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C-jun is a protein which has evolved over a long period of time and it has effects both on the human body as well as other pa
C-JUN
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C-JUN
C-jun is a protein which has evolved over a long period of time and it has effects both on the human body as well as other parts of the body. it in the human body this virus is coded using the JUN gene. In combination with the c-Fos, this virus forms early response transcription factor known as AP-1. Fistly this protein was discovered as Fos-binding protein f 39 however with time it came to be discovered as related to JUN gene and as its product. For the proto-oncogen which is c-jun, it I the cellular homolog of v-jun. the human protein and the viral protein are similar and therefore encoded almost in a similar manner. Discovered in avian sarcoma virus seventeen, the viral homolog v-jun was named as ju-nana. Ju-nana is the Japanese word for number seventeen and therefore this is an indication of the geographical location in which it was discovered. The human jun encodes with a protein that is in close interaction with specific dna sequences. This type of interaction is for the sake of controlling gene-expression. Being intronlesss, the gene is mapped onto a region involved in both deletions in humans and translocations.
A protein has to perform its functions and it is for these functions that proteins are synthesized on demand as the need arises for them to be used in a particular function within the body. The DNA contains the correct protein encoding information for any protein. Nucleosomes are composition of chromosome structure basic units and they are a representative form of high structure of DNA. Jun and its partners in ap-1 are highly subject to regulation by multiple extra-cellular stimuli. The activation of transcription machinery requires a release of a DNA compaction and the histone post modulational translations. For RNA transcription one strand of DNA is used and the RNA produced is complementary to the dna strand which is complimentary (5Xia, et,al, 2013)
The jun protein is composed of three members. These members include; c-jun, junB and junD . the three members are disctinct and sometimes play roles which can be termed as antagonistic. C-jun is the oldest member of this protein family. junB and junC share about 45% of amino acids but still they are in different in their structure and function. One of the differences is that junB contains a JNK docking domain for acids 35 and 61 while on the other junC this does not exist. Therefore this is an indication that the activation of junB is independent of JNK activation. In junC phosphorylation Trans-activates the protein while phosphorylation in junB leads to its degradation. Sumoylation in T cells reduces the activity of junB as well as the subsequent cellular activation. junB does not form homodimers as spontaneously as junc does. These differences also include those of the mode of gene regulation and signalling pathway activation.
junD is a transcription factor that is encoded by jund gene in humans. It is one of the members of jun family as well as a functional component of complex transcription factor ap1. The negative mutant variant which is dominant acts as an antagonist transcript. It opposes many neurological changes that occur specifically with addiction.
The G1 phase of cell cycle requires c-jun for its progression. Increased G1 arrest is shown by c-jun null cells. C-jun is actively incloved in the regulation of the transcriptional level of Cyclin d1, which is a major rb kinase. Rb kinase is a growth suppressor which is inactivated by phosphorylation. It is therefore true that the presence of cjun is important in maintaining sufficient d1 kinase activity. When c-jun is absent cells show a cell cycle defect.
There have been many researches about cjun and focusing on its different components which have resulted into different kinds of results and information. Therefore focusing on two of these researches ill discuss about the findings and what the role of cjun isin these researches. In the research published by Sehwan Jang, Li-Rong Yu, Mohamed A. Abdelmegeed, Yuan Gao, Atrayee Banerjee and Byoung-Joon Song, the very essential and important role of c-jun N-terminal protein by the name of kinase in promoting mitochondria dysfunction and acute liver injury is discussed. In their research they used rats to test for the mitochondria dysfunction and acute liver injury when cjun N-terminal was used. They thus needed to portray and display in a better manner and to provide an understanding to many people on how n-terminal kinase promotes tissue injury, a concept which is rarely understood by many people.
The use of rats was also an essential part of the research as rats are easy to study. Therefore young male mice were exposed to a single dose of CCL4 and were euthanized at different points. Some of the major measurements included blood alanine aminotransferase, liver histology and other enzyme activities were also measured. With this kind of experiment the liver damage was maximal at 24 hours after the first injection. This research was also inspired by the fact that most of the people suffer from acute liver failure which is caused by overdose of potentially toxic components like acetaminophen, binge alcohol and cocaine. In the United States more than 56000 room visits were due to APAP induced acute liver injury and out of these there are about 400 deaths. Therefore there was a need to investigate into the issue of liver problems associated with apap and the deaths thus the research (Jang et,al, 2015)
The research therefore found out that alcohol and other components consumed have these components which make it easy for liver destruction while at the same time it is possible to have cell damage leading to more complications and even death in some cases. Even though these components are mild they serve a prolonged time before the effects can be seen and thus makes a person’s life in danger because the liver is always one of the most complex parts of the human body to treat and make sure the infection does not re-occur. Therefore even though some drugs like APAP are allowed and regulated by FDA they still have an effect and impact on the human health and can cause complications. The complications arise especially when these drugs are not used in the right manner and when they are misused.
