Recent orders
Methods and Materials
Methods and Materials
Patients consented to their participation in the study particularly the use of their semen. Samples of male ejaculate were obtained from 200 males aged between 20 and 45. The participants had abnormal to normal sperm counts. The samples were tested for CT using a urethral smear test -u A commercial kit that uses direct immunofluorescence manufactured by Trinity Biotech was used. 64 samples returned positive whereas 136 returned negative. A random sampling method was used to select 50 positive samples and 25 negative samples that would be the control group for the study. Some of the participants who tested positive volunteered information on how long they had been infected with the disease and this was noted down. The participants were required to abstain from sexual activity 48 hours before the commencement of the study. On the day of semen collection, the men masturbated into vials that were appropriately numbered numerically (black ink for positive cases and blue ink for negative cases). Semen analysis was carried out using the standard procedure prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Equal parts from each vial were analyzed for DNA fragmentation and the result was recorded appropriately on the sticker. Seminal plasma was also examined for antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test.
The first step in the SCSA test was diluting an aliquot of semen from each sample to about 10 million. The diluting agent used was a pH 1.2 buffer of phosphate and salt (PBS). This treatment was allowed to hold for about 35 seconds (It is expected that fragments of DNA with 2 strands break (denature) while those with whole double strands remain unchanged.) The sperm cells were then stained with an acridine orange dye which produces contrasting stains in fragmented and intact DNA (red and green respectively). Flow cytometry analysis was then carried out for the stained samples in which blue light excitation of each sample was carried out and the sample observed for color changes (green to red). The flow cytometry allowed the measurement of the extent of sperm chromatin damage by quantifying the extent of metachromatic shifts from green to red in the cytogram intensity patterns. Denatured DNA was observed as the DNA fluorescent Intensity (DFI) or the ratio of denatured DNA to the total DNA present in a sample. The SCSA Diagnostics software was used to analyze the flow cytometry data and a DFI histogram modeled to present the percentage of denatured DNA strands per sample. The differences between samples from participants who tested positive for CT and those who tested negative for CT were averaged and statistically tested for reliability and validity. Also, the extent of DNA damage as revealed by the SCSA was compared across positive samples to observe whether long-term sufferers had a higher prevalence of fragmented DNA. SCSA has been used successfully to identify sperm with fragmented DNA from those sperm with whole DNA. The test reveals fragmented DNA as a plot with dots. The more the dots the higher the prevalence of SDF.
Maintenance of a Ships Main Electricity Distribution at Sea
Maintenance of a Ship’s Main Electricity Distribution at Sea
Ship Earth Fault Maintainance
A ship’s electrical distribution system serves to transmit electrical power to all the components that are connected to the ship. The main component of a ship’s electrical distribution system is the main switchboard which conveys power to the motor starter groups. Motor starter groups are part of the main board, the distribution boards and the section boards. High Voltage and Low Voltage are distribution sections of the system and are interconnected by transformers (Maes, 2004). Grounding is an electrical term used to define a reference point in the electrical circuits from which all voltages are measured. The earth point forms a solid connection to the earth and has no resistance to electric current due to its massive section and its mass. The earth normally forms the ground. However, because on boards a ship the earth is absent, the hull of the ship then becomes the reference point from which all voltages are measured and is the ship’s ground (Maes. 2004).
There are three types of an electrical fault that is experienced in a ship’s electrical distribution system. These include an earth fault, an open circuit fault and a short circuit fault. An earth fault is an electric fault that occurs when the insulation protecting a component is lost and therefore there is current that is allowed to flow to the earth potential. This is caused by either wear of the insulation or breakdown. Earth faults when not detected and corrected are likely to cause electrical shocks to personnel or fire to the ship. In order to mitigate the dangers that may arise due to the electric shock and fire cause by the earth fault, it is recommended that the metal parts that are part of the ship are earthed. This helps in preventing the ship from attaining high amounts of voltage with respect to the earth which is considered dangerous.
