidence regarding the impact of studying while listening to music. The authors wanted to found out if learning is enhanced by music, as well as to find out the nurses music attitudes and habits. There are various research questions in the article and an example is “What is the benefit to recall when the content to be learned is delivered through music” (Jones, & Bacon & Williams-Schltz, 2010). Quantitative and Qualitative methods were used by the researchers. In the article, it has been mentioned that emotional and cognitive factors affect the perception, which people have, concerning music they listen to. Nursing students study well when they are listening to music, as it helps them to reduce levels of stress. Lastly, they researchers found out that perception influences if the student will learn better when there is music, which they are listening to.
The article by Danhauer Jeffrey et al (2009) concerns matters on hearing health and iPod use. The article focuses on research carried out on college students as the sample population. The article acknowledges that IPods use has increased, and the latter are known as personal listening devices. There is a risk that the users of the PLD’s may end up becoming deaf in the long run. The authors believe that there is not enough research done on college students, as they are the ones who own most PLD’s. The researchers wanted to find out what preferences, practices, attitudes and experiences exist, concerning iPod use and hearing health. Furthermore, the article has given recommendations concerning ways college students can use IPods safely. The researched methodology used is a questionnaire, which had 83 items. The questionnaire addressed issues such as ‘Attitudes toward iPod use’ and ‘IPod user’s practices and preferences’. The authors found out that college students need to have more information regarding hearing health. Also, the students listened to moderate volumes on their iPod, thus reduced risks of hearing loss. Furthermore, the method people choose to listen to an iPod and the type of iPods affects the users differently. This means that the more features that exist in an iPod, the more they students will listen to it. The article concludes that students should not listen to high volumes on their IPods. Moreover, some of the iPod users may not know that they have hearing loss (Danhauer et al, 2009).
The authors Hallam Susan and Kotsopoulou Anastatia (2010) have come up with an article that focuses on studying while listening to music. They conducted research in order to find out if differences in culture and age have an impact on studying while listening to music. They used questionnaires, which are based on a rating scale, and used a sample size of 600 students. The age groups of the students were 20-21, 15-16 and 12-13, and they were from America, Greece and the United Kingdom. They wanted to find out various factors, which are associated with music, and how they affect the sample population. Some of the factors include; perceived effects and music listened to when studying, as well as tasks one can perform when listening to music. The researchers found out that culture and age are variables, which are related, and they have an impact on studying while listening to music. Also, there are certain tasks, which need to be accompanied by music more frequently than others. In some cultures, children are provided with an atmosphere that has music, as it is believed that it enhances learning. Contrary, in other cultures, this might not be allowed, as it is viewed in a negative manner. Furthermore, the researchers found out that classical music is least listened to and pop music is most listened. They conclude that educators should control the noise, which students are subjected to, especially the younger students. Lastly, there is information regarding educational implications of the findings of the research (Kotsopoulou & Hallam, 2010).
North Adrian and Lonsdale Adam (2011) came up with an article that discusses an analysis on gratification and uses analysis. They wanted to find out the reason that makes people listen to music. They investigated the reasons, which make people feel the urge to listen to music. Furthermore, they wanted to find out, which leisure activities, are related with listening to music. The research design they chose was qualitative, and it focused on questions, which are open ended. Moreover, a design, which is cross sectional, was used to investigate the different reasons why people listen to music while focusing on their ages. The researchers found out that most times people listen to music in order to regulate and manage their moods. Also, after a comparison with other leisure activities, they found out that people prefer listening to music. The latter was based on the needs of the different individuals. According to the article, people place a lot of importance on music. Several reasons have been provided by the authors as to why they people like listening to various categories of music. The article concludes by claiming that when people grow older, they have varying opinions concerning why they opt to listen to music. In this article versatility is the reason for choosing to listen to music (Lonsdale, & North, 2011).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the various researchers have provided qualitative and quantitative research based on studying, while listening to music. Students should be informed of the dangers that exist when they are constantly using their iPods. They are likely to have problems, which concerns hearing. On the other hand, there are those who believe that by listening to music while studying, they are likely to comprehend a lot. The latter depends on the individual as the literature review seems to conclude. Another aspect, which the researchers seem to concur with, is that music plays a vital role when one is studying. Indeed, the articles have provided vital information regarding impacts of studying while listening to music.
References
Danhauer, Jeffrey. Et al. (2009). Survey of College Students on IPod use and Hearing Health. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 20, 1, 5-27.