Another research which has been carried out in related to c-jun protein is the research about the role played by differential regulation of c-jun proteins in chemoresistance of cancer cells. cisplatin is a drug used mainly for chemotherapy and it has had issues to do with what leads to its resistance by the tumors and this has been alarming. Therefore in this concern Yan Xia, Weiwei Yang, Wen Bu, Haitao Ji, Xueqiang Zhao, Yanhua Zheng, Xin Lin, Yi Li, and Zhimin Lu carried out a research into this issue to determine how the regulation of cjun could be of effect in minimising or increasing the acceptability of the medication by the body of a person infected with cancer. In the research the treatment with cisplatin which can also be abbreviated by CDDP resulted into downregulation of C-jun expression. There was also observance and finding of the degradation of c-jun in cancer-sensitive cells. Expression of cleavage resistant mutant supressed CDDP induced aspoptotis of sensitive cells. These findings therefore suggest that c-jun is a perfect target for the improvement of cancer therapy (Marques et.al, 2014).
These two researches play a big role when it comes to c-jun and its relation to other aspects of the human body and how these affect the process and the issue of functionality and ability to be properly organised. Therefore it is of essence to know what it means to study c-Jun and also what this specific protein means for the other proteins, how they react, the vulnerabilities of this protein as well as its stregths which can be used to provide better medication and other solutions to the human problems.
It is indeed true that this is a protein which belongs to a higher group of the gene of Jun thus it has so many relations within the human body. From the above researches we can also identify it is not only found in humans but also found in many other animals like the rat which was used for experiment in the first research discussed and summarised. This makes it even easier and better for the researchers to be able to research more keenly and with confidence the different aspects of this proteins and how they affect the human body from different angles and aspects using different animals.
References
Marques, N., Sesé, M., Cánovas, V., Valente, F., Bermudo, R., De Torres, I., … & Paciucci, R. (2014). Regulation of protein translation and c-Jun expression by prostate tumor overexpressed 1. Oncogene, 33(9), 1124-1134.
Xia, Y., Yang, W., Bu, W., Ji, H., Zhao, X., Zheng, Y., … & Lu, Z. (2013). Differential regulation of c-Jun protein plays an instrumental role in chemoresistance of cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(27), 19321-19329.
Mialon, A. (2009). Role and function of c-Jun pRotein complex in canceR cell behavioR.
Jang, S., Yu, L. R., Abdelmegeed, M. A., Gao, Y., Banerjee, A., & Song, B. J. (2015). Critical role of c-jun N-terminal protein kinase in promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and acute liver injury. Redox biology, 6, 5Xia, Y., Yang, W., Bu, W., Ji, H., Zhao, X., Zheng, Y., … & Lu, Z. (2013). Differential regulation of c-Jun protein plays an instrumental role in chemoresistance of cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(27), 19321-19329.52-564.
my personal journey
Remember to use the first person when explaining your reasoning. Use words as “my personal journey”, “my experience”, “I have found that”, and so on. Give personal examples where necessary.
In few sentences, can you tell us what your study is all about?
To answer this question, you need to know every detail of your research project from chapters one to the end. The question needs an answer in form of a summary of the entire study, therefore, to ace this particular question you need to know every detail in your abstract. Recite a few key lines from the abstract if this question is asked.
This research firstly, seeks to explore if including tourism and cultural studies lessons in Lebanese secondary school curricula will lead to youngsters paying more attention to tourism in the future. As a result, we question ourselves, “Do we want this to change?” Isn’t it time for youths to get more involved in civic education and tourism? This research, through its scope, sets to assess the current situation in valorizing Lebanon’s natural and cultural resources and to see how the Lebanese Secondary students and its youth in general, from both technical and academic levels see their importance, especially after the economic crisis Lebanon faced.
What is your motivation for this study?
