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Economic Effect of the Slave Trade from 1492 to1877
Economic Effect of the Slave Trade from 1492 – 1877
Slavery is a historical vent that had diverse social, economic and political implications on the affected individuals. Slave trade basically constituted Africans being sold to America to provide labor on the vast lands that had been discovered. The trade disrupted various facets of the African as well as the American society in different ways. The massive transportation of millions of individuals form one part of the continent to the other undoubtedly had various implications. Fundamentally, Africans considered it unjust especially because they were exposed to inhumane conditions and a high degree of brutality. However, the perpetrators of this trade were driven by the economic incentive. Historical evidence indicates that the mere engagement in slave trade was economically rewarding and as such, the merchants considered it an ideal opportunity to reap economic returns. It is against this background that this paper explores the economic effect of slavery from 1992 to 1877.
As aforementioned, slave trade had massive economic implications to both America and Africa. In Africa, it is widely agreed that slave trade had adverse impacts on the economic wellbeing of the society. In this regard, the trade targeted able bodied men who were instrumental for providing labor in the continent. Traditionally, African men were solely concerned with economic production. They worked in fields and went hunting in order to provide for the economic needs of their families. Slavery denied African families this important labor and as such, economic productivity was halted. Although the women assumed the roles of working in the fields, their level of productivity was comparatively lower as compared to those of the men. This can partly be attributed to the fact that they were not accustomed to performing heavy manual duties in the farms.
Further, the economic production of Africans was disrupted and reversed by the common civil war. According to historical evidence, slave raids were in most instances were characterized by violence and culminated in mistrust (Law 32). The volatile violent conditions made to difficult for the population to undertake economic activities in an effective manner. Slavery also led to the dissolution of important political structures that were instrumental in anchoring economic production. In his study, Manning indicates that the African society was characterized by various intricate and augmenting factors (Manning 64). Disruption of one facet of the society therefore had devastating impact on the wellbeing of the rest of the facets. Economic production was influenced by social and political factors too. Therefore, dissolution of important political structures as a result of civil wars and mistrust had direct negative impacts on the African economy.
Slavery also had adverse emotional impacts on the holistic wellbeing of the society. In this respect, it culminated in mental illnesses because of the psychological distress that the populations were exposed to. As a result, the performance of the populations was affected adversely. Most of them could not work on farms or engage in several other economic activities because of insecurity. Moreover, significant resources were employed in rehabilitating the community and addressing the wide ranging health implications that were affecting its entire wellbeing. These resources would have otherwise been useful in enhancing the general wellbeing as well as quality of life of the Africans.
Africans that participated actively in the slave trade benefited significantly from the economic returns. Manning asserts that slaves as a trade commodity was very expensive (Manning 60). At the peak of this trade, the middlemen who comprised of African kings and village elders benefited significantly. Nonetheless, a significant percentage of the returns were spent on buying British weapons that were of very low quality. Most of them spent their returns on other luxury goods such as textiles, salt and iron ore. From a general point of view, these goods were important in enhancing the quality of life of the populations that were left behind. However, not all segments of the population benefited from these.
As identified earlier, slave trade also had significant implications on the economic wellbeing of the Americans. Essentially, slaves were bought by the American population in order to provide manual labor on the large scale farms. Increased labor culminated in increased economic returns. The agricultural yields increased significantly and the monetary value from these returns also improved. Using the capital that was gained from Agricultural production, the American population was able to diversify its economic sphere. In particular, Lovejoy indicates that the population was able to engage in other forms of economic production (Lovejoy 77). Industrialization and trade activities increased significantly. This was attributable to the huge capital that the population got from improved agricultural production. The diversification of the American economy was useful in cushioning the populations against economic problems that affected their wellbeing in different ways.
Just like their African counterparts, the White and Indian populations that engaged in slave trade accumulated significant financial resources. As indicated earlier, slavery was a very expensive business that involved innumerable resources. The benefits that the participants got from this trade were useful in enhancing their quality of life. A percentage of these were also directed at developing distinctive ships that were employed in further ferrying the slaves to America. Arguably, slavery culminated in technological advancements in this regard. The merchants that concerned themselves with ship making undoubtedly benefited from the improved business.