Jones, Dianne. & Bacon, Marlene, & Williams-Schltz, LaShawn. (2010). Music as Pedagogy. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences. 5, 2, 1833-1882.
Kotsopoulou, Anastasia. & Hallam, Susan. (2010). The perceived impact of playing music while studying : age and cultural differences. Educational Studies. 36, 4, 431-440.
Lonsdale, Adam. & North, Adrian. (2011). Why do we listen to music? A uses and gratification analysis. British Journal of Psychology. 102, 108-134.
EFFECTS OF MONEY, TV & OIL ON EDUCATION
EFFECTS OF MONEY, TV & OIL ON EDUCATION
Education refers to the process of giving or receiving instructions especially in places such as a school. Money has played a major role in the lives of many persons. In a similar manner, money has either had effects both positive and negative towards education. For instance, money could be quickly used to pay up for school fees, get the students/pupils with school uniforms, and provide for upkeep alongside other learning materials like exercise books, writing and reading materials too. Money has a tendency to act as a big morale booster as far as education is concerned. Picture a student preparing for their exams but with the full knowledge that their tuition fees have already been cleared. In most cases, such students never lose focus or concentration towards their revisions and dwell more on the exam preparations. Their morale is normally very high knowing full well they will sit the upcoming exam. This in the long run leads to very good grades, mainly because the students have ample time and a relaxed mind to prepare well for their exams. Students who get scholarship opportunities benefit a lot from them. These scholarships help them settle down on their education, have full concentration and end up impacting positively on their education. On the contrary, money could have devastating effects as far as education is concerned. Picture this: a student is forced to drop out of school or even defer a class or semester for lack of funds to allow them proceed with their course work. It is normally so painful given much time which could never be recovered goes to waste especially when one is out of class. There is normally much lose of contact with already used friends and classmates. Such would lead to one not attaining their lifelong desired goals and objectives. Whereas on the other hand a student may proceed to completion of their studies even with lack of funding (money), the grades attained may be unsatisfactory especially in cases whereby they do not have any extra learning materials they could probably obtain. These scenarios are evident in third world countries or most developing countries which are in so much ways looking for various means to sustain themselves. Communities and especially parents rely on unskilled labor to earn a living. These meager earnings are not in many instances sufficient enough to allow parents provide education live alone good education to their children. Their children thus end up dropping out of school at an early age, are exposed to child labor as they learn at an early age to fend for themselves which in turn should not be the case. They are thus deprived of their perpetual basic need ‘education’ by one ‘money’. It is thus the bigger responsibility of the privileged in society, Non-Governmental Organizations and the government of the day to help with scholarships, donor funding and intense civic education to help students and families caught up in this plight. Such cases have been observed to be highly critical in the remote parts of the said countries where even the parents have no means of fending for themselves and their families let alone go in search for money for their children’s education. Out of the two situations, there have been instances whereby students have been brought up in families where money has never been an issue especially when it comes to ensuring they get good education. However, such students tend to think and see that there’s everything provided for them and do not put much effort into their education. In short, much as money may have either a positive or negative impact on one’s education, the baton lies with the student in ensuring they work hard towards improving their standard and status of education.
The television set has for a long time been an educational tool that has for so many years been recommended by both parents and teachers to their children and students respectively. Televisions have helped students to look into being who is who in society when they grow up. There are those who would want to excel high in their studies and say be the news anchor just like the anchors they normally watch on their TV sets. Others would want to be actors/actresses, comedians, lawyers, ministers or even presidents. This comes about as a result of the many TV programs they watch. TV therefore would be said to have a positive impact on education in the sense that students would want to so much assimilate themselves to the many good things they view. They quickly help students find role models and personalities they would want to be like them at some point in their life. TV’s equally tend to have educational programs such as debating sessions, science club programs or many others which in one way or the other touch on matters educational say for instance programs that dwell on nature for both flora and fauna would go a long way to interest some children who eventually would work hard to come and either work or research for. These tend to help a great deal especially now that students get to learn negotiations skills from other students they watch in debate or parliamentary sessions, language skills and lots understanding and translation apart from usage of grammar and words. In short, just like the teacher teaches in class, TV sets equally go to a greater extent in ensuring students educational skills are enhanced. On the contrary though, TV sets have led to poor morals to many students in society and therefore adversely affected modern education and its standards. For instance, so many romantic programs have come up on television screens. Many of which are not educational at all, they tend to lead students astray in matters education. Other than students doing research or rather reading, doing revisions, they spend time watching soap operas and discuss the same with friends, wasting lots valuable time. Some of the late night television programs tend to contain pornographic content. These to a large extent have never been educational, rather they are misguiding and pose a great risk to many persons especially those who still happen to be students. Some may end up wanting to practice what they watch which again can be very detrimental to one self or others. It is from such illicit material whereby students who are homosexuals or lesbians come into being. In the long run, a school is found to have students who violate or flout school rules, are indisciplined to a great extent and care less about themselves, their future and the fate they put their parents into. These unbecoming behaviors could be brought about by the content they watch and then students may want to carry the same character with them so they may prove heroic before others. Parents should thus regulate the amount of television time and what programs their children watch. Any child who sticks to watching educational programs on television tends to benefit a lot. Their performances in school are no doubt exemplary and so will be their behavior and discipline. In short, much as students must at some point be let free to do and choose what it is that they aspire in life, such choices must be monitored and guided with right controls in order for them to benefit in the long run.
