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Drive Value from Big Data through Six Emerging Best Practices
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Drive Value from Big Data through Six Emerging Best Practices
Organizations have increasingly adopted and invested in big data technology, and have resolved to exploit ways on how to benefit from this emerging technology. Therefore, they must identify efficient service providers, vendors and appropriate technology that suit them. Thus, organizations should address the main aspects of adopting big data, which are people, process, and technology in order to reap maximum benefits from the initiative. The transition process proves difficult for most organizations, and Gartner has devised six practices that will help them overcome the hurdles.
Firstly, organizations need to assess the strategy to adopt and research on innovation opportunities outside the business. They also need to consider the required skills and approach during implementation of the big data technology. The organization should also make managerial and operational decisions feasible using the technology. In addition, the choices made should be based on low-cost technology and available skills as the organization shifts gear to the new technology. It is also essential that the organization integrate the new technology with existing systems for enhanced efficiency. Finally, the organization should also invest immensely in security and information governance because they form an integral part of the technology after the main issues of big data, which are variety, volume, and velocity.
Organizations can benefit from big data technology via various ways. They can integrate operation technology with big data technology to bolster performance and analysis. Organizations can also make use of the technology to prevent crimes such as fraud and combat security threats. In addition, organizations can also take advantage of the database management and warehousing to upgrade their information and analytics management by adopting new trends in technology such as Nexus of Forces. Thus, they should consider adding big data technology to their warehouse and integration infrastructure.
Drinking and Driving Among 16-24 Year Olds
Drinking and Driving Among 16-24 Year Olds
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Introduction
Drink driving has, in the recent times, become one of the most traumatizing events in the history of humanity. It goes without saying that every state or country is reeling under the negative effects that come with drink driving. Of course, some variations or differences exist as to the magnitude or the extent to which drink driving occurs in different countries. However, statistics confirm that this is a phenomenon that demands immediate attention and action.
Statistics show that every twenty two minutes a person dies in a motor vehicle accident that is alcohol related in the entire globe. In the United States, a total of 32 people die daily in motor vehicle accidents involving alcohol impaired drivers (Shults et al, 2009). This means that every 45 minutes, there is a person who dies in the United States from accidents that are related to drink driving. On average, first time drunk-driving offenders have driven drunk about 87 times before being arrested. Statistics also show that the annual costs that pertain to alcohol-related accidents are over $51 billion (Impinen et al, 2009). It is estimated that a total of 11,773 people died in 2008 from drunk-driving related crashes. This is close to a third (32%) of the total traffic-related deaths that occurred in the country. Even more appalling are the statistics involving people between the ages of 16 and 24. Research shows that the risk of being involved in accidents is higher for young individuals than older ones in all blood alcohol concentration levels. Among the drivers whose levels of blood alcohol content were 0.08% or higher involved in deadly accidents in 2008, over a third of them (34%) ranged between 21 and 24 years (Impinen et al, 2009). Alcohol-related traffic fatalities for individuals between the age of 16 and 24 made up 25.5 percent. These facts underline the seriousness of drink-driving among 16-24 year old.
Teenage drunk driving is a fatal, social issue. It is the leading cause of fatality among young people between the ages of 15 and 20. Statistics show that 8 teenagers die every day from teenage drunk driving with males having higher statistics than females (Erke et al, 2009).
Incidence
Various scholars have strived to examine whether drinking and driving incidence responds to the escalation of punitive threat (Peck et al, 2008). There is a dominant view in the international literature that acknowledges the difficulty in detecting sustained or considerable reductions in drunk driving after enacting punitive policies. Recent campaigns that have been raising awareness about drunk driving in the United States offer fruitful context for the reexamination of the question (Erke et al, 2009). The impact of drinking and driving in the society may be readily observed in statistics involving traffic fatalities (Peck et al, 2008). Previous research has shown that alcohol may be responsible for between 50% and 55% of the fatal accidents in motor vehicles. Public health officials have ranked drunk driving as the top most killer of Americans aged between 15 and 24. It is estimated that the indirect and direct costs pertaining to drunk driving in the entire nation are close to $25 billion every year (Peck et al, 2008).
Causes of the high incidence of drunk driving among people aged between 16 and 24.