The emergence of industrialization had beneficial impacts on the American population. Various industries were developed to process or manufacture various products. For instance, the increase in cotton production culminated in increased development and expansion of cotton ginneries. This was rewarding to the White population that was offered employment opportunities in the respective industries (Williams 33). In essence, it improved their quality of life because of an increase in their income levels. Moreover, the respective population also benefited immensely from the quality products that processing and manufacturing industries produced. High quality products had direct positive impacts on the quality of their life. At this point, it is also worth noting that besides working on the large scale farms, some of the slaves were responsible for providing domestic labor. Likewise, this was important in enhancing the wellbeing of the White populations.
According to Inikori and Engerman, the returns from the improved agricultural production were also employed in improving social utilities as well as amenities (Inikori and Engerman 81). In particular, the respective returns were used for improving infrastructure such as roads, schools and so forth. This improved the general quality of life of the populations and enhanced their standards of living. To a great extent, increased returns from Agricultural production culminated in an organized political system. Power and influence was determined by the amount of wealth that the individuals had. Historical evidence ascertains that the large scale farmers in the South were more powerful and influential as compared to their counterpart merchants in the north. The respective power was attributable to the wealth that the populations in the south had.
Historical documents indicate that the accumulation of wealth by the Europeans from the slave trade led to the occurrence of civil wars. Just like in the African scenario, those with more wealth tended to undermine the poor. According to historical documents, more conflicts culminated from the slave trade itself (Inikori and Enegrman 84). There are also certain facets of the society that were opposed to the slave trade because of the brutal and inhuman conditions that the slaves were exposed to. This was also a cause of conflicts between different communities.
In sum, slave trade had diverse implications on the economic wellbeing of the involved parties. As it has come out from the study, Africans lost important labor because the trade required able-bodied men. This impacted negatively on their economic production and coupled with psychological distress, war and conflicts, the economic wellbeing of this society was completely destructed. The African kings, village elders, Indians and other middlemen that participated in the trade had huge benefits because the slaves were very expensive. The American economy on the other hand thrived because of the free slave labor that was provided by the slaves. Increased capital culminated in diversification of the economy and emergence of industrialization. The American society also improved its standards of living because of improved social amenities and utilities. However, this trade also increased incidences of conflicts amongst the White population.
Works Cited
Inikori Joseph and Engerman Stanley. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and People’s in Africa, the Americas and Europe. USA: Duke University Press, 1992. Print.
Law Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550-1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Oxford: University Press, 1991. Print.
Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery. Cambridge: University Press, 1983. Print.
Manning Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental and African Slave Trades. Cambridge: University Press, 1990. Print.
Williams Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. USA: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Print.
Healthcare Quality Assurance Article Reviews
Healthcare quality assurance article review
What are the tools used by the AHRQ in managed care
Introduction
The aim of every medical institution is the provision of excellent health care. To do this, there are certain standards relating to quality that have been established. Managed Care Organizations receive their funding via the Medicaid and Medicare programs. The federal and state governments have set certain standards pertaining to quality. These are the standards that the Managed Care Organizations are supposed to adhere to.
The importance of access to complete clinical information that is evidence based cannot be gainsaid as far as meeting their responsibilities is concerned. In addition the organization would require to have information pertaining to measures on clinical performance. All this information is useful in evaluating the performance of the provider under the organization as well as look into areas that may need some bit of improvement. In addition, they would be collecting information pertaining to the feelings of the members pertaining to the treatment they are receiving.
You will therefore acknowledge the need to have measurement tools that are reliable, valid and which would not cost much. Unfortunately, there has been a deficiency of these tools in the past. Moreover, the performance measurement science has been a new phenomenon and therefore there is need to for the development of additional measures as well as the improvement of the existing ones. What are the tools that can be used to improve the services offered by the organizations? This article is aimed at looking at these tools
Tools
In light of the numerous challenges that Managed care organizations face presently, the researchers have come up with tools, put them into testing and looked into their effectiveness through implementation. The various tools include
The National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC)
The main goal of the National Guidelines Clearinghouse is to offer providers of health care, health plans, purchaser as well as other institutions access to information that is detailed as well objective pertaining to guidelines of clinical practice. It also enhances the ability of these institutions to disseminate, execute as well as use this information. The importance of this lies in enabling the institutions to determine whether their patients are getting appropriate care in the appropriate time.