Oil reserves and mining has always prompted to have the parent countries being the richest. Oil is a major and a basic commodity especially after it’s by products have been refined and are absorbed in the market for human usage. Oil has to a greater extent had a good impact on education. This could be attributed to the gallons of oil being extracted for shipment and thereby earning the country a lot of revenue which in turn helps the government of the day set up structures some or most of which will be educational to benefit its citizens. Foreign investors will be the very first persons that will come in for oil exploration and extraction. These investors will help the country in earning foreign currencies, trade internationally and in turn improve living standards, education standards mainly to avoid shipping their own labor. Oil enhances good relations with other countries and even aids in numerous learning exchange programs between host country and contracted countries to do explorations, extraction. In some instances, countries tasked with extraction take the greater responsibility of training or even educating some individuals from the host country on certain specific work related courses or skills such as mining for example or oil and gas explorations. Similarly, contracted companies working in oil reserves have very nice policies guiding their corporate social responsibility. This could range from construction works of say schools and amenities like hospitals and churches. The schools will again be furnished, provided with the best learning materials to help the locals benefit from the oil first hand. From the oil companies, that has always been their way of appreciating the community in which they stay and work together for many years to come. This close relation tends to place both parties together and each benefits in one way or the other from the other party. On the other hand, oil has to a greater extent caused a lot of wars between communities. A good example to cite which has even crippled life, let alone education is the Abyei area in South Sudan Republic in which both Sudan and South Sudan claim to be theirs. Oil has caused many deaths due to many wrangles between communities fighting say for land, the resource for each to claim as theirs. Skirmishes or wars have never been good for education. Education may be thought of as being jealous. Much as it depends on so many external factors, they must on the other hand be very conducive in order for it to be felt. Oil rich areas are equally found to be very hot, rather extremely hot. These extremely hot conditions are never good environments where education would do well. The harsh, hot conditions have disastrous health effects thereby posing dangers to communities. Oil is equally a highly flammable commodity. It therefore puts everyone at risk at all times especially when not properly handled could lead to bodily harm, can quickly cause fires which could raze down everything creating huge losses. Much as oil as a commodity earns a country a lot of income plus helps the country to quickly develop, it poses major risks to life and in turn to even the education of a certain area together with the community. A good example would be the oil spillage that was experienced in the Niger Delta recently. There were so many effects from that spillage ranging from deaths to sea life which is vegetation and fish as a result of the contamination. You will realize that there are individuals who relied on fishing for their livelihood. The spillage which brought an end to sea life meant they had no other source of fending for their families for some time. That in turn affected so many eating outlets which relied on the same fish supply, in turn many students did not go to school due to disease outbreaks, lack of school fees from their parents for having recorded no sales. From time to time, children are left with no parents when fires start up in oil reserves, when oil mines get filled up. In so many of these examples, education is so much interrupted and students suffer given the sole provider for money is not there thus education is duly affected.
In conclusion, money, TV and oil will either have positive and negative effects on education and the education standards and systems in place in general. It is thus the responsibility of each and every individual to check and see to it that there are no devastating effects to the education systems by ensuring a balance is placed on each and every one of them so that the negative effects are highly controlled to avoid getting out of hand.
