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Doan Brook Watershed in Cleveland
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Doan Brook Watershed in Cleveland
Population growth has had far reaching implications on the holistic wellbeing of the environment. Coupled with technological advancements, this has led to increased urbanization. Relative developments have greatly disturbed the natural ecosystem as well as the flora and fauna that are found therein. The relative land use practices have in some instances culminated in the disturbance of the hydrological cycle that is important for different purposes (Jennings 281). While some effects are reversible, others are irreversible and have permanent negative impacts on the environment and on the quality of life of the populations residing in the respective environments. The situation is further worsened if the respective developments occur in watershed environments. Usually, the level of environmental impact on such ecosystems tends to be higher. It is against this background that this paper provides an in depth analysis of the environmental impact of urbanization of Doan brook watershed in Cleveland.
Basically, urbanization results in to destruction of vegetation cover in order to pave way fro development. According to emerging research, this culminates in loss of important biodiversity that is native to the region (Jennings 283). To a great extent, this affects the entire biodiversity composition of the region. This is because biodiversity usually share intricate and augmenting relationships. Destroying a single species can lead to the extinction of other species that depend in different ways to the respective species. Ultimately, the biodiversity composition of the region changes and this impacts differently on the respective ecology.
In his research, Kellog found out that increased urbanization in the region was characterized by creation of impervious surfaces (Kellog 356). To begin with, impervious surfaces have been implicated for increasing the rate of the flow of discharge. This in most instances culminates in the destruction of important habitats that host native flora and fauna. Development of impervious surfaces also reduces the infiltration of water in the soil and culminates in incidences of flooding. Reportedly, the area experiences increased flooding that in some instances destructs property. Usually, this has adverse impacts on the quality of life of the individuals residing in the region.
Also, during flooding, incidences of traffic jam increase significantly. This culminates in increased air pollution that stems from the release of exhaust gases in the atmospheres. To a great extent, this has been the cause of acid rain in the region. The relative increase of acidity in the water bodies threatens the life of biodiversity that is found in the water bodies. Kellog also cites that decreased infiltration has upset the underground water levels (Kellog 356). This has then had direct impacts on the riparian vegetation as well as the water levels.
In his study, Zielinski found out that impervious or pave surfaces also affect the state of the water bodies in the region because of increased erosion (Zielinski 412). Fundamentally, vegetation cover plays an instrumental role in reducing the flow of water and enhancing infiltration. The destruction of vegetation cover has culminated in incidences of downstream flooding because of increased sedimentation. This has impacted negatively on the general wellbeing of the aquatic habitats. Zielinski concluded that accelerated run off is responsible for destruction of important infrastructure too (Zielinski 414). This compromises the quality of life of the individuals that reside in the region.
Also, the area has various activities that culminate in environmental pollution. In his research regarding the impact of urbanization on watershed management, Nacht found out that industrial processes that culminate in the emission of heavy metals and petroleum products have equally have direct negative impacts on the aquatic environment (Nacht 402). Usually, the respective pollutants are released in the atmosphere and on the land surfaces. During storms, waste water washes the wastes in the Shaker Lakes as well as in other sensitive areas. This has adverse impacts on the relative aquatic biodiversity. In particular, it reduces the quality of water and impacts directly on the organisms and humans that depend in different ways on the respective water for survival.
The fertilizers that are used in the lawns have detrimental impacts on both the lawns and the water bodies in the region. In this regard, emergent research indicates that a significant percentage of the inhabitants depend solely on chemical fertilizers to maintain their lawns (Nacht 403). The fertilizers and the pesticides that are used in the lawns contain harmful chemicals that lead to the death of native biodiversity that is found in the region. Reportedly, species such as frogs can not longer reside in the lawns because of the harsh chemicals that are employed by the owners. In addition, these fertilizers include constituents such as phosphorus and nitrogen. This has been responsible for contributing to growth of weeds in the streams and lakes. Besides contributing to flooding, the respective weeds upset the ecological status of the water bodies and impacts negatively on the aquatic habitats.
Pollution has also had direct impacts on the quality of underground water in the region in different ways. To begin with, the development of land fills in a bid to manage solid waste has had direct negative impact on the quality of underground aquifers. According to Betsy, solid wastes culminate in the formation of leachate that infiltrates to the underground aquifers. To a great extent, this has been responsible for the reduction of the quality of underground water (Jennings 285). In addition, leachate also affects the quality of the soil and kills the biodiversity that is found in the respective area. Further, the development of sewerage to manage liquid wastes has equally had devastating impacts on the quality of life of the underground water. In this regard, Betsy cites that periodic sanitary discharges as well as leakages affect the quality of the aquatic environments (Betsy 1946).
