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Disability And Relationships
Disability And Relationships
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc379020058” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc379020058 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc379020059” Disability and Relationships PAGEREF _Toc379020059 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc379020060” Positive Relationships PAGEREF _Toc379020060 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc379020061” Negative Relationships PAGEREF _Toc379020061 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc379020062” Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc379020062 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc379020063” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc379020063 h 6
IntroductionHumans are social creatures who are constantly defined by social contexts like friendships, loved ones, as well as, connections with school and work. Sequentially, each person is constantly searching for social cues to define one’s value even if the search deems as unhealthy and bad for themselves. As research studies illustrate, human beings associate and maintain relationships with each other based on their common interests and preferences. As human beings, we also have a tendency to leave out those that are dissimilar to us whether physically, emotionally or socially. Specifically, people with disabilities have long experienced this seclusion based on their inability to live normal lives.
Disability refers to the state whereby an individual is unable to perform their daily duties resulting from physical or mental weakness. Disabilities can therefore be caused by two main things including birth and illnesses that later develop to disability in the future. Research studies illustrate that people with disabilities have experienced both positive and negative relationships with normal people. These studies also call for the need to reexamine the different relationships that people have with the disabled so as to ensure that they live a positive life. This, will in turn assure the disabled are not left out of the normal day to day activities that they should be experiencing.
This paper examines the various positive and negative relationships that people with disabilities experience during their lifetime. Specifically, the paper looks at family relationships, relationships with friends, relationships with teachers, as well as, working relationships.
Disability and RelationshipsAs previously mentioned, most disabilities come about from birth or as a result of health problems. Presumable minor health problems may develop and lead to disabilities, which, in turn, results in a threat to performance and even the identity of self. This comes as a result of the fact that most individuals will need both emotional and financial support from others.
As research studies explain, most disabled people come close, to losing everything they toiled for in the bid of receiving personal benefits that are prerequisite to them. Everything, in this case, means not just personal belongings, but also loved ones, as well as, their jobs. The disabled lose their loved ones because these people are pushed to the limits by taking care of the ones who are disabled, thus they feel strained during the process. The disabled lose their dignity, pride, and their faith in the government. (Steven E. Gutstein & Rachelle K. Sheely) (Feb 2002).
Positive RelationshipsThe benefit which is most frequently told by researchers is the appreciation of support received from loved ones, fewer social constraints lower psychological distress that are all interpersonal benefits of the Illness experience; in regard to methodological implications for interventions. When one considers such disabilities like Rheumatoid Arthritis, or those with AIDS (HIV) especially at a young age is a tragedy more so when the individual with the Illness loses all hope this is not only tragic to the disabled but also for the family of the disabled in all aspects. For example, in the case of Rheumatoid arthritis, most patients have found themselves forced to disability when the necessary treatment is not attained. This disease is not only chronic, it is also widespread meaning that it affects a lot of people in the long run. Accordingly, this disease causes multiple organ failure, which in turn leads to disability to those it affects. For that reason, a better comprehension of how the disease works has allowed medical practitioners to develop the treatment for patients suffering from this. For that reason, the relationship between a disabled individual and his doctors is one whereby the goal is to achieve proper health for the patients. Doctors, therefore, work towards the achievement of the desired treatments for patients so as to help them live better lives.
A growing body of research suggests that positive psychological responses to Illness, such as finding benefits in the experience, are associated with enhanced emotional, health-related, and immunologic outcomes (Kiecolt-Glaser et al) (2002). When looking at the benefits of a serious Illness, there is an enhanced sense of spirituality with more purpose and appreciation for life a sense of mastery may follow when one finds a purpose after disability looking for the good in all events can restore a comfort to many lives. In addition to this, there is special training for the blind and deaf these services offer assistive technology such as speech recognition and brail keyboarding. Disabled people with Intellectual disabilities have related resources communication products such as telephones, transaction machines like ATMs for banking, or Worldwide Websites office copiers and faxes (Wehmeyer et al, 2004). The benefits with these devices increase abilities and endurance, which allows the disabled person to participate in programs and activities that otherwise, would not be available.