Effects of Modafinil on the rate of recovery after general anesthesia
________________________________________________________________________
Custom research material provided by:
Student Network Resources, Inc.Topic: Effects of Modafinil on the rate of recovery after general anesthesia
The document attached to this email constitutes research material from which certain passages, ideas, and/or information may be referenced and properly cited. In its entirety, the document may not be sold, reproduced, transmitted, or otherwise claimed in any manner without the written permission of Student Network Resources Inc.
IMPORTANT: Please remember that the charge on your credit card bill or statement will appear as “Student Network Resources.” We record each customer’s unique IP address. It is illegal to claim that you have not received your order. This delivery email is documented proof that your order was delivered to the email address that you provided. Student Network Resources will prosecute to the fullest extent of state, federal, and/or international law anyone who attempts to commit fraud against our service.
Disclaimer:
When you requested and paid for the services of Student Network Resources Inc., you agreed to be bound by our terms and conditions. Student Network Resources Inc. is not responsible, in any way, for your individual use of the research material drafted by the freelance author. You have agreed to properly reference the research material at your own risk, and will not use any passages, ideas, and/or information from the materials without proper citation. Student Network Resources Inc. retains all rights to the research material below, and we reserve the right to resell the material at some point in the distant future. Student Network Resources Inc. employs independent contractors who are solely responsible for researching and delivering each order. Since the research material below was created and delivered by a human being, and may be based on secondary sources, we strongly recommend that you conduct independent research to verify that all information is complete and accurate before referencing the material. This brief reminder does not contain all of the terms and conditions that govern your purchase.
Literature review
Prior to on the study of the effects of Modafinil on the rate of recovery after general anesthesia before the work of Larijani et al (2004) are rare. However, after the publication of their article, a series of articles on Modafinil followed. Galvin et at., (2009) carried out a study to prove that modafinil can effectively reduce the level of patient-reported tiredness that is experienced after sedation or analgesia. Their article however was an improvement on the work of Larijani since it also investigated the proposition that in the process of reducing the level of tiredness, the drug has no improvement on the psychomotor skills of the patient. Their article was written against a backdrop of information that suggest that the early recovery of patients who have been sedated as well as after anesthesia in the ambulatory practice. The aim of their study was to conclusively assess if modafinil employed for the treatment of narcolepsy significantly improves the recovery from analgesia/sedation. Their methodology involved the random assignment of patients who have been scheduled to undergo extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy to one of a total of four groups. The methodology involved the administration of a combination of the drug, fentanyl/midazolam with placebo or modafinil to two groups. The remaining two groups The two groups were then compared digital by means of digital symbol substitution test (DSST), observer scale of sedation and analgesia (OAA/S),Aldete score and trail making test (TMT).The secondary variables were captured using the verbal rating scale (VRS) scores. This included variables such as energy, dizziness as well as tiredness all of which were recorded prior to and after the treatment. The outcome of their work indicated that 67% of the patients managed to complete the study successfully. The groups never had any statistically significant difference for the DSST between all the groups. For the TMT, Aldrete and OAA/S scores, no significant statistical difference was noted. The work of Galvin et al., concluded that Modafinil effectively reduces the level of patient-reported tiredness after sedation bit with no improvement on the psychomotor skills of the patient. This study therefore corroborated the work of Larijani et al.,(2004) since it indicates that the drug improves recovery of patients after anesthesia-based treatment. Doyle and Wilkinson (2008) reported a patient who was suffering from narcolepsy while undergoing a gynecological surgery while under general anesthesia. The symptoms in the patient were pointed out by the duo to be well controlled by the administration of modafinil therapy. The modafinil therapy was omitted at the time of her surgery. Modafinil is pointed out to be a unique drug with various interactions with multiple anesthetic agents. Narcolepsy is a very chronic neurological condition which is characterized by uncontrollable and recurrent brief episodes of deep sleep. Modafinil has been pointed out to treat the excessive sleepiness that affects narcoleptic patients as pointed out by the US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group (1998).Kumar (2008) conducted an evidence-based review of the approved as well as the investigational applications of Modafinil. He pointed out that the drug is approved by FDA for use for same-day surgery after general surgery. He pointed out that a single dose of Modafinil was administered and compared against placebo. Morimoto et al. (2011) presented a report on the management of a patient suffering from narcolepsy using anesthetics. Modafinil was used to control narcolepsy.
Abstract
In this article we presents an in-depth critique of the article “Modafinil improves recovery after general anesthesia” by Larijani et al. (2004).WE focus our analysis on the way the authors have handled matters related to the definition of the problem, the literature review, the theoretical or conceptual framework employed, research variables, hypotheses, sampling, research design, data collection, data analysis and the interpretation and the analysis of the findings. This is compared to the literature that existed before and after the publication of the article being critiqued.