Questions arise as to the reasons for the high rates of drunk-driving in the United States for individuals between the age of 26 and 24. First, it is worth noting that most of the people within this age are susceptible to peer pressure. In fact, the overall factor covering every basis for drink driving for people in this age is peer pressure (Hingson & Zha, 2009). People in this age are craving for attention and approval of their peers and will, therefore, tend to follow the reigning trends just so they can have them. In addition, poor parenting has also been blamed for drink driving for individuals in this age bracket. It goes without saying that most of the parents do not dedicate sufficient time with their kids (Hingson & Zha, 2009). These kids then seek the advice of their peers and end up engaging in unruly behavior. In addition, the society seems to have grown increasingly permissive of drinking during this age. People at this age think that they are indestructible, in which case they are bound to take immense risks that even jeopardize their lives (Shults et al, 2009). This may be resulting from their raging hormones or immature minds that convince them about their capacity to do anything without putting their lives in danger (Marczinski& Fillmore, 2009). This is what marks the difference in the rates of drunk driving among males and females. Males have higher levels of testosterone, and tend to be more aggressive, which they feel the need to express especially when drunk. On the same note, there is the influence that emanates from sensation seeking, where an individual seeks intense and novel stimulation (Marczinski& Fillmore, 2009). This is consistently found in young males than young females and is often related to taking risks. The societal norms have also placed a requirement on young males in this age. The American society associates manhood with risk seeking tendencies. Indeed, young males have been brought up within a social system where the media and norms equate skillful maneuvers and fast (drunk) driving with adulthood and masculinity (Marczinski& Fillmore, 2009). The willingness and courage to take risks even in the face of danger is seen as a necessity in manhood in most cultures, which often takes a dangerous turn.
Consequences and health effects of drink driving
Alcohol has always been known to affect the Central Nervous System in a negative manner. It impedes the behavioral, as well as the cognitive capabilities of an individual. Drunk driving is shown to have a higher possibility f resulting in a car crash. The reaction time pertaining to an inebriated driver is reduced by between 10% and 30%, with vision becoming blurred (Brady et al, 2009). This ensures that the judgment of hazards, speed and distance is diminished. Research has shown that accidents that involve alcohol have a higher likelihood of being fatal or leading to severe injuries. This may have resulted from the fact that most drunk drivers are unlikely to wear seatbelts, and even more likely to exceed the speed limits, thereby increasing the risk of a severe crash-related injury (Brady et al, 2009).
In conclusion, drunk driving has been a controversial topic in the last few years. The issue has been responsible for a high number of fatalities in the recent times. While these statistics cut through the ages, the fatalities are higher among people aged between 16 and 24 than in other age brackets. This leads to a loss of more than $25 billion per year (Impinen et al, 2009). The main reasons for the trend may be peer pressure, expectations in the society pertaining to manhood, and sensation seeking, as well as high testosterone levels among individuals in this age bracket.
References
Brady, J. E., Baker, S. P., DiMaggio, C., McCarthy, M. L., Rebok, G. W., & Li, G. (2009). Effectiveness of mandatory alcohol testing programs in reducing alcohol involvement in fatal motor carrier crashes. American Journal of Epidemiology
Erke, A., Goldenbeld, C., & Vaa, T. (2009). The effects of drink-driving checkpoints on crashes: A meta-analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention
Impinen, A., Rahkonen, O., Karjalainen, K., Lintonen, T., Lillsunde, P., & Ostamo, A. (2009). Substance use as a predictor of driving under the influence (DUI) rearrests: A 15-year retrospective study. Traffic Injury Prevention
Hingson, R., & Zha, W. (2009). Age of drinking onset, alcohol use disorders, frequent heavy drinking, and unintentionally injuring onself and others after drinking. Pediatrics
Marczinski, C. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2009). Acute alcohol tolerance on subjective intoxication and simulated driving performance in binge drinkers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
Peck, R. C., Gebers, M. A., Voas, R. B., & Romano, E. (2008). The relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC), age, and crash risk. Journal of Safety Research
Shults, R. A., Elder, R. W., Nichols, J. L., Sleet, D. A., Compton, R., Chattopadhyay, S. K., Task Force on Community Preventive Services, (2009). Effectiveness of multicomponent programs with community mobilization for reducing alcohol-impaired driving. American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Drinking alcohol can be very harmful to human health both physically and mentally.
The effects of alcohol on the body
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Paper Outline
Introduction
Drinking alcohol can be very harmful to human health both physically and mentally.
Thesis
The effects of alcohol on binge drinkers, light drinkers, and regular drinkers also differ. The binge drinkers are more prone to social ills such as risky sexual behaviors and violence. The over drinkers are more exposed to health related complications that destroy vital body organs such the heavy and the liver.