Negative RelationshipsNegative relationship experienced by the disabled come as a result of the different negative attitudes that people have regarding the disabled in the society. Negative attitudes, therefore, cause the disabled to be left out from normal experiences, thus getting the feeling that they do not belong. Accordingly, negative attitudes toward people with handicaps may involve, psychodynamic and even childhood influences considering most people may have never encountered someone with severe disabilities. Anxiety may occur when this happens some might see disabilities as a reminder of death or even be intimidated by the disabled by fear of not knowing how to communicate without a obvious look of sympathy or feeling as if they need to show the disabled special treatment. Away from the social life, the disabled also experience a degree of negative relations in their prospective or respective workplaces. Research studies explain that the disabled and handicapped are slowly being left out of employment opportunities owing to their disability. Unfortunately, some employers may consider that hiring a person with disabilities may have a negative reflection on the company. This is because they believe that such employees cannot perform their duties as required, thus forcing the company into a possible loss. Such employers may also believe that their customers may not be content with the ideas of a disabled individual attending to their needs and requirements, and for that reason, will not employ the disabled. However, not all employers shut out people with disabilities, instead, some employers believe that hiring people with disabilities to make their company look good. All this leaving the disabled to feel as a minus to society dating, marriage and social lives for those with disabilities may create some invisible negative barriers, therefore making rehabilitation even harder this leaving the disabled feeling as though they only deserve other like-minded people in their lives.
In addition to this, we see less research on dating and marriage, people with disabilities have reflections that focus with positive educational and vocational arenas, leaving the dating and social domains unattended. Disability then is a form of social oppression the continual proportions of disabled people have lead to concerns with the ability to manage an anticipated demographic time bomb. Technology will flourish and disabled people will be ready to challenge their exclusions. Online services such as art therapy, which help the disabled with their emotional, mental and physical well-being it also helps increase social skills and resolve conflicts. Employment services that offer skills training, job coaching, and computer application training, which help the disabled, reach all their goals of employment.
RecommendationsAs observed from the information above, people with disabilities have long been forced to endure hardships owing to their disabilities. Such individuals have had their rights taken away from them, and have been forced to live lives that are not conditionally normal. In addition, the social provisions for disabled people has been criticized for reinforcing their dependency, and it seems that many are leading very lonely and isolated lives (Barnes, 1990 ). Though they may have disabilities, the disabled should not be secluded or left out from the society. They should also not be looked upon as people who cannot attain maximum fulfillment in their different lives, and they should not have their rights taken away from them. Disabled individuals have the right to employment, education, and a healthy social life, which can only be attained through changing the negative attitudes of people towards them. It is imperative that researchers find ways to influence attitudes both manifest and latent, modifying negative attitudes toward people with disabilities. Those working in healthcare such as registered nurses seem to have a better attitude toward disabled people compared to entry-level students. For that reason there is a need to have an emphasis on educational disciplines for improvement of integration for people with disabilities including any suggestions for any future research. Further education for employers looking to employ people with handicaps could be beneficial for both employee and employer. Statistics even say that most employers decide within four minutes as to whether they will hire someone with a handicap (Hatfield & Gatewood, 1978).
ConclusionRelationships experienced by the disabled can be both positive and negative. Positive relationships arise from people recognizing that the handicapped and disabled have a right to normal lives, hence allowing good positive relationships for the disabled. Negative relationships, on the other hand, result from having negative attitudes towards disabled people, which in turn leads to the discrimination of such individuals in the society. It is an individual’s duty and responsibility to ensure that he or she maintains a positive relationship with the disabled so as to reduce the negative consequences of this. Additionally, all organizations and institutions also need to ensure that they ensure positive relationships with the disabled members in the society. Only through this can the members of a particular community be assured of a society free from discrimination of the disabled and handicapped.
References
Gutstein, S. & Sheely, R. (2002). Relationship Development Intervention with Children,
Adolescents and Adults: A Comprehensive Program for Social and Emotional Development in Autism, PDD and NLD. London: Jessica Kingsley Publications.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., McGuire, L., Robles, T.F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Emotions, morbidity, and
mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology, 53.1: 83–107.
Wehmeyer, M. L. (2004). Promoting self-determination in students with developmental
jdisabilities: What works for special needs learners. London: Guilford Press.