The lifestyles of the urban populations also impacts on the environmental conditions of Doan Brook in different ways. In their consultative research, Tina, Benton, Cheung and Betsy found that urban populations in the region keep poultry, pets and so forth (Tina, Benton, Cheung and Betsy 317). The wastes from the respective yards are usually washed in to the water bodies when it rains. The constituent bacterial contaminants undermine the quality of the water as well as destruct the water habitats. Moreover, the bacterial contamination perpetuates the growth of water weeds that destabilize the aquatic environment.
Also worth mentioning is the grease and oil spills that are washed in to the water bodies from the parking lots and garages. According to Betsy, these have contributed significantly to the loss of important aquatic life (Betsy 1937). In this regard, the grease and oil spills suffocate the aquatic life because of their ability to prevent dissolution of oxygen in the water. The loss of aquatic biodiversity due to the preceding pollution effects has prevented the population from benefiting from the wide ranging benefits that the aquatic life provided. The persistent pollution has in some instances culminated in the extinction of certain important species that are native to the region. This has had adverse impacts on the quality of life of the population that depended heavily on the respective species for their own survival.
The compelling urge of the populations to plant vegetation and keep animal that are foreign has led to the extinction of certain species. In his research, Jennings found out that a significant percentage of the population planted foreign trees, imported flowers, grasses and shrubs (Jennings 289). Compared to the native species, the foreign species require more water, fertilizer and chemicals to maintain. This has direct negative impacts on the quality of the aquatic environments. Also, the populations have increasingly adapted the trend of monoculture. For instance, a significant percentage of the lawns consist of grass only. This limits the range of biodiversity that exists in the region and to a great extent; it contributes to incidences of extinction of certain species.
In sum, I can not be disputed that urbanization has had detrimental environmental impacts on the Doan Brook watershed in Cleveland. Besides leading to pollution, it has culminated in the destruction of important vegetation cover. Moreover, it has led to loss and in extreme cases extinction of important biological species. As t has come out from the preceding analysis, the destruction of habitats has also made it difficult for both flora and fauna to survive. Most importantly, the development of impervious surfaces has culminated in incidences of flooding that have further destroyed important habitats.
Works Cited
Betsy Yingling. Watershed Strategies to Reduce Flooding in the Doan Brook Watershed. Water Environment Federation, 1.1 (2002): 1935-1942. Print.
Jennings, Aaron. Modeling Sedimentation and Scour in Small Urban Lakes. Environmental Modeling and Software, 18.3 (2003): 281-291. Print.
Kellogg Wendy. Nature’s Neighborhood: Urban Environmental History and Neighborhood Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68.4 (2002): 356. Print.
Nacht Steve. Flooding Problems in a Small Urban Watershed- Doan Brook, Cleveland, Ohio. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 16.3 (1980): 401-407. Print.
Tina Wolff, Benton Steven, Cheung, Phillip and Betsy Yingling. Integrating Collection System and Wastewater Treatment Plant Hydraulic Modeling for Wet Weather Control. Water Environment Federation, 1.1. (2002): 316-333. Print.
Zielinski Jennifer, Jennings Aaron and Gardner Kevin. Evaluation of Management Strategies for the Doan Brook Urban Watershed. Water Resources and Urban Environment, 1.1 (1998): 410-415. Print.
Do you think the Weathermen were revolutionaries or terrorists, Why or why not
American History
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Do you think the Weathermen were revolutionaries or terrorists? Why or why not?
Weathermen as a group seem to be both terrorists and revolutionaries. In the view of the group revolutionary violence was necessary to help tackle what was perceived as ‘war’ against African-Americans, and the military actions overseas such as the Vietnam war. Upon its creation in 1968 it appeared as a liberation movement. The students for a democratic society were their slogan and acted as their slogan and acted against racism. They believed that the violent action would make the government change. They then decided to add a military spin to the violence. They held riots in Chicago and recruited youths to their movement in protest for arrest of African Americans. This followed the assassination of Martin Luther King that sparked more riots in the Chicago city.
They can on the other hand be branded as terrorists when they started bombing buildings and even police headquarters in accordance to the definition of terrorism. They wanted to overthrow the government and hence did all underground strategies to bomb and cause disruption to the government departments. Terrorism act is often viewed when the interest is political and this had actually turned to such a scenario. Many buildings and properties had been destroyed and a few lost lives. The FBI tried to follow them at one time but they made one of the most remembered escapes in history and went underground. They helped a very crucial prisoner escape in prison and this did not go well with the authorities and their activities hence were viewed as acts of terror. In 972 the group bombed the pentagon and made subsequent bombing in the year in 1971. The weather underground cited the murder of black Panthers Fred Hampton and Mark Clark as a turning point. Many believed it to be a government sanctioned killing in an effort to wipe out militants groups such as panthers. Eventually they were wiped out and they went underground d only to resurface after a few years. They started as revolutionaries of racial discrimination but at the end were portrayed as terrorists when they began to fight the government.