A critique of the article “Modafinil improves recovery after general anesthesia” by Larijani et al. (2004)
Summary
The article by Larijani et (2004) discusses a situation on how Modafinil was studied in regards to how it improves the rate of recovery after exposure to general anesthesia. The article indicates that the recovery of a patient from general anesthesia usually involves sedation, fatigue, drowsiness as well as a general lack of energy. Modafilin is a drug that promotes wakefulness and has been approved by FDA for use in patients suffering from excessive daytime sleepiness as a consequence of narcolepsy. The work evaluated the influence of modafinil (200 mg) doses and placebo in various patients who were recovering from the effect of general anesthesia. A total of 34 subjects were participants in this study in a randomized as well as a double-blind study were duly approved by their IRB. The study involved the process of asking preoperative patients to rate the symptoms that they had earlier on experienced within 24 hours via a verbal analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 10. Discrete scales too were also indicated. The study involved the process of determining postoperatively whether a patient was capable of tolerating an oral intake to warrant or meet the laid down institutional discharge criteria prior to the administration of the drugs (Modafinil 200 mg 0or the placebo) with a sip of water. The evaluation of the post discharge symptoms was carried out after 24 hours. The results indicated that the patients who were in the placebo group said that they experienced a significant level of postoperative fatigue (8 [3.3] against 1.4 [1.8]), they also reported exhaustion (4.3 [3.3] against 2.4 [3.1]) as well as a feeling of being worn out and exhaustion (4.7 [3.6] against 2.9 [2.4]).In the placebo group, there were reports of severe fatigue with 65% feeling fatigue against 2%. The study generally indicated that patients who were recovering from the effects of general anesthesia can gain significant benefits from the administration of Modafinil.
Reviewer reactions
In regard to the problem statement, the authors succeeded in defining their problem, the aims and objectives of the research. I however, feel that the objectives of the paper are limited and narrow. The paper should have aimed at showing the exact mechanism that Modafinil follows in order to effectively meet its intended purpose in the subjects. The possible side effects if any of the administration of the drug on the patients should have also been evaluated.
The study lacks an elaborate theoretical or conceptual framework. A theoretical or conceptual framework refers to the structure of the main principles, assumptions as well as rules that are responsible for holding together the various ideas that make up the broader concept under study. The theoretical framework is made up of the problem statement, purpose of the study, review of literature, methodology as well as techniques of data collection and analysis. The conceptual framework is important for this kind of a study as it acts as the maps that provide coherence to the given empirical inquiry. The fact that the study had elements of a conceptual framework with some such as literature review lacking indicates that it is not sufficient to provide coherence to the this study. The lack of a literature review is a serious limitation since a literature review is important in explaining what other scholars have done in the subject area. The lack of a literature review leads to the adoption of a poor conceptual framework and research methodology and variables in particular. The fact that the researchers sort for informed consent prior to the initiation of their work indicates that they are ethical in their conducts. This also indicates that they could have debriefed the patients prior to carrying out their study.
Reviewer recommendations
The authors used statistical analysis in an effort of controlling the effects of contamination. The study however clearly lacks external validity needed to generalize beyond the sample chosen.
References
Doyle.,A and Wilkinson.,D (2008)Day case general anaesthesia in a patient with narcolepsy.Anaesthesia, 2008, 63, pages 880–882
Galvin E, Boesjes H, Hol J, Ubben JF, Klein J, Verbrugge SJ (2010).Modafinil reduces
Patient-reported tiredness after sedation/analgesia but does not improve patient psychomotor skills. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010 Feb;54(2):154-61.
Kumar, R (2008) Approved and Investigational Uses of Modafinil: An Evidence-Based
Review. Drugs 2008; 68 (13): 1803-1839
Larijani GE, Goldberg ME, Hojat M, Khaleghi B, Dunn JB, Marr AT (2004). Modafinil
Improves recovery after general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2004 Apr;98(4):976-81.
Morimoto Y, Nogami Y, Harada K, Shiramoto H, Moguchi T.(2011).Anesthetic
Management of a patient with narcolepsy. J Anesth. 2011 Jun;25(3):435-7.
US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group (2008). Randomized trial of
modafinil for the treatment of pathological somnolence in narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 1998; 43:88–97.