The National Guideline Clearinghouse makes for a complete database of guidelines on clinical practice Backed BY Evidence as well as documents that are related. The Major Components of the National Guidelines Clearinghouse include the summaries touching on the guidelines as well as their development, the ability for comparison of guideline and combinations of guidelines covering topics that are similar while looking into their differences and similarities. Also contained in this tool are bibliographies on the use, implementation as well as the development of guidelines.
National Quality Measures Clearinghouse
The basic for establishment of this particular tool was the promotion of enhanced access by Managed Care Organizations to measures that are of high standards. This is after the recognition of the fact that there is need for these organizations to access reliable as well as efficient methods for quantifying the quality of health care. It makes for an information database on particular quality measures of health care. One thing that you would appreciate bout this tool is the ability of the user to simultaneously search it and the NGC.
Patient Outcome Research Teams
This tool was established in order to establish whether MCO providers offer quality care. It incorporated a research done by teams drawn from various disciplines. This project formed the basis by which the productions of measures as well as outcomes were refined as well as defined.
Other tools included Q-span, Consumer Assessment of Health Plans, Child Health Toolbox and the United States Preventive services Task Force. All these tools were aimed at looking into ways of improving the delivery of quality services by the Managed Care Organizations.
What is the impact of these tools?
With the increase in the enrolment of individuals to Managed Care organizations, there were fears about the probability of diminishing quality OF health care provided. In addition, there were concerns about the impact of changes in the technologies, cost pressures as well as variations pertaining to the healthcare provision. Nevertheless, the organizations were in apposition to demonstrate the maintenance as well as improvement in the provision of healthcare to the members. This was done using the valid, reliable as well as systematic methods of quality care provision, comprehensive measurement of their success as well as being in a position to give a feedback as to the finding.
Due to the availability of these valid and dependable tools, the concerned stakeholders have been in a position to use them to enhance the quality of the services they avail to their patients.
References
AHRQ Tools for Managed Care. Research in Action Issue 11. AHRQ Publication No. 03-0016, March 2003. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/research/mcotoolria.htm
EFFORTS TAKEN TO STRENGTHEN THE MANAGED CARE
Introduction
Medical systems have undergone a lot of changes in the recent times especially with the entry of private institutions in the market. You will acknowledge that there has been a rise in the cost of health care services. This has led to the dominance of the managed care in the delivery system of health care. It would be important to note that there has been an increase in the number of individuals signing up in the managed care systems as well as Health Maintenance organizations.
Managed care incorporates systems that depend on each other and deal with the delivery and the financing of health services. However, you will acknowledge that there are differences as pertaining to their ways of health care delivery, ease of health care access as well as the range of services that are provided. Nevertheless, there are gaps as pertaining to the knowledge of the far reaching effects of this service on the quality, cost as well as access to care.
What is the role played by the AHCPR in the strengthening of managed care?
The Agency for Health Care policy and research has played a pivotal role in enhancing the strength of the managed care. It has been very supportive of the studies pertaining to the changes in the managed care. In addition, it has been reaching out to the private sector in an effort to build consensus on the way forward in increasing the quality As Well as accountability in the health care provision.
This agency has also been providing information pertaining to the viability of the management systems as well as alternative practices. In addition, they have been looking into the problems encountered as well as the successes that have been attained. All this is aimed at enhancing the quality of health care provision.
Basis of the efforts.
A research supported by the agency has shown that patients served by the managed care systems spent less time in the ICU than those who had insurance plans that would pay for the services. In addition, it was noted that HMO patients underwent less hospitalization as compared to those who paid some fees for the health service. Also, doctors in services that charged would spend less time with the patients as compared to HMO doctors. Basically, it was noted that patients who were chronically ill had enhanced access to health care in the managed care programs as compared to those in the services where they would pay some fees.
Basically, this research showed that there was better likelihood of recovery in the managed care institutions than in the services where individuals were required to part with some fees.