Discussion
Effects of alcohol on binge drinkers
Binge drinking involves drinking eight units for men and six units for women
The practice has adverse effects on health.
Binge drinking is common to both men and women of ages 16-24 years old.
Binge drinking has been associated negative social behaviors such as unplanned pregnancies, unprotected sex which leads to the spread of HIV/AIDS
Effects of alcohol on light drinkers
Light or moderate drinking has less negative impact on the body.
Light drinking is equated to consumption of one drink per day.
Effects of regular drinking
Regular consumption of alcohol is associated with risks such as cancer, high blood pressure, chronic pancreatitis, and malnutrition.
Also affects the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system
Regular drinking of alcohol causes liver cirrhosis
Effects of over drinking of body organs
Cancer
Drinking too much alcohol can make one develop breast, liver, mouth, esophagus, and throat cancers.
Brain
Alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication pathways.
Alcohol affects the way the works and looks. It affects the cells in the cerebrum.
Heart
Drinking alcohol regularly, can damage the heart. The problems that are mostly caused by alcohol in the heart include cardiomyopathy that is the dropping off the heart muscles and stretching
Pancreas
Alcohol affects the pancreas and prevents it from functioning appropriately.
It may result to inflammation of the pancreas. This results in swelling of the blood vessels
Conclusion
Consumption of alcohol results from peer influence and social frustrations. The habit leads negative health outcomes and risky social behaviors
References
Introduction
Alcohol affects the body causing a great impact on your body. Research has shown that when a person drinks wine or beer the alcohol content in it is quickly absorbed in the body. The alcohol stays in the body for almost two hours after being absorbed in the body system. However, there are also factors that determine the amount of time the alcohol will stay in the body after being absorbed. These factors include gender and weight.
The effects of alcohol on each group differ. Klatsky (1999) argued that “because CAD accounts for a large proportion of total mortality, the risk of death from all causes is slightly lower among moderate drinkers than among abstainers, but heavier drinkers are at considerably higher total mortality risk”. On the other hand, Kelly et al (2008) argued that there are “relevant aspects of child behavior and development that have previously been linked to mothers’ drinking during pregnancy such as conduct problems and hyperactivity. There are many groups of drinkers. The effects of alcohol on three kinds of people who are binge drinkers, light drinkers, and regular drinkers also differ. The binge drinkers are more prone to social ills such as risky sexual behaviors and violence. The over drinkers are more exposed to health related complications that destroy vital body organs such the heavy and the liver. The light drinkers normally begin through peer pressure and may become over drinkers with time. The light drinkers and regular drinkers are able to control their actions and tend to go about their daily activities. However, they are also exposed to some health complications such as irregular heart beat and blood flow. The pregnant women, irrespective of the nature of during may give birth to babies with complications such as cognitive deficits and structural changes in the brain.
Discussion
Effects of alcohol on binge drinkers
Binge drinking has is defined as drinking much alcohol to feel the effect of alcohol. They are also called heavy drinkers. That is one drink much alcohol in a short span of time. Different organizations that have carried different statistics clearly argue that men should drink four units of alcohol while women should drink two units of alcohol. On the other hand, binge drinking involves drinking eight units for men and six units for women that have adverse effects on their health. This quickly raises the alcohol concentration in the body. Research has shown that drinking large amount of alcohol in a short period of time affects the body more than drinking small amounts of it frequently (Kanny, 2013). Binge drinking affects both physical and mental health. The effects of binge drinking are;
Binge drinking affects balance and coordination in the body. One is not able to walk upright. That is why many cases of accidents have been reported for people who drive while they are drunk. Alcohol consumption is one of the biggest causes of accidents. This is because of the lack of coordination between the mind and the body (frequently (Kanny, 2013). Binge drinking may lead to death. Alcohol may also choke you causing vomiting.
Binge drinking is common to both men and women of ages 16-24 years old. There are cause of Binge drinkers that have been reported which include street crimes, sexual offenses, and burglaries. This is because people who regularly involve themselves in binge drinking became aggressive and violence in a way. The groups tend to find the activity enjoyable and help them keep their friends and peers. Binge drinking also causes the heart attack. Further, Klatsky (1999) established that cardiac arrhythmias are associated with heavy alcohol consumption. The condition affects the normal heart rhythm. Because of consumption of much alcohol in a short span of time, the drug abuser may become dehydrated. This is because the concentration of alcohol in the body increases. The blood flow increases and at high speed this is may result to heart failure. The attention span of such a person decreases, and one is unable to concentrate for a long period. This makes the person look confused and lacking focus. The sex drive may decrease. It is also referred to as heavy episodic drinking which means heavy consumption of alcohol (Dufour, 1999).