‘’They are only half truth’’.. What does this statement mean?
Eddie Adams, a photojournalist made history with his famous picture of South Vietnamese General Nguyen Ngoc Loan that showed the general point blank execution of a Viet Cong captain named Bay Lop. The pictured showed him pointing a gun to the captain that looked terrified and the fierce clenched teeth of an officer standing nearby. This still picture told one story only for the photographer to admit later admit that actually in the situation any other person could have done that. The picture portrayed the general as a merciless killer yet he was doing his people a favor as he was liked by many. Adams later admits that picture told a different story from his contrition for the same photo.
Did Adams photo lie?
Adams photo lied. This is in reference to the time when he was interviewed and he openly regretted ruining Loans life as his picture portrayed him as the world’s worst executioner yet he was so much loved by the Vietnamese. He actually was a hero to them as his people said he was ‘’fighting our war not their war.’’ That is what any other soldier could do to a prisoner in the same situation of war as he was termed to be dangerous. He also killed their people and that was the just thing to do as per the situation.
Why did Reagan demand Gorbachev to tear down the wall? Why can’t capitalism and communism coexist peacefully?
Regan in his speech challenged Gorbachev to make a statement that would be unmistakable and that would be the cause for advancement of peace and freedom. He asked Gorbachev to open the gate and tear down the walls if his intention was really to seek peace and liberalization of Eastern Europe and Soviet Union. He wanted Gorbachev to review his weapon reduction talks with the United States. This was an appeal to Gorbachev to review negotiations that concerned nuclear arms reduction. Reagan wanted to see action taken to ease the cold war tension that had grown just in eight months before a summit that later ended unsatisfactorily
Can capitalism and communism exist?
Capitalism and communism can exist together. For instance china, communist nation has had a pretty good relationship with the USA. More so USA and the USSR did not go to war until after the World War 2. The reason why the Soviet Union and USA could not coexist after the war was that the Soviet Union was totalitarian state that took control of every human life aspect. The emergence of Stalin did not help much. He was paranoid and committed a lot of genocide killing people in the name of looking for enemies. After the world war two the Soviet Union tried to recover from the war using the crudest ways. They crushed and destroyed but USA was the only threat to this poor ideology by Stalin. But in addition, ideological differences have existed between capitalism and communism that makes them incompatible. Communist believes in egalitarianism while capitalism believes in efficiency.
Do patents support or restrict innovation for large organisations and likewise do patents support or restrict innovation for
Do patents support or restrict innovation for large organisations and likewise do patents support or restrict innovation for start-ups / small and medium-sized firms?
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IntroductionThere exist strong evidence that state that patents have many positive effects on innovation. New small and medium-sized organizations are the ones most influenced by patent policies and laws as compared to already existing organizations (Anand & Galetovic 2004). The start of large and small innovations leading to the development of new industries from cars to chemical, TV and Radio to computers as well as to investment banks are affected positively by the patent environment. None of the above innovations have ever been born out of patent laws or policies, but from a highly competitive business environment. It is only after the early stages of explosive innovation that lead industries to turn to the legal protection of patents (Barrett 2012). The paper will also discuss alternative strategies that can support more innovation from happening or taking place. The motivation of innovators should be encouraged. Therefore, patents support innovation for small and medium-sized organizations as well as large organizations.Patent EvaluationTo evaluate optimum patent protection for an innovation, both the cost of copying and that of inventing have to be considered. The higher the ratio of the former, the greater the patent protection for the investor (Kitching & Blackburn 2003). This ratio is higher for pharmaceutical drugs as compared to other innovations. For example, the cost of inventing a drug incorporates an extensive testing cost before the drug is approved for sale. Thus, it is noted that if patent laws exist, the cost of production will not be felt as the sales will be controlled hence reasonable profit will be ripped. This evaluation denotes that patents are not only important to innovation but also supports this art (Leiponen & Byma 2009). On the contrast, many scholars state that patents create restrictions to innovation. The nest section will highlight this in length.The Value of Patent InsuranceAt the point when patent insurance furnishes an inventor with more protection from competitors then it is expected that he/she will have a satisfactory motivation to make come up with the innovation (Lu 2007). The outcome is to build business costs above proficient levels, bringing about contortions in the distribution of assets; to incite inefficient patent competition. Inefficient due to duplication of application and in light of the fact that superfluous to actuate