HANDLING MULTIPLE CLIENTS
HANDLING MULTIPLE CLIENTS
Name of Student
Name of Institution
Date of submission
Part 2
Write a program to implement a TCP concurrent server with the following functionalities:
When the client starts up, it should display a menu with the following service choices:
Reversal of the string
Count of words given the separator
Count of characters
Check for palindrome
#!/usr/bin/Perl
open {CHOICES, “choices”} or die “Can’t open choices: $!n”;
while {$line = <reversal of the string,count of words given the operator,count of characters,check for palindrome>} [
{$menu, $choices} = split{/ /, $line};
$choices[$menu ] .= $choices. ” “;
]
Provide the required functionality as a switch at the time of client invocation and convey it to the server as a part of the protocol by sending a message.
When the client has read from the screen what functions are able to be performed, he then sends a message to the server with his response on the choice desired (check for palindrome). The message is displayed as this;
#!/usr/bin/Perl
$check for palindrome;
print “$menu: $choice{$menu}tcheck for palindrome: $check for palindromen”;
]
Once your program is done and running, posts your response that includes the following:
Outline of the method of invoking your server and client programs
On the server;
$local = IO:::Socket:::INET->new{ Proto => ‘tcp’ LocalAddress => ‘localhost:8191’, Reuse => 1 } or fail “$!”;$local->listen{};$local->autoflush{1};
print “At your service. Waiting…n”;my $address; while {$address = $local->accept} } [ print “Linked from: “, $address->peerhost{}; print ” Port: “, $address->peerport{}, “n”; my $result; while {<$address>} [ last if m/^end/gi; print “Received: $_”; print $address $_; $result += $_; ] chomp; if {m/^end/gi} [
my $send = “result=$result”; print $address “$sendn”; print “Result: $sendn”; ] print “Locked connectionn”;
lock $address; print “At your service. Waiting…n”; ]
On the client;
$remote = IO:::Socket:::INET->new{ Proto => ‘tcp’, PeerAddress=> ‘localhost’, PeerPort=> “8191”, Reuse => 1, } or fail “$!”;print “Linked to “, $remote->peerhost, ” on port: “, $remote->peerport, “n”;$remote->autoflush{1}; while {<>} [ print $remote $_; last if m/^end/gi; my $line = <$remote>; if {$line ne $_} [ print “Error in sending outputn”; exit; ]]my $res = <$remote>; $res =~ m/result={d*}/gi; print “Result: $1n”; print “Client terminatedn”; lock $remote
The server and client window screenshots for a sample service selected by the client
(***************)
The source code for the programs is 8191
Disabilities
Disabilities
Author
Institution
Chapter 4 considers contemporary childhood disability in the context of of parental and familial associations and controversies regarding special education services. Families usually differ in the manner that they respond to a family member that is born with a disability or that becomes disabled later in life. This family response is not only associated with the nature of impairment, but also with the family’s economic resources and prior beliefs regarding disability (Berger, 2013 pg. 79). With the advent of infant intensive care units and aggressive medical interventions, which have increased the survival rates of premature infants that are more vulnerable conditions like the cerebral palsy, the prevalence of children having disabilities has been increasing steadily. This state of affairs came about because of advances in the medical field and societal attitudes towards infants with disabilities. Two well-publicized cases in the 80’s marked a turning point in this change. In the first case, an Indiana boy born with an esophageal blockage and Down Syndrome decided to forgo treatment of the blockage upon the advice of their physician, but died six days later. The other case involved a New York girl born with hydrocephalus and spina bifida was denied surgery because her parents declined her surgery since their physician had told them that the girl would die more quickly without undergoing treatment. However, the girl did not die, but lived with severe physical and cognitive impairments.
Disability studies have indicated that, when a child is born with a disability people view the child as having something wrong. In such a case, the mothers do not even get the usual congratulatory messages. Mothers have reported that, when they give birth to infants with disabilities, friends, strangers, and extended family members openly question the value of the disabled children and extend the devaluation to question the wisdom of investing time and energy in nurturing the children with disabilities (Berger, 2013 pg. 86). Upon mothers realizing that they have children with disabilities, most mothers respond by blaming themselves. Women that are religious often think that it is a punishment from God.