Continuing research
There are various studies that are being conducted with an effort to show the effect of certain activities on the improvement of health care provision. This is done in an effort to come up with the most effective strategy. There have been studies on impact of transferring beneficiaries of Medicaid to the managed care. In addition, the impact of constant improvement of quality on the preventive services delivery in clinics that deal with primary care is under study. In addition, there are studies on the methods that doctors in primary care facilities use to manage pain. These are aimed at determining whether there is any correlation with the various risks pertaining to chronic pain in patients having headaches and back pain.
Research on rural populations.
It has been noted that the rural populations are less healthy than their non-rural counterparts. In this case, there have been concerted efforts to enhance the development and establishment of health institutions in the rural areas. This is actually the basis for managed care institutions in the regions or state. In addition, there have been demonstrations on the ways in which the rural health care systems can be improved by incorporating creativity in the financing, delivery as well as the organization of health services.
Other studies.
Presently, research is being carried to determine the number of people with benefits pertaining to managed care. There are also studies aimed at looking at the effects of market structures changes on the production of providers of health care as well as the price, service quality, market care and distribution.
Conclusion
The agency has been a leading light in the support of research aimed at improving healthcare quality. This has been through the numerous research programs, the improvement of the clinical guideline as well as the technological assessment. These have been very much effective in availing practical, valid information that is based on science to all the stakeholders involved. These include the medical practitioners, consumers as well as other purchasers of healthcare.
References
Strengthening Managed Care. Research in Action Fact Sheet. AHCPR Publication No. 96-P045, June 1996. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/research/managed.htm
Economic Effect of the Slave Trade from 1492 to 1877
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Economic Effect of the Slave Trade from 1492 – 1877
Slavery is a historical vent that had diverse social, economic and political implications on the affected individuals. Slave trade basically constituted Africans being sold to America to provide labor on the vast lands that had been discovered. The trade disrupted various facets of the African as well as the American society in different ways. The massive transportation of millions of individuals form one part of the continent to the other undoubtedly had various implications. Fundamentally, Africans considered it unjust especially because they were exposed to inhumane conditions and a high degree of brutality. However, the perpetrators of this trade were driven by the economic incentive. Historical evidence indicates that the mere engagement in slave trade was economically rewarding and as such, the merchants considered it an ideal opportunity to reap economic returns. It is against this background that this paper explores the economic effect of slavery from 1992 to 1877.
As aforementioned, slave trade had massive economic implications to both America and Africa. In Africa, it is widely agreed that slave trade had adverse impacts on the economic wellbeing of the society. In this regard, the trade targeted able bodied men who were instrumental for providing labor in the continent. Traditionally, African men were solely concerned with economic production. They worked in fields and went hunting in order to provide for the economic needs of their families. Slavery denied African families this important labor and as such, economic productivity was halted. Although the women assumed the roles of working in the fields, their level of productivity was comparatively lower as compared to those of the men. This can partly be attributed to the fact that they were not accustomed to performing heavy manual duties in the farms.
Further, the economic production of Africans was disrupted and reversed by the common civil war. According to Law, slave raids were in most instances were characterized by violence and culminated in mistrust (32). The volatile violent conditions made to difficult for the population to undertake economic activities in an effective manner. Slavery also led to the dissolution of important political structures that were instrumental in anchoring economic production. In his study, Manning indicates that the African society was characterized by various intricate and augmenting factors (64). Disruption of one facet of the society therefore had devastating impact on the wellbeing of the rest of the facets. Economic production was influenced by social and political factors too. Therefore, dissolution of important political structures as a result of civil wars and mistrust had direct negative impacts on the African economy.
Slavery also had adverse emotional impacts on the holistic wellbeing of the society. In this respect, it culminated in mental illnesses because of the psychological distress that the populations were exposed to. As a result, the performance of the populations was affected adversely. Most of them could not work on farms or engage in several other economic activities because of insecurity. Moreover, significant resources were employed in rehabilitating the community and addressing the wide ranging health implications that were affecting its entire wellbeing. These resources would have otherwise been useful in enhancing the general wellbeing as well as quality of life of the Africans.