An open circuit is a type of electrical fault that is caused when the phase conductor is interrupted. The interruption can be wholly or even partial. An open circuit is normally caused by breaks present in the wire and also due to bad connections. The effects of this type of electrical fault vary depending on the type of type of interruption on the conductor. When the phase conductor is totally interrupted the open circuit can lead to ashes. When the phase conductor is interrupted the open circuit can lead to heat loss. Open circuits also lead to overload as they cause the three phase to now solely run on two phases.
There are three types of electrical faults that be experienced in general. An earth fault, an open circuit fault and a short circuit fault (Maes, 2004). An earth fault occurs when the insulation is lost and current flows to earth potential. It is normally caused by the insulation breaking down or being worn out or presence of a loose wire that acts as a live conductor to contacting the enclosed earthed metal. It causes fire or electric shock. Earthing of metal enclosure or metal parts that carry no currents is encouraged as a preventive measure. Open circuit results from total or partial interruption of a phase conductor. It is caused by bad connections or breaks present in the wire. It leads to flashes or high heat. Short circuits are caused by connections of two phase conductors. This can be due to loss of insulation, human error or presentation of a situation considered as abnormal. It causes release of a large current amount and this is often accompanied by explosions
A ship has an electrical distribution system that has a high voltage and low voltage component. The High Voltage component is 6.6kV and the low voltage component is 690V. The ship’s electrical distribution system has experience an electrical fault that is an earth fault. The earth fault is reported to be on the low voltage component. The main cause of the earth fault that is reported is investigated using the procedure outlined by Vance (2014) as illustrated below.
An electrical officer is on board a ship as they are qualified to handle the machinery and equipment that are present on board. The ship is designed to alert the electrical officer when there is a problem that has occurred in the ship that needs to be attended to. Such equipments include ammeters or alarms. When an earth fault occurs, there is an alarm that goes off to alert on this. Ground fault detection equipments and ground fault ammeters are also present in a ship and these help to detect the specific reason why the alarm went off. On checking the two and noting that it is due to a ground fault, necessary steps are then taken.
First, the common trip reset button is activated. The common trip button is located on the Low Voltage switchboard. The activation of the common trip button serves to have the system reset (Electrical O&M Manual). The alarm trip reset button also enables an individual to know how genuine is the fault that has caused the alarm to go off. Once the reset button has been activated it remains in a depressed position until the problem has been solved.
The general idea is to isolate the cause of the problem. The electrical officer therefore proceeds by first of all shutting down all the equipment and the solar panels individually only leaving the battery switch on. The positive battery cable is then disconnected and then the meter reading is set to DC and to read in volts. A meter reading between the cable and the battery terminal is taken and if the reading is 12 volts or if there is any reading at all then this authenticates the problem by indicating that there is actually a leak.
This is noted and therefore the electrical officer tests whether this leak is due to the battery. The battery switch is switched off and then the meter reading is checked. A meter reading present when battery is off is an indication that the leak is due to the battery. This requires the electrical officer to rewire and concurrently reroute everything when supporting the highest possibility. Having done this, the battery switch is then switched off when the meter is connected and then the meter is disconnected. The meter is checked to see if there is a reading. In this particular case, there was a reading and this led to the conclusion that the leak is due to the system and not the battery.
The electrical officer then switches the battery switch on again. At this stage when this is done, the meter is connected. The electrical officer studies the fuse as well as the breaker channel. The breakers are then closed and the fuses are pulled. The meter is checked for a reading. If there is no reading then the fuse after therefore breakers are closed then this implies that this was the cause of the fault. However, in this case a reading still was on the meter and therefore the breakers or the system panel was the cause of the leak.
The electrical officer then sets the meter to read in ohms. Then electrical officer removes the breaker, one after the other while testing across each breaker’s terminal. Having the breaker off should note and infinite reading on the meter and this would mean that the leak is on the breaker. The electrical officer on this ship still noted a reading and this could only mean that it is the system panel that was the cause on this.