Binge drinking has been associated with cases such as unplanned pregnancies, unprotected sex which leads to the spread of HIV/AIDS. In the United States of America, there have been reported 19 percent of men and 10 percent of women assaulted causes as a result of Binge drinking (Paoletti, 2000). It leads to causes of sexual assaults such as rape. Binge drinking causes adverse effects on the body for instance; it affects the blood homeostasis and the cardiac rhythm. Women who involve themselves in Binge drinking have abdominal pains they may also have reproductive problems. The effects of Binge drinking on the brain are adverse. It causes delayed verbal and auditory memory. It also causes impairment in spatial working memory affecting the pattern recognition. Researchers have found out that binge drinking affects the impulse control. This causes delay recall of visual and verbal information. Binge drinking in the young people causes cognitive impairment (Blocker, Fahey, & Tyrrell, 2003). This results to the inability to interpret and recognize the facial expressions. It causes imbalance between excitatory amino acids and inhibitory causing changes in monoamines release that is in the central nervous system.
Effects of alcohol on light drinkers
Light or moderate drinking has less negative impact on the body. Research shows that there are no adverse effects associated with light drinking. According to Klatsky (199), the “moderate drinkers are at lower risk for the most common form of heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD) than are either heavier drinkers or abstainers”. There are no increased negative impacts of light drinking especially to the pregnant mothers (Kelly et al., 2008). Research has shown that children born to light drinkers have fewer behavioral problems than those born by mothers who have never drunk. Researchers found out that children who are born to light drinkers have better results in spatial skills, mathematics, and reading tests. Clinical and epidemiological research shows that light drinking is associated with reduced chances of coronary heart disease, mortality rate in middle ages, and ischemic stroke. Light drinking results in prevention of clot formation, reduced aggregation and decreased levels of low density cholesterol (Kelly et al., 2008). This reduces the risk of coronary vascular disease thus, decreasing the rate of blood coagulation and the formation of atheroma.
Light drinking depends on the concentration of pure ethanol in a drink. Light drinking is equated to consumption of one drink per day. This is because one does not consume much alcohol content. Notably, any amount of alcohol consumed by a pregnant mother passes through the placenta to the developing child (Kelly et al., 2008. Developing children do not have organs to metabolize alcohol that enters their developing bodies. That means they absorb all the alcohol, and they have the same concentration of alcohol as the mother.
Alcohol is very toxic to a developing child and can interfere with the brain development. Different researchers say that there is no safe time when a mother is supposed to consume alcohol when she is pregnant (Kelly et al., 2008). This is because the level of alcohol she consumes all goes to the child through the placenta. However, most children who have been exposed to alcohol have no physical and mental defects. A recent research has shown that alcohol consumption can have various effects on a child. These include smooth philtrum, reduced weight and length that why women should be advised to abstain alcohol consumption. As a caution Klatsky (1999) argue that light drinking may cause schemic strokes that may lead to serious disability, particularly among the older people.
Effects of regular drinking
Regular consumption of alcohol is associated with risks such as cancer, high blood pressure, chronic pancreatitis, and malnutrition. It also affects the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Long term or regular consumption of alcohol may damage all the organs in the body. It also decreases the sexual performance especially for men (Paoletti, 2000). People who consume alcohol regularly are at a risk of serious health harm as discussed below.
There are high chances of reduced fertility. This is because the man sexual performance reduces, and he is unable to reproduce. They are unable to satisfy their spouses even to the extent of becoming unproductive. This is because alcohol affects some of the sexual hormones. In women, it causes abdominal pains. Research has shown that alcohol consumption in women increases the chances of breast cancer by 20 percent. Increase in alcohol concentration, in the body raises the blood pressure. This results to regular increase of heartbeat which in the end causes heart attack (Paoletti, 2000).
Regular drinking of alcohol causes liver cirrhosis. This causes damage in the liver. Alcohol makes life worse becomes one suffers depression and anxiety. It also causes hangovers in bases of feeling tired, banging headache, and nausea. Drinking alcohol regularly causes cancer of the mouth, throat, and neck. This is because alcohol contains some toxins that burn the mouth. Regular consumption of alcohol causes relationship problems. This is because the person tends to be antisocial and not willing to communicate with the people around them. The men are able to fulfill their spouse’s sexual desires (Kittleson, 2005).