Africans that participated actively in the slave trade benefited significantly from the economic returns. Manning asserts that slaves as a trade commodity was very expensive (60). At the peak of this trade, the middlemen who comprised of African kings and village elders benefited significantly. Nonetheless, a significant percentage of the returns were spent on buying British weapons that were of very low quality. Most of them spent their returns on other luxury goods such as textiles, salt and iron ore. From a general point of view, these goods were important in enhancing the quality of life of the populations that were left behind. However, not all segments of the population benefited from these.
As identified earlier, slave trade also had significant implications on the economic wellbeing of the Americans. Essentially, slaves were bought by the American population in order to provide manual labor on the large scale farms. Increased labor culminated in increased economic returns. The agricultural yields increased significantly and the monetary value from these returns also improved. Using the capital that was gained from Agricultural production, the American population was able to diversify its economic sphere. In particular, Lovejoy indicates that the population was able to engage in other forms of economic production (77). Industrialization and trade activities increased significantly. This was attributable to the huge capital that the population got from improved agricultural production. The diversification of the American economy was useful in cushioning the populations against economic problems that affected their wellbeing in different ways.
Just like their African counterparts, the White and Indian populations that engage din slave trade accumulated significant financial resources. As indicated earlier, slavery was a very expensive business that involved innumerable resources. The benefits that the participants got from this trade were useful in enhancing their quality of life. A percentage of these were also directed at developing distinctive ships that were employed in further ferrying the slaves to America. Arguably, slavery culminated in technological advancements in this regard. The merchants that concerned themselves with ship making undoubtedly benefited from the improved business.
The emergence of industrialization had beneficial impacts on the American population. Various industries were developed to process or manufacture various products. For instance, the increase in cotton production culminated in increased development and expansion of cotton ginneries. This was rewarding to the White population that was offered employment opportunities in the respective industries (Williams 33). In essence, it improved their quality of life because of an increase in their income levels. Moreover, the respective population also benefited immensely from the quality products that processing and manufacturing industries produced. High quality products had direct positive impacts on the quality of their life. At this point, it is also worth noting that besides working on the large scale farms, some of the slaves were responsible for providing domestic labor. Likewise, this was important in enhancing the wellbeing of the White populations.
According to Inikori and Engerman, the returns from the improved agricultural production were also employed in improving social utilities as well as amenities (81). In particular, the respective returns were used for improving infrastructure such as roads, schools and so forth. This improved the general quality of life of the populations and enhanced their standards of living. To a great extent, increased returns from Agricultural production culminated in an organized political system. Power and influence was determined by the amount of wealth that the individuals had. Historical evidence ascertains that the large scale farmers in the South were more powerful and influential as compared to their counterpart merchants in the north. The respective power was attributable to the wealth that the populations in the south had.
Historical documents indicate that the accumulation of wealth by the Europeans from the slave trade led to the occurrence of civil wars. Just like in the African scenario, those with more wealth tended to undermine the poor. According to Inikori and Enegrman, more conflicts culminated from the slave trade itself (84). There are also certain facets of the society that were opposed to the slave trade because of the brutal and inhuman conditions that the slaves were exposed to. This was also a cause of conflicts between different communities.
In sum, slave trade had diverse implications on the economic wellbeing of the involved parties. As it has come out from the study, Africans lost important labor because the trade required able-bodied men. This impacted negatively on their economic production and coupled with psychological distress, war and conflicts, the economic wellbeing of this society was completely destructed. The African kings, village elders, Indians and other middlemen that participated in the trade had huge benefits because the slaves were very expensive. The American economy on the other hand thrived because of the free slave labor that was provided by the slaves. Increased capital culminated in diversification of the economy and emergence of industrialization. The American society also improved its standards of living because of improved social amenities and utilities. However, this trade also increased incidences of conflicts amongst the White population.
Works Cited
Inikori Joseph and Engerman Stanley. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and People’s in Africa, the Americas and Europe. USA: Duke University Press, 1992. Print.
Law Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550-1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Oxford: University Press, 1991. Print.
Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery. Cambridge: University Press, 1983. Print.
Manning Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental and African Slave Trades. Cambridge: University Press, 1990. Print.
Williams Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. USA: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Print.