Therefore, the electrical officer has to identify which machinery has the leak attributed to it. This can be easily done by isolating each machinery and checking if there is still a leak. However, this method isn’t practically as a ship is underway. Isolation might prove to be dangerous especially when one is required to isolate critical component like a steering gear (Balasubramanian, 2011). It is however easy to conduct a changeover and have the running machinery be replaced with the stand by machinery. After the electrical officer did this for this ship, he checked the earth fault indicator and noted the cause of the leak to be a contactor 6Q15 which is a steering gear point. Indeed isolation of each component would have proved to be dangerous in this case.
With the cause of the setting off of the alarm detected, the common trip reset button is then simply released by twisting and unlocking the head (Electrical O&M Manual)
Safety Checks Procedures and Permits to Work
There are a lot of precautions that are to be taken when on board a ship. These are referred to as safety checks. These precautions are set out in order to reduce the accidents that can occur due to carelessness or mistakes as the results will be fatal. The safety checks procedures are outlined as follows (Electrical O&M Manual).
There is limited access allowed to the switch room. This is because there is a lot of different technical equipment that require technical personnel with the know how to handle it. In case of a fault, the critical equipment should not be removed as this may be hazardous to the ship. Simply a changeover from the running machinery to the stand by machinery is carried out. However, when machinery is broken down and the ship is not underway, the machinery should be isolated and replaced. It is compulsory to have a backup power system which is the secondary power system. This ensures that incase of failure on the main power system the normal operations still carry on. All the switches and circuits require to be switched off when necessary.
There are other bits that are still part of safety checks procedures. These include ensuring all doors are firmly shut and secured. Observing cleanliness of the switch room as well as the plant areas. Ensuring there are no obstructions or equipments loosely lying around in the switch rooms and the plant area and also keeping tools and equipment away and in a safe area.
A permit to work is a written document that is required before any maintainance work is carried out in a ship. The maintainance work is specifically after an assessment has been done and it has been noted that it is not possible to follow the normal safe practices. It specifies the extent of work to be done, the timescale and the precautions to be taken.
Maintanance Procedures
A ship has maintainace work now and then. Maintainace can be preventive, condition-based or break down (Munir, 2006).. Preventive is scheduled by the manufacturer. Tests are done to check on the normal working conditions of the machinery. They include Tests of Time between overhauls, tests on centrifugal filter cleaning, test on cylinder overhaul and big end bearing inspection. Lifting tools are necessary for dismantling. Condition-based maintainace consists of inspections and include tests such as visual, vibration, pressure, temperature, load, electrical and water tightness (GMM, 2001). Calibration and measuring equipment is used. Break down maintainance is carried out in the case of a breakdown and tests and equipment are based on the nature of the breakdown. Before maintainance the circuit switch should be off and crank doors sealed shut. After maintainance, it is necessary to check on the LV and HV systems. Check for anomalies in the connections, temperature changes, meter reading and earth fault relay.
The fault that occurred in the ship was an earth fault and if not checked could lead to an electric shock or a fire.