People who drink alcohol regularly too much often tend to become overweight. Diabetes has great effect on the health of a person. It can reduce once lifespan because of the formation of fats in different parts of the body. Alcohol changes some of the liver parts into fat and damages some of the parts (Hemat & Ebrary, 2003). Repetitive heavy drinking constantly causes adverse effects because it damages the liver slowly by slowly, this later result to death because alcohol permanently damages the liver. Regular consumption of alcohol may also result to stroke. Conducted research in the United States of America showed that 6,000 men who consumed alcohol died of stroke. That means excessive consumption of alcohol can be very harmful to one’s health.
Many people who consume alcohol try to remember events that happened the previous night. This shows that heavy drinking and regular drinking can cause memory loss. It results in deficiency of vitamin B1 that is responsible for formation of the brain cells. Alcohol consumption causes inflammation of the pancreases. This causes pain below the ribs. Alcohol consumption is the second highest cause of pancreatitis. Pancreas is an organ that makes enzymes for digestion. Too much consumption of alcohol affects the immune system. This is because it deprives the body some of the immune boosting nutrients such as Vitamin A. Additionally; they make the white cells less able to fight and kill germs.
Alcohol consumption causes diabetes because drinking alcohol reduces the body sensitivity to insulin. That triggers the formation of diabetes (Hemat & Ebrary, 2003). More of the glucose in the body stays in the blood and is not absorbed in the body as a fuel for energy. Alcohol consumers develop low blood sugar levels in the body. This is referred to as hypoglycemia. The symptoms of these disorders include confusion, double vision, slurring words, and severe headache. This is because heavy drinking prevents the liver from glucose formation.
There are visible effects of regular consumption of alcohol. It becomes habitual, and one is unable to stop to consuming alcohol. It may result to bankruptcy because alcohol is expensive, and one needs much cash to continually consume alcohol. This result in neglect of the family and one may not be in a position to take care of his or her family. The physical symptoms include uncontrolled shaking of hands, convulsions, and tremors. People who consume alcohol regularly also suffer for hallucinations (Blocker, Fahey, & Tyrrell, 2003).
There is also profuse sweating even when it is cold. This is because of the high concentration of alcohol that causes high blood pressure. There is persistent insomnia in the body. When one attempts to withdraw immediately he or, she may die. Thus, it is important to withdraw consumption of alcohol slowly by slowly. There is also extreme agitation this makes one lose concentration even concerning important matters that require attention.
Effects of over drinking Alcohol on the Body organs
Over talking of alcohol consumption affects different parts of the body which may result to death as discussed below;
Cancer
Drinking too much alcohol can make one develop certain types of cancer which include breast, liver, mouth, esophagus, and throat. Research has shown that alcohol can cause seven types of cancer. One of them is the mouth cancer which is also referred to as oral cavity cancer. It is more common in men than in women mostly aged 50 years and over. The other type is the esophageal cancer it is also more common in men than women. Breast cancer is more common in women. It is mostly prominent in United Kingdom this is 100 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every day as a result of alcohol consumption. Alcohol mostly damages the liver resulting to cancer of the liver. This is because alcohol damages some of the liver cells in the body. Liver cirrhosis causes infections such as hepatitis B and C (Goldberg, 2010). In addition, people with diabetes are at a high risk of developing cancer.
Brain
Research has found out that alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication pathways. This is because it affects the way the works and looks. It affects the cells in the cerebrum. This may make it harder for one to think or come up with a solution in a situation. This makes it hard for the person to easily coordinate the activities which he or she does. The person also experiences blackouts and memory lapses. That is why the person experiences difficulty in walking, slurred speech, impaired memory, and blurred vision (Goldberg, 2010). At the first stages of drinking one experiences these effects when he or she drinks and when the alcohol concentration in the body reduces the person comes back to his or her normal condition. However, when the person consumes alcohol regularly there are permanent effects in the brain. It may eventually lead to permanent memory loss.
Heart
Drinking alcohol regularly, can damage the heart. The problems that are mostly caused by alcohol in the heart include cardiomyopathy that is the dropping off the heart muscles and stretching (Kelly et al., 2008). These are the muscles that are involved in the formation of the heart. Heart attacks some of the various parts of the coronary artery. Heart is an important organ in the body because it delivers oxygen to all the parts of the body. It also causes a disorder referred to as arrhythmias which cause irregular heartbeat. This causes high blood pressure because of the irregular heartbeat. It may later result to stroke later death.