development (however the competition increases the pace of innovation). This builds the cost of seeking the records of the Patent and Trademark Office so as to verify one isn’t going to be infringing somebody’s patent with your development (Mansfield 1985). To support the documenting of protective licenses in light of suspicion that another person will patent a comparative item and blame the inventor for violation and to empower patent “trolls,” who purchase up expensive quantities of licenses for the sole motivation behind removing licensee expenses by risk of suit, and if vital sue, for violation .Inordinate Patent PolicyThe issue of inordinate patent policy is at the very most delineated by the product business. The world is overflowing with innovation development. The conditions that make patent policies vital in business are missing (Tang 2003). Today, most technological development is incremental, made by groups of technological architects at modest expense, furthermore most technological innovations are immediately outdated. Technological development has a tendency to be disconnected; not whole tools, however parts, so that a product innovation may have many thousands. The outcome is colossal patent bushes, making rich open doors for attempting to hamstring contenders by suing for violation furthermore for encroaching, and afterward difficult the legitimacy of the patent when the patentee sues you (Tang 2003).Comparison of Intellectual property Laws and Patent LawThe issue of copyright law is less intense as compared to that of patent law because copyright violation is restricted to copying (Thomas 2003). The patent violation does not oblige confirmation even that the infringer was mindful of the patent that he was encroaching. All things considered, as on account of patent law, copyright security appears to be in general excessively far reaching. In all actuality, with cutting edge activity films frequently costing a huge number of dollars to make, yet copiable very nearly instantaneously and ready to be both duplicated and conveyed costless. The requirement for copyright insurance is similar to that in the pharmaceutical business (Von Hippel 2005). The other amazing issue is scholarly books and articles, which are produced as a consequence of scholastic research that the writer must lead to saving. This leads to an expert notoriety that would keep on being delivered regardless of the possibility that not copyrightable by any means. It is suspicious that there is any social advantage to the copyrighting of scholarly work other than course readings. It obliges a considerable measure of work and, for the most part, don’t improve the writer’s scholastic notoriety and may undermine innovation in the industry (Von Hippel 2005).Protection Strategies to be adoptedIt is vital to note that there are various production strategies that could be used to beef up the game towards support of innovation as compared to patent laws. First, product complexity is the best strategy to adopt in the current market. A good example of this strategy is the one used by Coca-Cola. If such strategies are to be used in the current market, then they will be various benefits granted to innovators (Mansfield 1985). This creates a unique product that other companies or competitors are not able to copy. Secondly, the creation of better standard will be an alternative to patent. Standard products will offer a solution because there will be no room copy the products or to create alternative products (Leiponen & Byma 2009).ConclusionI conclude that patents promote as well as hinder innovation to large, small and medium sized companies. Thus, is can be deduced that it has both advantages and disadvantages to innovation for start-ups / small and medium-sized firms. However, innovators should adopt alternative strategies for them to improve their production. Moreover, countries or nations should amend their patent laws to favour more innovator.
Reference
Anand, B. and Galetovic, 2004, ‘How market smarts can protect property rights’, Harvard Business Review, 82(12), 73–79
Barrett, P. M, 2012, ‘Apple’s Jihad’, Bloomberg Businessweek, No. 4273, April 2–April 8, 56–63.
Kitching, J. and Blackburn, 2003, ‘Innovation, intellectual property and informality: evidence from a study of small enterprise and some implications for policy’, in Blackburn, R. A. (ed.) Intellectual Property and Innovation Management in Small Firms, London: Routledge, pp. 16–34.
Leiponen, A. and Byma, 2009, ‘If you cannot block, you better run: small firms, cooperative innovation, and appropriation strategies’, Research Policy, 38(9), 1478–1488.
Lu, L, 2007, ‘Protecting intellectual property rights: how three Taiwanese IT firms protect their IP in mainland China’, Research Technology Management, 50(2), 51–56.
Mansfield, 1985, ‘How rapidly does new industrial technology leak out?’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 34(2), 217–223.
Tang, 2003, ‘Management of intellectual property by electronic publishers’, in Blackburn, R. A. (ed), Intellectual Property and Innovation Management in Small Firms, Routledge, London, pp. 85–104.
Thomas, S, 2003, ‘Intellectual property in biotechnology firms’, in Robert A. Blackburn (ed), Intellectual Property and Innovation Management in Small Firms, Routledge, London, pp. 69–84.
Von Hippel, E, 2005, Democratizing Innovation, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. HYPERLINK “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tB3OROLi9IM&feature=results_main&playnext=1” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tB3OROLi9IM&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL66B81FFA54D5E80B http://www.bloomberg.com/video