References
Maes, M. (2014). Marine Electrical Knowledge. Web. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://optiloadingsvn.hzs.be/willem/assorted/marine_electrical_knowledge.pdf” http://optiloadingsvn.hzs.be/willem/assorted/marine_electrical_knowledge.pdf
DC Marine (2000). Technical Notes of Interest to Marine Engineers: Ship’s Electrical system Described. HYPERLINK “http://www.dieselduck.ca/machine/03%20electricity/electrical_sys.html” http://www.dieselduck.ca/machine/03%20electricity/electrical_sys.html
IACS (2001). A Guide to Managing Maintainance. Recommendation 74. HYPERLINK “http://www.uhfg.se/pdf/Artikelarkiv/Rec74.pdf” http://www.uhfg.se/pdf/Artikelarkiv/Rec74.pdf
Munir, A. (2006). Ship Machinery Maintainance. Lecture on 28th November 2006. Web, HYPERLINK “https://www.google.com/search?q=Ship+Machinery+Maintaincanc+e+Munir+Asif&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb” https://www.google.com/search?q=Ship+Machinery+Maintaincanc+e+Munir+Asif&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb
Electrical Operation & Maintanance Manual. Revision 2.0. HYPERLINK “https://www.google.com/search?q=Ship+Machinery+Maintaincanc+e+Munir+Asif&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#” https://www.google.com/search?q=Ship+Machinery+Maintaincanc+e+Munir+Asif&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#
Balasubramanian, S. (2011). How to Find an Earth Fault on Board Ships. HYPERLINK “http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/marine-electrical/how-to-find-an-earth-fault-on-board-ships/” http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/marine-electrical/how-to-find-an-earth-fault-on-board-ships/
HYPERLINK “https://www.google.com/search?q=Detecting+an+earth+fault+in+a+ship&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#” https://www.google.com/search?q=Detecting+an+earth+fault+in+a+ship&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#
Bender, (2012). Ground Fault Protection Ships and Offshore Platforms. HYPERLINK “http://www.bender.org/documents/NAE1111780_brochure_ship-offshore.pdf” http://www.bender.org/documents/NAE1111780_brochure_ship-offshore.pdf
HYPERLINK “https://www.google.com/search?q=Ship+Machinery+Maintaincanc+e+Munir+Asif&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#” https://www.google.com/search?q=Ship+Machinery+Maintaincanc+e+Munir+Asif&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#
A Study on the Factors Affecting the Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers in San Antonio
A Study on the Factors Affecting the Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers in San Antonio
Name:
Institution affiliation
Date:
Introduction
The melamine controversy that emitted amid the last quarter of year 2008 brought individuals’ consideration over to the open deliberations in the middle of breastfeeding and the utilization of breast milk substitutes like business baby recipe. This wasn’t the first occasion when that baby recipe had created sicknesses and even deaths to newborn children around the world – subsequently the nonstop crusade of World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF alongside other breastfeeding promoters, for mothers to breastfeed their youngsters in any event until 6 months of age.
Baby feeding practices allude for the most part to help the infant. An investigation of baby bolstering practices was completed on an example of 100 mother and newborn child sets. The results uncovered that just 20% of mothers in the study as of now only breastfeed their children. It additionally demonstrates that financial components like mother’s work status, conjugal status and instructive accomplishment had immediate bearing on these practices. Utilized mothers have a tendency to stop breastfeeding their infants and in the long run stop and simply turn to equation bolstering as they retreat to work. The study additionally demonstrated that mothers who are hitched and living with their accomplices are more inclined to breastfeed their newborn children than single parents. Those with higher instructive fulfillment resort more to recipe bolstering and blended sustaining than those with lower instructive achievement. Health awareness expert’s impact mothers the most with regards to newborn child nourishing choices.
MethodologyType of Research
The sort of research that will be utilized within this study is qualitative examination and quantitative exploration. Qualitative specialists plan to accumulate an inside and out understanding of human conduct and the reasons that represent such conduct. The order researches the “why” and “how” of choice making. Other than this, the scientist will likewise look at the wonder through perceptions in numerical representations and through factual examination. Alongside polls that will be offered out to respondents for the factual representation of the discoveries in the study, meetings with the respondents and a couple of specialists in this field will likewise be directed.
Sampling Method
The exploration examining system that will be utilized within this study is irregular testing to get a more exploratory come about that could be utilized to speak to the aggregate of the population. A rundown of all health awareness offices (maternity and lying-in facilities, open and private clinics, wellbeing focuses) was procured from the San Antonio Hall.