Research has depicted that parental adjustment to children with disability can be related to whether the child was planned for or desired. Parents that had planned for a child seem to experience a greater sense of injustice when their child is born with a disability as opposed to parents who did not plan for a child (Berger, 2013 pg. 87). In contemporary society, parents’, teachers’ and physicians’ perceptions of children and their projections regarding their performance are filtered through the medical model, which defines disability as a property of the child, concerning itself with the diagnosis and treatment of impairments, which signal a deviation from the norm. According to the studies done by Hogan (2012), parents of children having disabilities have a higher probability of getting a divorce compared to other parents. This is because of financial insecurity stress and difficulties of balancing between Caregiving and employment (Berger, 2013 pg. 100).
Giving birth to a child that is disabled should not be viewed as abnormal because the disabled child is just like the normal child only that he suffers from a given physical or other condition. Women, who give birth to such children should not blame themselves since every child is a blessing from God and needs to be treated as such. Family values such as respect for each other and unity need to be maintained no matter the condition of the child born in a family; a disabled child should not lead to cases of divorce.
Chapter 5 discusses the issue of disability across the life course of an individual, which includes the adolescents and adults. The issues such as the association with peers, education system, the workplace, sexual and emotional intimacy, receipt of personal assistive care, and health care are discussed. Teenagers with disabilities face more than the normal array of challenges. For instance, when in school, other students make fun of them because they view them as abnormal individuals. Apart from students mistreating the disabled teenagers, teachers also mistreat them. This makes the learning process of these teenagers a stressful process. Out of school life, the disabled are usually treated with bias, which leads to their association with hate crimes. However, the federal law fights for the disabled by requiring the FBI to collect and report hate crimes. Despite the federal law requirement, disability hate crimes are infamously underreported. A reason leading to the underreporting of these hate crimes is because people that victimize the disabled, like the caretakers that commit sexual abuse, are often the ones charged with the responsibility of taking care of the disabled victims. Besides, people with disabilities usually constitute the victims of violent crimes and bullying, which are not categorized as hate crimes (Berger, 2013 pg. 118).
There is a disproportionately high prevalence of youths with disabilities in the juvenile justice system. This can be explained by the school failure hypothesis, susceptibility hypothesis, and the differential treatment hypothesis. According to the school failure hypothesis, impairment leads to school failure, which brings the feelings of rejection, low esteem and frustration that are linked with the involvement in delinquency. Besides, the susceptibility hypothesis postulates that neurological and intellectual impairments, which lead to hyperactivity-impulsivity and poor judgment result in delinquency. On the other hand, the differential treatment hypothesis is of the perspective that youths with disabilities are not involved more in delinquency than other youths, but law enforcement and other public officials treat the disabled more harshly (Berger, 2013 pg. 124).
People with disabilities are usually overrepresented among the ranks of the unemployed and poor. When people with disabilities are employed, they are usually overrepresented in the lower paid service jobs and underrepresented in the managerial and professional positions (Berger, 2013 pg. 128). Employers do not hire qualified disabled persons because of their perceptions. In matters relating to choosing a sex partner, the disabled individuals usually struggle with their body image and doubt whether others will view them as sexually desirable (Berger, 2013 pg. 132). In addition, most disabled people are usually underinsured or uninsured.
Just like other individuals, the disabled persons need to be treated equally. In the case of employment, employers need to consider recruiting individuals based on knowledge and skills and not physical appearance. Besides, there need to be stricter laws guarding the rights of the disabled individuals. This will enhance their life and make more enjoyable than it is currently. There is no need of incriminating a person because he is disabled; in fact, able persons need to view the disabled persons as normal people. This will help in eliminating issues of discrimination and the manner in which the disabled are treated in different institutions and systems.
Through using the medical model, the perception of the abled prsons to the disabled individuals can be changed; the disabled will be capable of receiving any medical care just like the abled individuals. By applying the social model, a number of issues will be resolved such as; the disabled will be treated equally as the abled individuals in the workplace, social gatherings and in institutions. For example, when selecting a marriage partner, both the abled and the disabled individuals will not feel compromisd to choose either a disabled or non-disabled individual. Besides, in schools, the disabled will be treated by teachers and fellow students in the same way without discriminating the disabled persons. In addition, through the social models, the disabled are likely to be considered in the formulation of laws; for example, high rate of juvenile crimes and hate crimes on the side of the disabled will lessen. On the other hand, through the cultural model, the disabled will be capable of getting a relief from discriminative cultures.
References
Berger, R. J. (2013). Introducing disability studies. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.