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Dominate integrated theories
Dominate integrated theories
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Institution
Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal or antisocial act performed by a person under eighteen years. There are three dominant integrated theories that try to give an understanding of juvenile delinquency; these include physiological, sociological, and biological theories. According to biological theories, persons are predisposed to committing crime; individuals that commit crimes usually inherit some genetic and biochemical factors from their lineage. The biological theory further argues that individuals that are criminals tend to possess some physical traits that are usually considered a predisposition to commit crimes (Champion, 2004). Besides, the biological theory utilizes the idea of genetic abnormalities; these abnormalities lead to criminal and violent behavior. Rather than predisposing factors in the biological theory, physiological theory is based on the condition processes. According to this theory, the id controls an immediate gratification to a person committing crime. The physiological theory is also based on the development of a person’s ego and superego (Champion, 2004).
On the other hand, the sociological theory is usually based on how a person is socialized. The learning process that an individual undergoes determines how an individual responds to crime; a person that learns how to commit a crime as he grows is likely to engage in criminal activities before he becomes an adult (Bartollas & miller, 2011). The physiological and sociological theories are similar in that both theories involve a learning process. Besides, there is the notion of conformity in both theories. In addition, the two theories are similar in that they involve the concept of adaptation. The sociological theory is the most relevant theory in explaining the understanding of juvenile delinquency since most minors today engage in criminal activities as a result of learning it from their role models.
References
Bartollas, C., & Miller, S. (2011). Juvenile justice in America (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Champion, D.J. (2004). The juvenile justice system: delinquency, processing, and the law. {4th Ed}. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Domestication of Cats and Dogs
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Domestication of Cats and Dogs
Cats and dogs are popular animals in homes and the house where most people keep them as pets. These animals have been domesticated over time because they have their ancestry in wild animals. However, it is not clear when the animals were first domesticated, but various scientists have different theories speculating when domestication may have occurred. Domestic dogs and cats have the scientific names Canis familiaris and Felis sylvestris cattus respectively (Gehrt et al. 158).
Dogs are thought to have been domesticated about 14000 years ago, and were the first animals to be tamed. All dogs descended from the gray wolf, a small wolf from South Asia and were tamed by human hunters in the prehistoric period. With time, selective breeding of dogs with desired traits and features occurred with a bias for male dogs. Dogs and human beings developed a close relationship courtesy of the hunting ancestry between wolves and humans (Clutton-Brock 49). Human hunters and gatherers would lure carnivores with a meal, and they would flock around the caves since they were attracted by the smell of food. They would follow the smell and scavenge for leftovers in the camps. When man discovered that the carnivores would bark in the presence of predators, he started feeding them regularly on the leftovers so that they would offer protection against the predators. Since then, dogs have always been around man offering protection against enemies, and this way, they became domesticated (Carver Web).
Taming of cats occurred about 9000 years ago, and cats are closely associated with an African wildcat called Felis silvetris lybica. Cats are thought to be the only animals that underwent self-domestication (Horowitz Web). Close association developed between cats and man after man shifted from hunting and gathering and started farming. In this period, grains were the main crops that man cultivated, and storage of the grains attracted rodents. In turn, the rodents attracted the cats to the grain stores because cats preyed on the rodents. Man realized the usefulness of the cats in controlling the rodents and accorded them protection and care by allowing them to stay in the compound and feed them. Thus, the cats became part of the life of human beings, and man domesticated them.
Man domesticated cats and dogs for various purposes. Dogs were domesticated to offer protection against looming danger from predators after man discovered that dogs raised the alarm by barking when around the camp. Man also used the dogs to pull sleds during farming, which made work easier. In addition, during the era of hunting and gathering, the dogs offered help in hunting. Through selective breeding, different breeds emerged, which suited various purposes. Huge and strong dogs hunted bigger animals such as deer while small dogs hunted smaller animals like rabbits because they could easily chase after the animals in holes. Those with thick fur were suited to survive in cold areas like Alaska (Milne 86). Conversely, cats were domesticated for the purposes of preying on rodents like rats, which frequented grain stores.
Therefore, domestication of dogs dates back to the era of hunting and gathering while that of dogs is during the farming era. The animals are mainly kept as pets in homes and houses, but they also serve other purposes. Dogs offer protection against enemies and predators while the main role of cats is to control the population of rodents that destroy grains and other valuables at home.
Works Cited
Carver, Leslie. How Long Have Dogs & Cats Been Domesticated? The Nest, 2013. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.
Clutton-Brock, Juliet. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.
Gehrt, Stanley, Seth P. D. Riley, and Brian L. Cypher. Urban Carnivores: Ecology, Conflict, and Conservation. Crofton: JHU Press, 2010. Print.
Horowitz, Alexandra. Science and the Domestic Cat. Psychology Today, 28 July 2009. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.
Milne, Emma. The Truth about Cats and Dogs. Hove: Book Guild Publishing, 2007. Print.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
BY
DAVID MACHARIA
Abstract
Domestic violence is a prevalent disease in our society as depicted by well documented research and published works. This article highlights the context of domestic violence, its effects and possible causes.
Keywords: violence, controlling, psychological, behaviour, males, couples.
Domestic violence is defined as bodily, mental, sexual or even financial violence that is perpetrated by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, friends or cohabitation (Shipway 2004).it is usually characterised by varied patterns of intimidating and controlling demeanour on the victim. In many cases, it involves couples, ex-partners, household members or other relations.(Women’s Aid Federation, 1999). Needless to emphasize though, in many cases it is the woman who is the victim. Coleman (2007) posited that women were more likely to have experienced ‘intimate violence’ than men .across all four types of abuse, namely -partner abuse; family abuse; sexual assault as well as stalking. Domestic violence is a major issue in the society especially here in Kenya because of its palpable deleterious effects on the abused. Even though domestic violence can be caused by either the male or the female it can be argued it’s usually caused by the males due to their controlling nature and physical advantage.
Physical abuse is the use of physical force against the victim that results in bodily, sexual or psychological harm. It includes beating, kicking, slapping, stabbing, shooting, pushing, biting, pinching, strangling and other types of contact that result in physical injury to the victim ( World Health Organisation,1999). Physical abuse can also include behaviour such as denying the victim of medical care when needed, depriving the victim of sleep or other functions necessary to live, or forcing the victim to engage in drug/alcohol use against his/her will- U.S Department of Justice (2007) .
Sexual assault occurs when an individual purposely engages in sexual intercourse with any person without permission of such person. (Wilson et al, 1986). Forceful participation in sexual activities amounts to sexual abuse by definition. It is an act of belligerence. In addition, sexual assault can lead to serious injury and in worst case scenario death to the victim eventually
Domestic violence also includes emotional abuse characterised by ‘verbal abuse, threats of violence, ridicule, shaming, engendering fear, humiliation, and destruction of property’. (Dr Kamau Kinyenje Daily Nation Oct 19 2010 “emotional abuse in marriage” As a reality, where there is physical violence there is also emotional abuse. Regardless of the type of abuse the victim experiences, it can lead to extreme consequences. These include depression i.e.– sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy on the victim’s part, suicidal behaviour, anxiety, low self-esteem and such.
Conclusion
Domestic violence is a menace in our society, as much as it’s rampant. Fighting domestic violence perhaps requires taking the worth of every human being as valuable by each individual person. The lesser will continue to be violated and abused by the larger – both bodily and psychologically.