This question can be very tricky and it goes a long way in convincing your panel members that your study is worth their time. Another way this question could be twisted is WHAT IS THE RESEARCH PROBLEM? To answer this question, you may decide to elaborate on the problem investigated in the study.
Education is a potent instrument that a nation may use to exert influence over subsequent generations. This is because the success or failure of any tourist education study is dependent on whether or not the authorities are willing to consider changing the system (Airey & Tribe, 2006). As a consequence of this, we have an urgent and critical need for young people to be the guardians of Lebanon, while also training them to concentrate on getting a good education in order to lessen the influence of the oligarchy and accomplish great things in terms of long-term sustainability, tourism, and economic growth, with the primary emphasis still being on Lebanon.
Did you bridge any gap from your study?
Every research study must have a problem. Your ability to solve this problem and explore into areas not yet researched on gives you the full marks allocated for answering this question. You must be able to convince the committee members that your approach is unique and it has covered areas where much have not been done by other researchers.
It is necessary to incorporate civic education and tourism classes into secondary education programs so that we, as educators, can raise awareness among our students about the bleak future that awaits them if Lebanon continues to exist in its current state. Because of this, there is a strong desire to protect the tourist sector via the promotion of sustainable tourism growth (Shunnaq et al., 2008). Therefore, developing nations that have a solid resource base consisting of unspoiled natural and cultural richness have a significant competitive edge in their potential to attract visitors who are looking for one-of-a-kind new experiences all over the globe.
Why this topic and what does it mean to you?
This question wants you to expound on the purpose of the study.
The goal of this study is to ascertain whether or not including cultural tourism and civic education in the curricula of secondary schools will increase the students’ interest in the tourism industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether or not incorporating tourism education into secondary school curricula will increase these students’ interest in the tourism industry. This is important because it is anticipated that in the not-too-distant future, sustainable tourism and eco-tourism will be the way in which the industry should orient itself after the pandemic.
Significance of the study
Just like stating how your study will contribute to the body of knowledge, you will need to state the importance of your study. To answer this question, you will need to highlight how your study will aid the government in policy development and implementation, how it will help other students who may wish to conduct research studies on the subject matter and how organizations and the society will benefit from your study.
In light of research carried out by Fidgeon (2010), Li (2013), Gould (2018), and Bou Melhem, this study is directed for all parties that may be possibly interested in the tourist business, as well as educators and young people who would benefit from a richer curriculum that adds value to cultural heritage.
Methodology chosen and justification?
To answer this question, you must be familiar with your research methodology. Your chapter three must be at your fingertips. Your ability to justify your sample size and technique will be highly rewarded here.
Based on the aforementioned, we chose action research, which is a mixed-methods approach requiring data gathering methodologies from both interviews and structured surveys, in that sequence. Both Creswell (2012) and Saunders et al. (2019) concur that these are instances of mixed-methods approaches, which is why we ultimately opted to adopt it. I will be using this technique since surveying is a strategy that is used in both numerical and non-numerical research. Since I need to find a solution to this problem, pragmatism requires that I do action research, as Creswell pointed out. The aforementioned research strategy necessitates the employment of sequential exploratory techniques, which are among the most valuable tools applicable to action research. The study starts with interviews and then continues on to surveys; in this section, the researcher will describe the participants, instruments, ethical procedures, validity and reliability of each technique used. The study starts with interviews, followed by questionnaires. As the research shifted toward a hybrid technique, two distinct procedures were combined (mono means single methods, irrespective if mono quantitative, or mono qualitative). For the purpose of clarity, the research will not use multimethods, which would include using two or more qualitative or quantitative methodologies. In accordance with Saunders et al. (2019), thus, basic mixed techniques were used. This is due to the combination of two distinct methodologies, namely interviews and surveys, with the study starting with interviews and concluding with surveys. In the next three subsections, the researcher will describe how he intends to conduct his study in terms of tools, participants, and ethical standards.
MY Personal History
Personal History
Education to me has been a journey of learning that I started as a child, its direction has changed severally down the road, but the destination has always remained the same; to become an academic scholar. In order to achieve this, I need to have motivation, need to have knowledge and fill in a lacuna with information and at the same time have a degree. I remember, this one time when I was ten, my dad took me to a visit his younger brother, my uncle, who was in college. It was a scene to be longed for; the tall buildings, the lecture halls, the student hostels with music and pictures all over. What caught my eye, however, was the library; standing strong in the middle of the college like it was the heart, with shelves full of books about our history and opening a chance to defining our future. That night, I remember I made the resolution that I had to become one of those students I saw there.