From 20 groups, three will be picked through random testing. The health awareness offices and foundations in these three barangays will then be the target wellsprings of respondents of the specialist. The social insurance offices and foundations will be reached to get a verbal agree to regulate the survey to mothers at their spots. A letter of assent will likewise be sent to them alongside an example duplicate of the poll that will be utilized, and also the convention of the specialist. A letter was likewise tended to the City Health Officer to get underwriting and agree to lead an exploration in chose barangays and appropriate polls to the mothers in the region.
Information accumulation was directed all through the facilities‟ and wellbeing centers‟ working hours from Mondays through Sundays so as to incorporate both working and non-meeting expectations mothers.
Respondents
The respondents in this examination will all be originating from one single area – San Antonio, particularly the arbitrarily chose barangays of Pamplona I, CAA/BF International and Pamplona III. The scientist picked San Antonio on account of the financial conditions display in the territory that is applicable to the study furthermore as it fits the period and assets of the specialist. The specialist will approach the arbitrarily examined respondents for agreeing and endorsement to answer the survey until the wanted number of respondents that is 100 is arrived at. The notion of masters will likewise be looked for in this exploration to give clarifications in regards to the respondents‟ baby nourishing practices and practices.
Questionnaire
The poll obliges data about the financial and demographic foundation of the mother. It additionally has inquiries identified with past baby sustaining practices and the conception of her most youthful newborn child furthermore in regards to the infant’s general wellbeing and age.
Explanations that are seen to be elements that impact mothers‟ newborn child is feeding choices were displayed. The depiction of the sort of baby recipe given by equation and blended bolstering mothers will likewise be asked in the material.
Conclusion
Larger part of the mother’s recipe sustain their tyke and just a minority only breastfeeds their youngsters, particularly according to the proposal of the World Health Organization. While dominant part of the mothers in this study demonstrated an inspirational disposition towards breastfeeding, the majority of them chose just to equation nourish because of the reasons of deficient drain supply and work.
In light of the aftereffects of the study, the instructive fulfillment, work status, conjugal status, and courses in the barangay the respondents are part of, about breastfeeding, are the noteworthy elements that influence the newborn child nourishing choice of mothers in San Antonio. Most of the mothers that served as respondents in this study fall under the age scope of 17-30 years of age. More than 50% of them were additionally school graduates while a noteworthy number are students and have just arrived at until secondary school. A large portion of the mothers is housewives and the others remaining have full-time occupations, low maintenance employments and independently employed. A couple of them are still understudies. While lion’s shares of them were hitched, a great deal were still in the status of live-in and were single. More than 50% of the mothers did not have past kids before the current one. Dominant parts of the respondents additionally have a yearly horrible family pay that does not surpass P50, 000.
Among the few data sources to be specific, media through TVs/radios and printed/distributed materials, the social help supportive network contained the mother’s family, companions and different relatives and wellbeing organizations, the mothers who give their children newborn child equation are affected the most by medicinal services establishments through wellbeing experts and other health awareness staff. They impact the mothers in choosing to nourish the child with recipe and in picking, too, which brand of equation is best for their children. Mothers believe their infant’s specialist due to their aptitude in the said field thus this sort of connection is attained.
Mothers were in general not worried about the conceivable reactions of breastfeeding as couples were just stressed as indicated in the information introduced. It can be reasoned that various inside and outside components impact a mother in settling on the newborn child sustaining choices, and a more prominent part of these is financial in nature.
References
Fallani, M., Amarri, S., Uusijarvi, A., Adam, R., Khanna, S., Aguilera, M., … & Edwards, C. A.(2011). Determinants of the human infant intestinal microbiota after the introduction offirst complementary foods in infant samples from five European centres. Microbiology,157(5), 1385-1392.
Maehr, J. C., Lizarraga, J. L., Wingard, D. L., & Felice, M. E. (1993). A comparative study ofadolescent and adult mothers who intend to breastfeed. Journal of adolescent health,14(6), 453-457.
Rempel, L. A. (2004). Factors influencing the breastfeeding decisions of long-term breastfeeders.Journal of Human Lactation, 20(3), 306-318.