Pancreas
Alcohol affects the pancreas and prevents it from functioning appropriately. If one consumes alcohol continuously, it may result to inflammation of the pancreas. This results in swelling of the blood vessels (Dasgupta, 2011). The symptoms of inflammation of the pancreas cause different symptoms which include rapid heart rate, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and sweating. This prevents proper digestion in the body. There are two types of pancreatitis that are acute and chronic. Chronic pancreatitis is as a result of ongoing inflammation of the pancreas while acute occurs within a short period of time that later develops into chronic pancreatitis.
Conclusion
Consumption of alcohol has been the order of the day as the peers join the habit out of influence and social frustrations (Brian & Kate, 2001). .56 percent of the young people drinks more alcohol than the recommended amount which they should take (Brian & Kate, 2001). The situation has led to emergence of different groups of drinkers; the over drinkers, binge drinkers, light drinkers, and regular drinkers The habit of heavy drinking and binge drinking create more harm in the human body than any other form of alcohol consumption. The practice affects the socialization and health in the society leading to chronic diseases such as HIV, heart attack and mental disorders.
Alcohol consumption affects your mood and the status of the memory in longer term it may result to serious mental problems into the extremes of madness where one loss his or her memory. Binge drinking results to an anti-social behavior, violence, and aggressiveness. Over drinkers have the mental problem overtime because the habit causes brain damage, while pregnant women may have their babies affected? It is recommended that the maximum intake of alcohol for such women should be 14 units while for men it should be 21 units in a week.
References
Brian B. & Kate B. Carey (2001). Peer influences on college drinking: A review of the research.
Journal of Substance Abuse, Vol.13: 391–424. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.researchgate.net/publication/11583086_Peer_influences_on_college_drinking_a_review_of_the_research/file/79e41507c0ae6e2ab9.pdf” http://www.researchgate.net/publication/11583086_Peer_influences_on_college_drinking_a_review_of_the_research/file/79e41507c0ae6e2ab9.pdf
Dasgupta, A. (2011). The science of drinking: How alcohol affects your body and mind. Lanham,
Md: Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=u3qc7aqWt9oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hvltU9rSBrCg7AaLr4F4&redir_esc=y” l “v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=u3qc7aqWt9oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hvltU9rSBrCg7AaLr4F4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false
Dufour, M. (1999). What Is Moderate Drinking?: Defining “Drinks” and Drinking Levels.
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http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/What%20Is%20Moderate%20Drinking%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Defining%20Drinks%20and%20Drinking%20Levels.pdf.
Goldberg, R. (2010). Drugs across the spectrum. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
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HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=xQ0aj0sxJNUC&pg=PA122&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hvltU9rSBrCg7AaLr4F4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=xQ0aj0sxJNUC&pg=PA122&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hvltU9rSBrCg7AaLr4F4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false
Kanny, D. (2013). Binge Drinking — United States. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6203a13.htm
Kelly, Y., Amanda, S.M , Ron G., & John, J. Dieter , W., & Maria A. (2008). Light drinking in
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HYPERLINK “http://www.rsoa.org/fas-” http://www.rsoa.org/fas-KellyLightDrinking.pdf.
Klatsky A. (1999). Moderate Drinking and Reduced Risk of Heart Disease. Alcohol Research &
Health, Vol. 23, No. 1, Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-1/15-24.pdf?origin=publication_detail” http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-1/15-24.pdf?origin=publication_detail.
Paoletti, R. (2000). Moderate alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease. Dordrecht Retrieved
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Kittleson, M. J., & Youngman, B. (2005). The Truth About Alcohol. New York: Infobase Pub.
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HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=6ITqjm8I0GoC&pg=PA113&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gPptU6rcDsOK7AbS0oH4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=6ITqjm8I0GoC&pg=PA113&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gPptU6rcDsOK7AbS0oH4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false
Hemat, R. A. S., & Ebrary, Inc. (2003). Principles of orthomolecularism. Blackrock: Urotext.
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HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=ED_xI-CEzFYC&pg=PA241&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KPxtU8elOLTX7AbGzoCQAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false” http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=ED_xI-CEzFYC&pg=PA241&dq=the+effects+of+alcohol+in+the+body&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KPxtU8elOLTX7AbGzoCQAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20in%20the%20body&f=false