Coming from a large family of five siblings, we were taught embrace our culture as a family. I know when I say culture most people think about ethnicity and heritage, but to me culture is what one believes in. Culture to me is not the fact that I am an Arab, culture is the things I do every day in the same way because of the course my life has taken. An Arab and an African can have different heritage, but the same culture especially when they interact on an intellectual and social setting.
Without all the support I got from my family I probably would not be where I am currently. Having many siblings enables you to be able to socialize with people of different personality and characters and learn how to accept them. This enabled me to find a family at school. My teachers became like my parents, they would guide me, point out my mistakes and congratulate my achievements. My classmates became like my siblings, even though at times we would disagree we would always look out for each other. And the school became a home, where my dreams were cherished and my potential noted and exploited for my greater good. I have made wonderful friends and memories in school; made mistakes as well, learnt lessons from all challenges and grown in terms of who I am. However, I can’t wait to make new friends, new memories all over again. I can’t wait to experience new challenges, learn life lessons and mostly expand in terms of knowledge. Since knowledge is power, increase my power to influence and enact changes in the contemporary society.
As I write this letter, I can’t help but recall my academic journey. As an Arab, whose religion is Islam, I have experienced racism and discrimination based on those two factors. While in school I used to be teased because of my ethnicity and heritage; at times it would get to me but I would always redirect my frustrations into positive energy. I studied hard and became at the top of my class most of the times. This boosted my confidence enough to be able to speak up against racism, discrimination and prejudice of any kind.
Even though I have experienced challenges in my life as I was coming up, there are several achievements in my life that I am proud of and they have made great impacts in shaping the person that I have become;
In 2003: Earned my bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from King Saud University, Saudi Arabia in 20034/2003 -12/2005: Worked with National Company for Cooperative Insurance, Tawuniya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia as Customer Service Executive after graduation. My tasks were:• Acquired managerial skills, evaluated risks and analyzed customers’ financial and risk related statements.Guided and directed marketing representatives, brokers in medical and auto insurance services as a professional consultant.In 2006: Earned King Abdullah Scholarship in 2006 in order to finish my masters at U.S
After receiving a scholarship to do my masters in America, I was exposed to a different social setting. This brought out an aspect in me that I had never known existed; curiosity and acceptance. I wanted to know all there is to know about the American economy and social life and I was willing to accept certain changes in ideology and opinion as a result.In 2010: Graduated from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona with a Master of Science degree in Economics with specialization in Financial EconomicsIn 2011: worked with the Saudi Credit Bureau (SIMAH) at their Research & Advisory Centre as a Researcher and an Economist.In 2012: Chosen by SIMAH to work with Standard & Poor analytics and Capital IQ division in S&P’s headquarters in the financial district of New York to design the first probability of default model by using a Logit model tailored for the Saudi economy. The main objective of this model is to anticipate the creditworthiness of potential borrowers.
The highlight of it all was when my book under the title of: Does the U.S. dollar have an effect on the price of crude oil?, was chosen by a German publishing house, known as Lambert Academic Publishing House, in order to be published and sold by whole sellers worldwide. It was a reward that inspired me more and more to know that I can be able to solve problems in the society using my knowledge. Currently, I want to continue with all my achievements by doing a Phd in economics in the UC Santa Cruz.
UC Santa Cruz is my choice because it embraces diversity. I am a strong believer of what Emile Durkheim once said that cohesion in a society is not based on the similarities of individuals, but is strengthened by differences and diversity because it builds dependency and responsibility. Having been brought up in a relatively cosmopolitan society, I believe differentiation gives people a chance to work hard. This is not only in terms of opportunities but also in terms of social class and household income. I also believe that a person is more than what simply meets the eye. We are all given the same opportunities and the law equalizes us, however what we do with these opportunities defines who we are. Heritage and genetics can offer us so much.
This brings me to the question of who am I? I am the young child who had a dream of going to college and dared to make it come true against all odds. I am the person who chooses to focus more on the solution rather than the problem. I am the person who believes that education is not the end; it gives me a chance to do much more. At the same time I am the person who believes that Heroes still exist, that swimming is a fun sport and ice cream is not only for children.